THE INVENTION OF ANCIENT WHEEL

MESOPOTAMIA-(3500 BC)
Wheels first appeared in ancient Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq more
than 5,000 years ago. They were originally used by potters to help shape clay.
Later, wheels were fitted to carts, which made moving objects around much
easier. Some early wheels were solid disks of wood cut from tree trunks.
 THE INVENTION OF PAPYRUS
ANCIENT EGYPT-(3000 BCE)
Papyrus was invented along the Nile river by the Ancient Egyptians, for the
material substance used to make papyrus grew there. It was used for sending
messages, building boats, writing, keeping records, studying, schooling, and bedding. It
is also very durable, light, and easy to carry making it a desirable material to work
with. The papyrus plant was used to make papryus paper. That is where it got its name.
 THE SHADUF (SHADOOF)
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS (2000 BCE)
A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a rope and bucket on one end
and a heavy counter weight at the other. The counter weight helped to offset the
weight of the water being lifted. By pulling the rope it lowered the bucket into the
canal. The farmer then raised the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. He
then swung the pole around and emptied the bucket onto the field. This introduces
the idea of lifting things using counterweights.
 CREATION OF MAKE-UP
EGYPTIANS-(4000 BC)
Ancient Egyptians knew all about the power of a smoky eye. Way back in
4000 B.C. they started making kohl to line their eyes by mixing soot with galena,
a mineral with a metallic bluish, gray or black hue Both men and women were
known to wear copious amounts of makeup, which they believed gave them the
protection of the gods Horus and Ra. These cosmetics were made by grinding ores like
malachite and galena into a substance called kohl.
 FOUNDATION OF HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (C. 310 - 230 BC)

The heliocentric theory was formulated based on the movements of the planets and
theories that already existed with respect to them, such as geocentric theory. It consists of
a model of our universe in which the earth, the planets and the stars were revolving
around the sun, which laid the foundations of modern astronomy. It is a theory that
provides a complete and detailed view of the way in which the universe works.
 DISCOVERY OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
THALES-(585 BC)
Thales discovered that if he rubbed amber (ilektron) with a piece of fur, that
amber could attract lightweight objects (like feathers) to itself. Thales had discovered
the principle of static electricity because he lacked the tools to investigate further - as
did subsequent thinkers and experimenters for more than 2,000 additional years - no
one really followed-up on Thales’ ideas until the late-17th and early-18th centuries.
 FOUNDATION OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
CLEISTHENES-(507 B.C)
In the year 507 B.C., the Athenian leader Cleisthenes introduced a system of political
reforms that he called demokratia, or “rule by the people.” This system was comprised
of three separate institutions: the ekklesia, a sovereign governing body that wrote laws
and dictated foreign policy; the boule, a council of representatives from the ten Athenian
tribes; and the dikasteria, the popular courts in which citizens argued cases before a
group of lottery-selected jurors. Although this Athenian democracy would survive for only
two centuries, Cleisthenes’ invention was one of ancient Greece’s most enduring
contributions to the modern world.
 CREATION OF OLYMPICS
BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN-1894 BC
The Olympic Games began over 2,700 years ago in Olympia, in south west Greece.
Every four years, around 50,000 people came from all over the Greek world to watch
and take part. The ancient games were also a religious festival, held in honour of Zeus,
the king of the gods.There were no gold, silver and bronze medals. Winners were given
a wreath of leaves and a hero's welcome back home. Athletes competed for the glory
of their city and winners were seen as being touched by the gods.
 THE PROTOTYPE OF MODERN NEWSPAPER
The Ancient Concrete: Pozzolana
JULIUS CAESAR-(59 BC)

Acta Diurna or “daily acts”, which first appeared around 131 B.C., served as a gazette of
political and social happenings in ancient Rome. News of events such as military victories,
gladiatorial bouts and other games, births and deaths and even human -interest stories were
inscribed on metal or stone and posted in areas with heavy foot traffic, such as the Roman
Forum. Later on, during the first consulship of Julius Caesar, the Acta Senatus began
chronicling the activities of the Roman Senate. The Acta Diurna, which continued publication
under the Roman Empire (after 27 B.C.), can be considered the prototype for the modern
newspaper.
 THE ANCIENT CONCRETE: POZZOLANA

ROMANS-(25 BC)
Pozzolan, hydraulic cement discovered by the Romans and still used in some
countries made by grinding pozzolana (a type of slag that may be either natural volcanic—
or artificial, from a blast furnace) with powdered hydrated lime. Roman engineers used
two parts by weight of pozzolana mixed with one part of lime to give strength to mortar
and concrete in bridges and other masonry and brickwork.