ROCKS & MINERALS

 Minerals are always solid with particles in repeating patterns-

crystals

 They are only found in Nature.

 They are formed in the Earth’s mantle (from heat and

pressure) – near the surface when oxygen, calcium and
carbon combine in the ocean, and when hot, mineral-rich
water moves slowly through the cracks in the Earth’s crust.
 EXAMPLES OF MINERALS:
Quartz Iron Calcite

Hematite Calcite Diamond

 PROPERTIES OF MINERALS:
Streak: color of the powder left
behind when you rub a mineral
against a white tile called a streak
plate.

Luster: the way the surface of a

mineral reflects light, either metallic
(shiny) or nonmetallic (dull)

Hardness: a mineral’s ability to

resist being scratched as measured by
Mohs’s hardness scale
 USES OF MINERALS:
Quartz makes glass. Diamonds make
jewelry.

Hematite can be
used to make art.

Many things that we

see and use every day
are made from iron.
What are three testers that
can be used to determine a
mineral’s hardness?

fingernail, penny, nail

 ROCKS:
 Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.

 They are not crystals

 Some rocks form near the surface while others deep in the
crust.

 There are THREE major categories of Rocks:

1. IGNEOUS
2. SEDIMENTARY
3. METAMORPHIC
 IGNEOUS ROCKS:
Form when melted rocks harden

Fine-grained rocks (smooth) are from lava

Coarse-grained rocks (rough) are from magma.

Obsidian Basalt Pumice Granite

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
 Formed from layers of sediment, created by
weathering, and erosion, that are dropped from Fossil
moving water, and are squeezed and stuck
conglomerate rock
together.

 Fossils are usually found in sedimentary

rocks.

 Conglomerate rocks have large pieces and

rom in shallow water

 Siltstone is made up of smaller pieces

 Limestone is made up of fine grained rock Limestone
 Sandstone is made up of grains the size of
sand.
Sandstone
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Existing rocks are changed through high heat and pressure to

form different rocks

morph = change

Slate
Schist Marble

Gneiss
 ROCK CYCLE
Like most cycles, the materials are used over and over.

Process include
weathering, erosion, deposition, melting, compaction, and
cementation.