Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
by
ii
Copyright 2019 by BISSWL/BRW Student
All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior
written permission of <student name> or designated representative. [Font: Times New
Roman, Size: 12]
iii
This page should contain the dedication of the Project/Thesis. Try to be
as brief as possible in this dedication. Do not include half of world in the
dedication. [Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14, Italic]
iv
DECLARATION
v
CERTI FI C ATE OF APPR OVAL
It is certified that the project titled “Performance Comparison of Adaptive
Beamforming Algorithms For Smart Antenna Systems” carried out by Khalid
Hussain, Reg. No. xxxxxxxxx, under the supervision of Mr/Dr. XYZ, ARIR
University Barani Institute of Sciences, Sahiwal/Burewala, is fully adequate, in scope
and in quality, as a final year project for the degree of BS of Electronic Engineering.
Supervisor: -------------------------
Name <font size 12>
Designation
Dept. of CS & IT
ARID University, Barani Institute of Science Sahiwal
HOD/Dean -------------------------
Name <font size 12>
Designation
Dept. of CS & IT
ARID University, Barani Institute of Science Sahiwal
vi
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This page is intended to thank your supervisor, co-supervisor and all those (students,
teachers, TA/SA or any third party) who directly helped you out in the completion of
the project/thesis. [Font: Times New Roman, Size: 12]
ABSTRACT
The abstract is the most important part of a Project report. Any abstract will be
read by ten or twenty times more than any other words in the report. So, to make a
positive impression, or just convey information, here's where to really pay attention to
writing.
The purpose of abstract in not just to tell the reader about what was done: it is
to tell him/her what was done in the simplest, most informative way possible. Making
an abstract understandable for a non technical person should be the first priority.
Discussed below are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline and should
be handled in separate paragraphs.
DECLARATION...................................................................................v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT....................................................................vii
ABSTRACT......................................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................xi
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................xii
Chapter 1...............................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of Problem.............................................................................1
1.3 Purpose of the research/project.....................................................1
1.4 Applications of the research..........................................................2
1.5 Theoretical bases and Organization..............................................2
1.6 Summary................................................................................................2
Chapter 2...............................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................3
2.1 Related Technologies....................................................................3
2.1.1 Related Technology 1..........................................................................3
2.1.2 Related Technology 2..........................................................................3
2.2 Related Projects.............................................................................3
2.3 Related Studies..............................................................................3
2.4 Their Limitations and Bottlenecks................................................3
2.5 Summary................................................................................................3
Chapter 3...............................................................................................4
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES..................................................................................4
3.1 Hardware used with technical specifications................................4
3.2 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used.............................................4
3.3 Summary.......................................................................................4
Chapter 4...............................................................................................5
METHODOLOGIES................................................................................................5
4.1 Design of the investigation/Algorithms/ Hardware......................5
4.2 Analysis procedures......................................................................5
4.3 Implementation procedure.............................................................5
4.3.1 Details about hardware........................................................................5
4.3.2 Details about software/ algorithms......................................................5
4.3.2 Details about control etc......................................................................5
4.4 Verification of functionalities........................................................5
4.5 Details about simulation / mathematical modeling.......................5
4.6 Summary.......................................................................................5
Summary of all your methodologies. Chapter 5...................................5
SYSTEM TESTING................................................................................................6
5.1 Objective testing.....................................................................................6
5.2 Usability Testing.....................................................................................6
5.3 Software Performance Testing...............................................................6
5.4 Compatibility Testing.............................................................................6
5.5 Load Testing...........................................................................................6
5.6 Security Testing......................................................................................6
5.7 Installation Testing.................................................................................6
5.8 Test Cases...............................................................................................6
Chapter 6...............................................................................................8
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION.............................................................................8
6.1 Presentation of the findings...........................................................8
6.1.1 Hardware results..................................................................................8
6.1.2 Software results...................................................................................8
6.2 Discussion of the findings.............................................................8
6.2.1 Comparison with initial GOAL...........................................................8
6.2.2 Reasoning for short comings...............................................................8
6.3 Limitations....................................................................................9
6.4 Recommendations.........................................................................9
6.5 Summary.......................................................................................9
6.6 Conclusion..............................................................................................9
Chapter 7.............................................................................................10
FUTURE WORK...................................................................................................10
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1.1 Figure Caption.......................................................................................2
Figure-2.1 Figure Caption.......................................................................................4
Figure-2.2 Figure Caption.......................................................................................6
Figure-3.1 Figure Caption.......................................................................................8
LIST OF TABLES
All the information provided in this section is regarding the format of the project
report. Read it carefully and make sure that your report is according to the required
format. For your ease, the format is not only explained but also has been
demonstrated with proper font, font size, style and other formatting requirements.
Once the Research work is complete, students are required to submit three hard bound
copies of project report and a CD containing the MS Word/ PDF file of the
report/thesis in the format explained in this document. The report should be around 60
pages or according to the limits set forth by your supervisor.
Contents/chapters of the Project Report should be in the format and order as given in
this document. Initially, we will discuss all the format requirements of the project
report. Then the contents to be included in the report will be briefly discussed
1.1 Formatting
The single-sided, normal character spaced manuscript is to be arranged as follows:
Three hard-bound copies of the final project documentation /thesis must be submitted
to your supervisor before the Final Evaluation along with a CD. Spine of binding
must contain complete Project/Thesis, level of work i.e. BS Project/MS Thesis/ PhD
Dissertation and the year of submission Please keep in mind that the binding takes 3-4
days to complete
1.1.2 Binding
Color of binding should be Mahroon for PhD, Green for MS Thesis and Blue for BS
final year Projects with golden text. Use 80 grams paper; A4 (8.27 x 11.69) and make
sure that right paper is selected for both page setup and printer. All copies to be
submitted should be printed, photocopies will not be accepted.
Top
1.1.3 Fonts and Spacing margin 1 inch
The preferred font is Times New Roman; acceptable font size is 12; different
typefaces (e.g., italics) may be used only to show differences in captions and special
text. Starting from chapter 1, the line spacing must be 1.5 whereas the spacing both
before and after paragraph must be 6 points. For all the pages before “Chapter 1” e.g.
Table of Contents, Abstract, Declaration etc, Line spacing should be single i.e.1.
The following line should contain ‘CHAPTER HEADING TITLE’, all Upper case,
font size 18, center aligned and bold. Spacing before ‘CHAPTER HEADING TITLE’
should be 6 points and after should be 24 points.
Font size 14, Title case, left-aligned, spacing before and after 6 points.
Font size 12, Underlined, Sentence case, left-aligned, spacing before and after 6
Left points. Right
margin margin
If (Code has to be included)
1.5 inches { 1 inch
Use ‘Courier New’ with font size 10.
Use single line spacing and the spacing before and after the
paragraphs should be ‘0’ points.
}
Gutter 0 inches.
Bottom 1.2 inches
Top Margin 1 inch from edge of paper.
margin
Bottom Margin 1.2 inches from edge of paper.
Pages before Chapter 1 must have lower case Roman numerals, right aligned ½ inch
from bottom of page, starting with the ‘Copyright’ page that is numbered “ii”. Title
page is unnumbered, but is implied as number “i”.
First page of text uses the Arabic number “1” and pages thereafter carry consecutive
Arabic numbers, including the pages in the Appendices and the Bibliography. Arabic
numbers are positioned in the bottom right-hand corner, ½ inch from the bottom and
one inch in from the right edge of the paper.
Note: If required, footer can be used to provide any additional information in font size 10.
1.5 Equations
Equations and formulas should preferably be type-written in good quality word-
processing or graphics package.
All equations should be numbered in the format ‘(XX.YY)’ where ‘XX’ is chapter
number and ‘YY’ is the sequence number within that chapter; e.g. equation appearing
seventh in chapter two will be numbered as ‘(Eq 2.7)’.
2
� Vgs �
I ds = I dss �
1- �tanh(a Vds ) (1 + lVds )
� (1 + h e gs ) (V + DV + g V ) �
V �
� T T ds �
e.g. Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership,
writers invariably make reference to already published works'.
The reference section in the end will then be used to provide the complete reference
detail e.g. book, journal, paper, weblink e.t.c. In this section, all the refrences should
be sorted alphabetically by the surname of the Author.
Font size: 12, Line Spacing: 1.0, Spacing before and after paragraphs: 6 Points.
1.6.1 Books
Young G. O., “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
Chen W. K., Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–
135.
1.6.2 Periodicals
Ebehard D. and Voges E., “Digital single sideband detection for interferometric
sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany,
1984.
1.6.5 Standards/Patents
Brandli G. and Dick M., “Alternating current fed power supply,” U.S. Patent 4 084
217, Nov. 4, 1978.
1.6.6 Technical Reports
Reber E. E., Mitchell R. L., and Carter C. J., “Oxygen absorption in the Earth’s
atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3,
Nov. 1968.
1.7 E. References—Electronic Sources
The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered below are a modified
illustration of the adaptation by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
documentation system and the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
Three pieces of information are required to complete each reference: 1) protocol or
service; 2) location where the item is to be found; and 3) item to be retrieved. It is not
necessary to repeat the protocol (i.e., http) in Web addresses after “Available” since
that is stated in the URL.
1.7.1 Books
Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) [Type of medium]. volume (issue).
Available: site/path/file
Example:
Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type of medium]. volume (issue), pages.
Available: site/path/file
Example:
PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall
for corporate productivity.
Presented at INET96 Annu. Meeting. [Online].
Available: http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp
1.7.4 Reports and Handbooks
Author. (year, month). Title. Company. City, State or Country. [Type of Medium].
Available: site/path/file
Example:
ISO recommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice for the language or
script in which the information is given.
Example:
For figures put caption on bottom center of figure with 10 pt before spacing. The
format is as follows
Where figure 1.1 refers to first figure of chapter one. (Figure chapter_no.Figure_no)
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The introduction chapter of your project report is the one in which you provide all of
the basic information that the reader will need to understand the report which is to
follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research
your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind
of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and
evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction
chapter.
1.1 Overview
To start writing your introduction chapter, first come up with a simple one sentence
summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of
your project report expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the
reader what the topic of the thesis/project is and what you hope to achieve. Then
elaborate the statement a little and explain it briefly [1].
1.6 Summary
Summarize all what you have written in introduction.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will include all of you work before starting the core of your report. What
you studied and why you studied that particular article/paper or book.
If required, select another appropriate technology related to your work and explain it.
2.5 Summary
Summarize all what you have written in literature review.
Chapter 3
In this chapter, you will be discussing in detail all the tools used in your work. This
includes hardware, software and simulation tools or any other thing which aided in
your project. If multiple hardware/software tools are used, use subheadings and go in
detail of each one of them.
3.3 Summary
Summary of the chapter.
Chapter 4
METHODOLOGIES
This is the very core of your project/thesis/work. By now the reader is aware of your
goal, the relevant work going on and the tools you are going to use. Now explain from
beginning till very end all the methods you used to accomplish your results. Do not
hesitate in writing about all the techniques you applied but they were unable to give
you the required results. This is a part of learning process and should be included in
your report. The section headings in this chapter will be different for each report. Don
not hesitate in modifying/ adding/ removing any of these section headings as per your
requirement as you know best how you proceeded in your work and what were the
key steps features involved. Just make sure not to miss out on any of the steps. Some
sample section headings are given below. These won’t be explained as they are self
explanatory and most probably will be amended by you according to your report
requirements.
SYSTEM TESTING
Testing of the software ensures that either the required functionality is developed or
not? Testing has been completed in different phases at completion of every unit before
launching the next phase. Therefore, all of the functionality of the system is tested so
there is no chance of errors remaining in the system.
5.1 Objective testing
The main goal of the objective testing is to ensure the quality of software delivered.
Major goal of objective testing is to test whether all the components of the system
functionality correctly?
5.2 Usability Testing
This testing is carried out to measure how much the system is user friendly and easy
to use. Is the GUI (Graphical User Interface) is easily understood by its users?
5.3 Software Performance Testing
Software performance testing is performance to check the efficiency & reliability of
the system.
5.4 Compatibility Testing
Compatibility testing is carried out to check the compatibility of the software on
different platform. Example: The software can run on any latest up to date browser
available on any OS e.g. Google Chrome, Safari etc.
5.5 Load Testing
Load testing is carried out to know the behavior of the system under the specific
expected load. Example: The software is tested in load of 20 users accessing resources
at the same time; the system response time was good.
5.6 Security Testing
Security testing is carried out to disclose the weakness in the software.
5.7 Installation Testing
Installation testing is carried out to install the software.
Software:
Test Description:
Testing Environment:
Test ID:
Preconditions
Actions
Expected Results
Result
Chapter 6
In this chapter, you will explain all the results you achieved after completing all what
you explained in previous chapter. Try to find a balance while explaining your results.
Neither makes your project/work look worthless in case you were unable to achieve
the goals identified. Nor should you claim to have solved all the problems in the
world by the results you have achieved. Take a step by step approach as identified in
the section headings below.
Split the project in major parts and discuss the results for each part.
Again split the project in different parts discuss the results for each part.
What you initially claimed and what you achieved in the end.
Most probably there will be some results not in line with your goal, explain the
reasons for this e.g. Hardware/recourses unavailability, time constraints e.t.c.
6.3 Limitations
The goals/results you achieved if some constraints have or if they are for some
specific conditions, explain all these.
6.4 Recommendations
What your recommendations would be to someone who wants to carry on with your
work where you left it or wants to improve it.
6.5 Summary
Summary of the results.
6.6 Conclusion
What is the strongest and most important statement that you can make from your
observations? If you met the reader at a meeting six months from now, what do you
want them to remember about your paper? Refer back to problem posed, and describe
the conclusions that you reached from carrying out this investigation, summarize new
observations, new interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from the present
work. Include the broader implications of your results. Make sure you do not repeat
word for word of any part of project report above.
Chapter 7
FUTURE WORK
In this chapter, you will explain that on basis of your finding and achievements what
improvement do you think can be implemented in future or you would like to do.
REFERENCES