SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 1

CHAPTER 2

This chapter presents the review and overview of related literature and research

studies which provided valuable information, insights, and direction to the various aspects

of the research problem.

ICT Tool

ICT Tools for research utilized by business education teachers in tertiary colleges

of a developing country. This study aims to investigate the types of Information

Communication Technology for research, used by business education teachers in a

developing country. A list of 11 ICT tools were provided in four categories which are

search engine platforms, survey and polling platforms, cloud storage and computing

platforms, and reference management platforms. Respondents were 212 business

education teachers from 13 tertiary colleges of North-western Nigeria, who were asked

to specify the ICT tool that they use for classroom purposes from the categories. But the

non-user of ICT tool has the highest percentage which is 90.4% so that the study shows

only limited education teachers used ICT tool, also shown that ICT facilities for research

are grossly insufficient in the schools captured in this study. (Faculty of Educational

Studies, University Putra Malaysia, 2015). However, According to Kjellin Ifverson, Ebba

(2015), Information and communication technology (ICT) is a subject that is being

discussed as a tool that is used within education around the world. Students with literacy

difficulties, such as dyslexia, are in constant need of new ways to learn, and new ways to
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 2

be motivated to learn. This study aims to see how ICT can be used as a tool to help

students with literacy difficulties. The main research of this is how ICT differs from

traditional education forms such as textbooks. The result show how it can lead to a more

individualized education.

While according to Priscilla et al. (2008) who conducted the study on ‘Factors that

could possibly influence the use of laptops among educators’. They reported that

guidance from a head of department is very important in encouraging the development of

electronic lesson materials to encourage computer use for the specific subject in the

teaching-learning environment. The study found out that the success of integrating ICT

into the teaching-learning interaction among school teachers depends on the support

provided by the principal of the school.

On the other hand, according to Lowther, et al. (2008), ICT is considered a

powerful tool for educational change and reform. A number of previous studies have

shown that an appropriate use of ICT can raise educational quality and connect learning

to real-life situations.

But integrating ICT properly in the teaching and learning process education from

the Cameroonian perspective is still in the introductory stage, making this necessary to

find out how ICT is used as a tool to facilitate the teaching and learning process. Some

teachers still actively resist the use of modern technology in teaching their students. They
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 3

are more comfortable with the traditional instructional method of teaching and see no

relevance of the use of ICT (Ndibalema, 2014).

Still today’s society is highly dependent on Information and Communication

Technology (ICT). This programme aims to meet society’s demands for ICT solutions and

prepare a generation of highly skilled specialists in the field. The developments in this

area create opportunities for you to utilise the knowledge gained in the programme for

either an international career, or higher education.

Yet the study of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) maturity and

value: The relationship is a challenge within the service industry on how the benefits from

ICT adoption and diffusion (ICT value) relate to the degree of adoption and diffusion of

ICT (ICT maturity). The paper unraveled this uncertainty by measuring the ICT maturity

and value of service firms listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange and established the

relationship between them. This shows that the benefit from ICT adoption and diffusion

is not traceable to the degree of ICT adoption and diffusion in the service industry

(Ekuobase, 2015).

However, Bachelor’s programme in Information and Communication Technology

said that Today’s society is highly dependent on Information and Communication

Technology (ICT). This programme aims to meet society’s demands for ICT solutions and

prepare a generation of highly skilled specialists in the field. The developments in this
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 4

area create opportunities for you to utilise the knowledge gained in the programme for

either an international career, or higher education. (KTH, 2018).

Since, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Tool in teaching and

learning literature component in Malaysian secondary school. Literature Component has

been part of the English Syllabus in Malaysian secondary schools level since the year

2000. The previous researches have proven that teaching Literature component is not

easy as teachers still rely heavily on the conventional methods like discussing plot,

characters, theme, setting and moral values of the texts. With the advancement of

Information and Communication Technology (ICT), this study is meant to explore the

teachers and students’ usage of ICT and their attitudes towards ICT in teaching and

learning of Literature component. This involves students and teacher of Sarawak

Malaysia, and reveals that ICT is used on satisfactory level by the teachers as well as the

students. In addition both of them possessed positive attitudes towards using ICT tool in

Literature lessons. (Suliiman, Yunus, 2014).

In addition, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration in

teacher education and teaching practices of teachers is a complicated and challenging

issue. The objective of this study is to identify pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT

integration in teacher education and its association with their teaching practices. Firstly,

three Turkish state universities with the highest and lowest number of the pre-service

teachers were chosen. Secondly, pre-service teachers from the subject domains of
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Turkish language, social sciences, elementary education mathematics and science were

selected. And qualitative method is used in this study. The results identified the specific

conditions of ICT integration in teacher education and pre-service teachers’ perceptions

of ICT integration and the associations with their teaching practices. (Aslan, Zhu, 2015).

However, Success factors for ICT implementation in Saudi secondary schools:

from the perspective of ICT directors, head teachers, teachers and students. The role of

Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in education is undisputed globally.

Therefore, many developed and developing countries have invested heavily in the ICT

sector in education. Saudi Arabia is one of these countries, one of the most important of

these questions is 'what factors affect the successful implementation of ICT in schools.

The importance of this paper is to find an answer to this question and related questions

from the participants' perspective. Generally, the results showed that ICT was perceived

as an important tool in improving performance, collaboration, learning experience and

learning outcomes. However, some challenges that affect the application of ICT in Saudi

schools are lack of space, maintenance, and ICT skills. On the other hand overcoming of

these obstacles could turn these barriers into positive factors to aid in the success of ICT

implementation.(Albugami, 2015)
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Using e-books

Electronic books (e-storybooks) are widely used in early childhood classrooms in

efforts to encourage engagement in storybooks while promoting emergent literacy

development. The use of e-storybooks in early childhood classrooms seems to be a

growing trend. Educators are interested in the use of reading technologies to support

young emergent readers, especially those who are at risk for reading failure. Despite of

the growing popularity of e-storybooks there are lack of evidence literature to explain the

extent to which electronic books support children’s emergent literacy development. This

examines current research on e-storybooks and provides suggestions on how educators

can use critical evidence to better support young struggling readers in early childhood

classrooms when using e-storybooks. (Journal of Literacy and Technology, 2010).

Although, The rapid acquisition of eBooks has changed the character of Library

catalogs, The growth of eBooks has been well documented, but changing usage models

and patrons’ views on eBooks and how those views may differ from print and other

resources has not been well understood. As part of its 2010 eBook acquisition agreement

with Springer, the University of Liverpool agreed to undertake a comprehensive study of

eBook usage and perceptions among its students and faculty (Springer, 2010).

On the other hand, Digital reading devices are increasingly popular among

university students; however, their effect on reading time and text comprehension has not
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7

been examined in depth. The present study compares the use of e-book and Apple's iPad

tablet computer to a printed document to determine if text presentation format had a

significant effect on reading time and text comprehension. Participants found the tablet

the most usable, followed by the eBook reader, and the printed material was considered

the least usable. (International Journal of Instructional Media, 2012).

While, (Journal of Education and Practice, 2015). The current study aims to

examine the effect of interactive e-book on students' achievement at Najran University in

computer in education course. The study designs is used in the study and to collect data

the researchers built achievement test to measure the dependent variable represented in

the achievement affected by experimental treatment. 60 students in Najran University

who registered in computers in education course was divided into two groups. The

experimental group students study the computer education course using e-book, while

the control group students study the computer education course using printed book. The

findings illustrate the difference between the study groups in academic achievement favor

to experimental group students whose study with e-book.

In this case, they reported the level of applied practice, which e-books are

attractive tools for many learners, because it can be easily integrated within educational

programs for literacy, which required the teachers to have practice skills in using

computers. However, educational decisions relevant to using e-book are based on more
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than just the ease of application of e-book in the educational process, but it based more

on the research result that shows the effectiveness of e-book in learning (Zucker, Moody,

McKenna, 2009).

In addition, This study examines the effect of electronic books on the reading

experience of first grade students. Data was collected through observations, audio

recordings of student retellings, interviews, and questionnaires on the student‘s reading

experiences on the computer. And reveals that electronic books motivate and engage all

students, help strengthen struggling readers text comprehension, provide supportive

features for word reading, but also have potentially distracting features. But must carefully

select texts and train students on their use. (Melinis, 2011)

Yet,Case Study of E-book Use in an Academic Library: A Communication Persp

ectiveThis research examines the integration of electronic book technology within

an academic library. The University of Ottawa library is explored as a qualitative

case study. The perceptions of use and communication pertaining to e-book adoption

from the perspectives of students, faculty members, and librarians are

combined with other documentation to provide a comprehensive examination of the cas

e. (Bratanek, 2013).

But the Effects of Electronic Books Designed for Children in Education. In this

study shows the electronic books are quickly becoming more prominent in the field of
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 9

education because of their advantages over traditional printed textbooks. As time goes

by more electronic textbooks are being produced and utilized in classrooms, we must

investigate just how useful and effective they are in teaching young children the important

skills they need for higher learning. Also this study reviews some of the current views on

the topic for teaching and learning and discusses how electronic books can be integrated

into the classroom learning environment. Research has shown that when used as a

teaching supplement, electronic books have a positive impact on learning. They can be

valuable in helping children with their early literacy development, reading comprehension,

and language development. (Chau, 2008).

While according to Velde & Ernst (2009) with the incredible development of

Internet and electronic technology industry, e-book has become a necessary part in

college students’ school life across the world today. They spend hours every day online

on reading, doing coursework and searching relevant materials. A large user base of

students complements the audience for academic e-books.

In addition, according to Rojeski (2012) replacing traditional reserve materials with

e-books offers a perfect opportunity to transform low use items into tools for student

success, while making better use of our collections and funds.

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Using e-book as ICT Tool

Electronic book or e-book have been identified as a current trend in education and

are being increasingly adopted by students as their textbook format of choice. This e-

book project proves the seriousness of the government to increase the computer literacy

at the very young age. Although e-books are increasingly adopted, it give the question of

their effects on school students. The different terms used for e-Book has led to some

confusion in both of the education and information technology communities. This work is

highly motivated by the limited literature found for the subject matter. It is hoped that this

work will give good review findings due to its importance to education. (TARIE, 2012).

Since internet became the biggest source of information the book concept has

been refined. Practically, when using the electronic media, a book could take a different

look - the electronic book (e-book). The e-books are one of the most effective ways to

support distance learning (e-learning), as they can be read by thousands of readers. Due

to the fact that the teachers have limited time for participating to the face-to-face training

programs, the e-books became an important tool for promoting different training courses

organized in the frame of various projects. (Science Direct, 2010).

On the other hand, the increasingly important position of English language in the

world makes children’s learning of English a concern of teachers as well as parents.

However, due to children’s cognitive traits, they are reluctant to spend a long time reading
 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 11

paper books which, from their point of view, seem to be tedious and boring. With the

development of computer technology, we have entered into a digital age in which ICT

(Information and Communication Technology) tools has been implemented into our lives

and has become more accessible to children than ever before. Many children now who

grow in digital environment. An e-book as an ICT tool to them. It combines educational

content intended to teach and entertainment. The concept of using e-books in the process

of teaching and learning as an ICT tool is in the conformity of the principle of audiovisual

education. This will explore the features as well as the benefits of children’s e-books,

and analyze the theoretical foundation of using e-books as ICT tool in education. (Wang,

2018).

However, E-book usability in educational technology classes: teachers and

teacher candidate’s perception towards ebook for teaching and learning. This

study looked at the utility and usability of eBooks as ICT tool in classroom learning.

They surveyed students in 2 educational technology classes that used the same

e-textbook, but one class was graduate-level and one was undergraduate. The

results here were not particularly illuminating, other than that graduate students

were more positive about ebooks in general because 45% of these students own

personal e-readers, and more concerned about privacy as well. While only 30% of

the undergraduates. (Shin, 2014)

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But the Electronic Book - a Modern Instrument Used in Teachers’ Training

Process. In this study since internet the biggest source of information the book

concept has dramatically redefined. Practically when using the electronic media a

book could take a different look which is the electronic book (e -book). The e-books

are one of the most effective ways of supporting distance learning (e-learning) which

can read by thousands of people. Due to the fact that the teachers have limited time

for the face to face training programmes the e-book became an important ICT tool

for promoting different training courses. The study aims to present the most

important features proposed by the Desktop author software during the design

mentioned e-book. (Gorghiu, Bizoi, Suduc, 2011).

Although, Exploratory Research: The Effects of Electronic Books on College

Students. This study, the e-book has become more and more popular among college

students as ICT tool. A random sample of undergraduate and graduate students not only

use the e-book to read in class and library, but also at public places and at home. The

population of college students applying e-book in their study life is increasing rapidly

because many more “smart” and inexpensive electronic equipment (hardware) are

displayed in markets in which an e-book can be installed. Consequently, the e-book offers

a far less expensive alternative than paper print books (Chen, He, Fan, 2012).

In addition, ICT in higher education: an experience with e-book. In this study shows

that recent years have been characterized by an extensive growth in the use of
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the education. These technologies

not only provided tools for data analysis, but also enable students communicate with their

teachers or instructors through email. E-books represent one of the recent applications

of ICT in the educational arena. Although e-book is not new its meaning is not completely

clear. This study could be helpful both for systems analysts and for teachers when they

are developing and implementing e-books. (Gonzalez, Gasco, Llopis, 2013).

While the parent advantage in fostering children's e-book comprehension is a

study that one potential advantage of e-books as ICT tool is that unlike traditional books,

preschoolers can read independent of an adult by using the audio narration feature.

However, little research has investigated whether children comprehend a story's content

after using an e-book with audio narration. The current study compares preschoolers’

comprehension of an e-book. Results suggest that children comprehend some content

from e-books as ICT tool using audio narration, indicating that using e-books

independently may be a worthwhile activity for preliterate children while caregivers are

otherwise occupied. (Dore, 2018).

But, The study about Factors Affecting the e-Book Adoption amongst Mathematics

and Statistics Students at Universities in Libya: A Structural Equation Modelling

Approach. Investigates the factors affecting the acceptance of e-books as ICT tool among

mathematics and statistics students at universities of Libya. The research hypotheses

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were examined by path analysis using the standardized coefficient, probability value and

Critical Ratio. Based on the result, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and

attitude are the strongest factors at all. Moreover, the intrinsic variables were important

factors for predicting students' behavioral intention adoption e-book as ICT tool among

Mathematics and Statistics students at universities in Libya. (Wong, 2015).

Though, The study assessing the intention to use e‐book among engineering

undergraduates in University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, purposes is to investigate the

intention of using e-book as ICT tool as learning material among undergraduates from an

engineering students. Perceived usefulness has significant effect on attitude and intention

to use e-books. Meanwhile, attitude has significant effect on intention to use. The study

is important in terms of obtaining better understanding of e-book as ICT tool in reading

intention among engineering undergraduates who are the real users of e-books. Action

can be taken on how to motivate the non-users of e-books to form the intention to use e-

books. (Tarmizi, 2011).