INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROPAR

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
MA 101 - CALCULUS
Tutorial Sheet 1 (I Semester 2019 - 20)
Real numbers system and sequences 05 Aug, 2019

1. Let x, y ∈ R. Then prove the following:

x+y+|x−y| x+y−|x−y|
(a) max{x, y} = 2
and min{x, y} = 2
.
x y
(b) 0 ≤ x < y ⇒ 1+x
< 1+y .
|x+y| |x| |y|
(c) 1+|x+y|
≤ 1+|x|
+ 1+|y|
.

2. For x, y ∈ R, prove that

(a) |x + y| ≥ ||x| − |y||.

(b) |x − y| ≥ ||x| − |y||.
(c) |x − y| ≤ |x| + |y|.

3. Prove the following:

(a) Every non-empty subset of N has a least member.

(b) For every x ∈ R, there exist m, n ∈ Z such that m < x < n.
(c) For every x ∈ R, there exists unique n ∈ Z such that n ≤ x ≤ n + 1, i.e., every real number
lies between two consecutive integers.

4. Let a, b ∈ R, and suppose that for every  > 0 we have a ≤ b + . Show that a ≤ b.

5. Show that if a, b ∈ R, and a 6= b, then there exist -neighbourhoods U and V of a and b such that
U ∩ V = ∅.

6. Prove that there is no least positive real number.

2n
7. Find m ∈ N such that | n+3 − 2| < 51 , ∀n ≥ m.

8. Let a, b ∈ R. If 0 < a ≤ b and the indicated square roots exist, then prove that

√
r
2ab a+b a2 + b 2
a≤ ≤ ab ≤ ≤ ≤ b.
a+b 2 2

9. Using Mathematical Induction prove that ∀n ∈ N, (1 + x)n ≥ 1 + nx.

n +1 2
10. Check whether the sequence { 2n+3 } is bounded or not.

11. Prove or disprove that the following sequences are bounded:

2n−5
(a) { 2n+1 }.
(−1)n
(b) {1 + n
}.
1
(c) {1 + 5
+ 512 + ... + 1
5n
}.
2
(d) {n − n }.
12. Determine, whether the sequences are increasing or decreasing:

(a) { n2n+1 }n≥1

n n
(b) { 25n+1
3
}n≥1
√ √
13. Prove that the sequence {xn }, defined by x1 = a > 0, xn+1 = a + xn , is bounded above.

14. If 0 < aq< b and S1 = a, then the sequence {Sn } is bounded and monotonic increasing, where
2 +S 2
Sn+1 = aba+1 n
for all n ∈ N.

15. Prove that [ 12 (a + b)]2 ≤ 12 (a2 + b2 ) for all a, b ∈ R. Show that equality holds if and only if a = b.

16. Show that there exists a unique positive real number x such that x2 = 2.

17. Show that if a, b ∈ R then

(a) min{a, b, c} = min{min{a, b}, c}.

(b) min{a, b} = − max{−a, −b}.

18. For every x ∈ R, prove the following:

(a) There exist m, n ∈ Z such that m < x < n.

(b) There exists unique n ∈ Z such that n ≤ x < n + 1.

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗∗ ALL THE BEST ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗∗