PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FIRST QUARTE SY ‘19-‘20

UNIT 2 THE REVIEW PROCESS Conducting the Review of Related Literature

Literature Review
 A process of compiling, classifying and evaluating what
other researchers have written on a certain topic. It can
be partial component of a research undertaking but it can
also stand alone as a self-contained review writing on a
subject
 Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which
the present study is related
 Materials which are usually printed and found in books,
encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines,
newspapers, and other publications
■ Looking for relevant materials
-Systematic skimming
■ Actual Reading
– Analytical reading and comparative reading
– Tools for reading and review:
■ Highlighting – uses marks and symbols
to facilitate the reading process
■ Annotating – remarks, ideas, and
opinions the researcher writes during
the analysis and synthesis of related
materials
■ Note taking

Importance, Purpose and Functions of Related Literature Citation Styles: Introduction to MLA and APA
1. It helps or guide the researcher in searching for or Referencing sources means systematically showing what
selecting a better research problem or topic information or ideas are quoting or paraphrasing from another
2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or research author’s work and the original sources
better. Reference
3. Builds the confidence of the researchers ■ List of all materials in alphabetical order cited in text of
4. Provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the the research
planned research ■ Allows the readers to find out more information about the
5. Provides information about the research methods used references used and readers may also want to view
6. Provides findings and conclusions of past investigations Laying out Reference Section
■ Use a direct quote
Characteristics of a good literature review - Quote is longer than 40 words
1. Surveyed materials must be as recent as possible - Indent the entire quote by ½ inch of the ruler
2. Objective and unbiased - Don’t use quotation marks
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study - Double- space the quote
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon - Use brackets enclosing ellipses [] to represent omitted
genuinely original and true facts or data to make them text
valid and reliable ■ Paraphrase
5. Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed ■ Summarize
6. Covers all important relevant literature Focus of MLA & APA Styles
7. Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and Modern Language Association (MLA)
weaknesses in the literature ■ Humanities and related areas (i.e. literature)
■ Focuses on authorship: “…(Smith and Johnson)”
Sources of the Literature Review ■ Format is designed for eas of presentation
Print, electronic or visual materials ■ Often viewed as “easier” to follow by students
1.Primary Sources ■ Commonly taught first to students
Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies,
American Psychological Association (APA)
official or research topics, patents and designs and empirical
■ Social sciences (i.e. psychology, sociology, and
research articles linguistics)
2.Secondary Sources ■ Focuses on date of publication: “…(Smith & Johnson,
Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books, 2009)”
documentaries ■ Format is designed for comparison of research and
3.Tertiary Sources determining relevance
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks ■ Often thought of as more difficult by students
■ Commonly taught as an alternative citation style
Evaluating of Related Literature
■ Examine the title Basics of MLA & APA Citations (Book Example)
- A good title is specific, indicates the nature of the research MLA
without describing the results and avoids asking open ended ■ Name(s) of author(s)
■ Work title
questions.
■ Publication city and year
■ Publisher
■ Read the abstract ■ Publication medium (i.e. print, web)
-a good abstract summarizes critical information about a study. It
gives the purpose of the study, identifies methods used and APA
highlights major findings. It prepares for examining the report in ■ Name(s) of author(s)
detail. ■ Publication year
■ Read the article ■ Work title
A. Elementary Reading –basic type of reading. It consists ■ Publication city
merely of recognizing the words and the literal ■ Publisher
comprehension of the sentences.
B. Systematic Skimming – article or materials are discerned In-text citations:
MLA: “…no significant results” (Johnson 34).
whether it is included for analysis. Researcher can gloss
APA: “…no significant results” (Johnson, 2003, p. 34).
over the bold, underlined, or italicized terms in the first
and middle paragraph as well as in the conclusions for Reference citations:
the main idea or concept MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: McGraw-
C. Analytical Reading – analysis is a process of breaking Hill, 2003. Print.
the whole into parts for better understanding, then an APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY:
article is examined paragraph by paragraph, a paragraph McGraw-Hill.
is dissected sentence by sentence, and a sentence is
read word by word. Comparing In-Text Citations
D. Comparative Reading – concepts and principles from the ■ In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to
various points of views of authors are compared and an author for using a quote (exact wording),
contrast paraphrasing (rewording), or discussing his/her ideas.
Example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74)
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
■ All in-text citations for MLA and APA must reference the
author’s name.
■ Reference to the page number or publication year
depends on the situation and citation style.
■ When using APA, always give the year of
publication.
■ When quoting, always give the page number in MLA
& APA.
■ When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page
number is needed for either style.
Comparing In-Text Citations (Cont.)
Example: “The study provided no significant findings regarding the
relationship of gender and success in language classes.” --
Johnson, Thomas and Arlene Maiden. Studies in College. New
York: 2003. McGraw-Hill. Print.
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed
that there was…
APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the research
showed that…
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes”
(34).
APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their
“study…classes” (p. 34).
Quote (no incorporation in text)
MLA: “…in language classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34)
APA: “…in language classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34)
CHICAGO/TURABIAN REFERENCING STYLE
Major difference between the format
1. INDENTATION
– The first line of the footnote are intended, while
subsequent line are not.
2. NAME ORDER
– list author as first name, last name.
3. PUNCTUATION
– Use more commas and bibliographic citation
,use more period.
Comparing References
■ At the end of each research paper, a section must be
devoted to listing the information for each resource that
you used in the paper. This includes all resources that
you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned.
■ If you have done your citing correctly, you should have
mentioned each reference work at least once in your
paper and each cited resource should have a reference
citation.
■ Different citation styles use difference terms for this
section:
■ MLA: Bibliography (Works Cited title)
■ APA: Reference Page (Reference title)
■ Both MLA and APA require that you organize your
citations alphabetically by the first letter of an author’s
last name.
Books
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work. City of Pub:
Publisher, Year. Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub,
State: Publisher.
Examples
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: 2003.
McGraw-Hill. Print.
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Notice these primary differences…
• MLA uses the full first name; APA uses only the first
initial.
• MLA capitalizes all major words (excluding articles
(a/an/the) and prepositions (of, out, in)); APA only
capitalizes first words in the titles and proper nouns
(names).
• MLA states the medium of publication (print, web); APA
does not.
FIRST QUARTE SY ‘19-‘20
Articles in Journals
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Work.” Journal Title
Volume.Issue (Year):
page numbers. Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work.
Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page numbers.
Examples
MLA: Smith, Linda. “Students in Danger.” New England
Journal of Student Progress 7.2 (2007): 142-
154. Print.
APA: Smith, L. (2007). Students in danger. New England
Journal of Student Progress, 7(2), 142-154.
Notice these additional differences…
• MLA puts the article title in quotation marks; APA does
not.
• MLA uses the V.I format for volume and issue numbers;
APA uses V(I).
Online Sources
Template
MLA: Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date created (use n.d. if
not given). Medium. Date accessed. <URL
(optional)/>.
APA: Author. (Year, Month[use n.d. if not given]). Article or
page sub-title. Major Publication Title, volume or issue
number (if available). Retrieved from http://url.
Examples:
MLA: Department of Enrollment Management. 2013 Fall
Term Comparison. University of Houston-Clear Lake,
24 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
APA: Department of Enrollment Management. (2013). 2013
Fall Term Comparison. Enrollment Management 2013
Reports. Retrieved from
http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page/portal/PRV/Enrollment-
Management/images/Enrollment%20and%20SCH-
Fall%2013%202-Yr%2010242013 %20final.pdf
SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT
LITERATURE
SYNTHESIS
 Discussion that draws on one or more sources
 Bringing together of materials from different sources and
the creation of an integrated whole.
Types of Synthesis
1.) Explanatory Synthesis - It helps the reader to understand
a topic. Its primary aim is to present the facts in a
reasonably objective manner. Explanation given may
entail descriptions, sequence of events, or state of
affairs.
2.) Argument Synthesis - Its purpose is for you to present
your own point of view with the support of relevant facts
drawn from services and presented in a logical manner.
What is presented may be debatable.
Categories of sources
Fraenkel (2015) enumerates the categories of sources from
where your called data and information in the literature review
may have been taken.
1. Documents
2. Numerical Data
3. Oral Statements
4. Relics
How to write a synthesis
1. Consider your purpose in writing.
2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your
purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis.
4. Decide how you will use your source material and take
down notes.
5. Develop art organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your
organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Techniques for Writing a Synthesis
1. Summary
2. Example or Illustration
3. Two (or more) Reasons
4. Comparison and Contrast
Writing Coherent Review of Literature
Coherence
■ Directs to a well- organized and unified piece of writing
■ Requires careful evaluation of the effectiveness of the
rhetorical elements of the document for the readers to
understand the structure and relationship of elements
■ Use subheadings
■ Use transitional expressions
Sections
 Introduction
 Often single paragraph
 Introduces the general topic and provides an appropriate
scholarly or societal context for the review
 Identifies the overall state-of-knowledge about the topic
 Body
 Address previous research on the topic, grouped
according to theme, theoretical perspective,
methodological approach, or chronological development
 Draw together the significance of previous, individual
studies by highlighting the main themes, issues, and
knowledge gaps
 Use strong ‘ umbrella’ sentences at the beginning and
end of each paragraph
 Include brief ‘so what’ sentences at intermediate points in
the review to connect the literature to the proposed
research objectives
 Describe previous work have accomplished related to the
proposed research
 Conclusion
 Provides a summary statement of the overall state of
knowledge about the topic, including gaps in knowledge
and understanding, reconnecting to your introduction
 Reinforces the research purpose or objectives, and
establishes the potential significance or importance of
your proposed research, relative to the current state of
knowledge.
FOLLOWING ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
Ethics- questions of right and wrong. When researchers think
about ethics, they must also ask themselves if it is “right” to
conduct a particular study or carry out certain procedures.
Ethical behavior -as being in accordance with rules or standards
for right conduct or practice.
Unethical behavior constitutes a violation of such conduct or
practice.
Literature review - ubiquitous in academic journals, scholarly
reports and in education. They are done within in context of
writing a research/paper and expose the students to the breadth
of information available on a topic
Plagiarism
- the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results,
or words without giving appropriate credit, including those
obtained through confidential review of others’ research proposals
and manuscripts.
-is committed when authors present the words, data or ideas of
others with the implication that their own, without attribution. This
act is against the Intellectual Property Rights Law. It is a form of
research misconduct
Forms of Plagiarism
a. Self – Plagiarism
- author copies large parts of one of their previous manuscripts
word for word.
FIRST QUARTE SY ‘19-‘20
b. Duplicate Plagiarism
-authors submits a previously-published work as if it is an original
manuscript.
Republic Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines)
– rules on copyright ownership, copyright ownership
Acts of Plagiarism
1. When an individual is claiming that he/she is the author or
originator of another person’s work
2. When copying the whole written work or even words, ideas or
sentences from someone without acknowledging him/her
3. when one fails to put quote marks on a quotation or excerpt
from an outside source
4. when one gives incorrect information about the source of a
quotation
5. when changing words or ideas from a sources without giving
credits to the real author or source
6. When changing words but conveying the idea and using the
sentence structure of an original source without acknowledging
the author.
Ethics In literature review
 Two considerations stem from the definition:
a) Research must enhance the scientific community’s
current understanding of a phenomenon and
b) Research must communicate what were discovered in
the new study to the scientific community.
The use of literature should provide the grounds for legitimization
of the research questions proposed in a study
The issue of testing for applicability of research literature to the
proposed study has two critical facets:
• The first deals with the conclusion or exclusions of
articles from the literature review
• The second deals with the ethical and unethical use of
references.
One reason why ethics is an important consideration in
systematic literature reviews is that it may not always be possible
for the reviewer to identify the procedures, for example, around
consent that were used to ensure ethical practice for the study
being reviewed.
Five principles for research ethics
1. discuss intellectual proper frankly.
 it is unethical to take ideas from sources without giving
credit to the originator.
2. Be conscious of multiple roles.
 One of the most common multiple roles for researchers
is being both mentor and laboratory supervisor for
students they teach or advice.
3. Follow informed consent rules.
 You have to abide by the rule on informed consent. The
participants should signify their willingness to be part of
the research and have the right to know about the results
of the study.
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy.
 Letters sent to would be respondents and participants in
a study usually include a statement on the observance of
confidentiality in terms of data provided by them. Usually,
response are coded for this.
5. Tap into ethics resources.
 Ethics includes certain rules that researchers have to
abide by. Limitations do not really hamper procedures
like data collection and data analysis but ethical
standards will have to be addressed .
Ways of Avoiding Plagiarism
1. Citation – the complete source or reference must be
placed after the copied phrase or sentence using
prescribed format of citations
2. Paraphrasing – process by which the information to be
lifted is rephrased into one’s own words or how you
understood the information
3. Quoting- includes exact phrases or sentence from
original source to the own paper
- “Block quotes” or quotes of more than 40 words should
be avoided
4. Referencing
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- Formulated from an existing theory/ies serves as the
foundation of the study
- It can be adapted since the researcher can add or
subtract variables from the original framework, provided
that the whole theory is utilized.
- Theory – a conceptual idea that is used to describe,
explain, predict, or understand a certain phenomenon. It
describes the relationship among variables for purposes
of explaining a current state or predicting future events.
- Researcher cites and discusses related theories that
serve as the foundation of the variables and their
relationships to make the study more scientific and
understandable especially to the readers.
Writing a Conceptual Framework
Conceptual framework- a blueprint which provides an outline of
the plan on how to conduct a research. It is presented in a flow
chart, map or diagram
- it maps out the actions required in the course of the study, given
the previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and
the researchers’ observation on the subject of the study
- Consist of concepts that are placed within a logical and
sequential design.
-Represents less formal structure and used for studies in which
existing theory is insufficient
-Based on specific concepts and propositions and take from
practical observation and intuition,
PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.To clarify concepts and purpose relationships among the
concepts in a study
2.To provide a context for interpreting the study findings
3.To explain observations
4.To encourage theory development that is useful and
practical
STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON WRITING CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
1.Choose your topic
2.Do a literature review
3.Isolate the important variables
4.Generate the conceptual framework.
Conceptual Paradigm- a diagram that represents and interprets
the underlying theory, principles and concepts. It is a visual
representation of the entire research.
Common paradigms or models
1. IPO Model (Input-process-output) – research attempts to
isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem,
subject or phenomenon under investigation. This model used
when the statement of the problem are all factor- isolating
questions.
2. IV-DV model (independent variable-dependent variable
model) - model used in experiment-based studies. The questions
raised are higher order and classified as situation-relating.
3. PC model (predictor-criterion model) – model used when
relating and assessing the influence between two or more
variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations,
differences, and impacts will benefit from this model
4. –P model – model used in research studies that propose a
program or any intervention measure. It fits the situation
producing level of questioning.
5. POM (proposed original model) - model is used when the
researcher presents an original paradigm. The requirement must
be scientific.
HYPOTHESIS
- A tentative prediction about the relationship between two
or more variables in a population under study.
- Translate a research question into a prediction of
expected outcomes.
- It is an intelligent guess
- When the result of the study is the SAME AS THE
HYPOTHESIS, then the HYPOTHESIS IS ACCEPTED.
FIRST QUARTE SY ‘19-‘20
- When the result of the study is the EXACT OPPOSITE
OF THE HYPOTHESIS, then the HYPOTHESIS IS
REJECTED
Kinds of Hypotheses
1. Simple Hypothesis
-it is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a
relationship between an independent variable and a
dependent variable
Examples:
a. The nature of teachers is related to the nature of the
students
b. there is a relationship between the level of exercise
and weight retention among elementary school children
2. Complex Hypothesis
- It is a hypotheses formulated when predicting the
relationships of two or more independent variables to two
or more dependent variables
Examples:
a. there is no significant relationship between the profile,
classroom leadership, and management skills and the
school’s performance of Sunday school teachers.
3. Directional Hypothesis
- It is a hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but
also the expected direction of the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables.
Examples:
a. Lower levels of exercise are associated with greater
weight retention than higher levels of exercise/
b. The higher the intake of fiber, the lower is the weight
of the physical mass.
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
-a hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the
relationship between the independent and dependent
variables
Examples:
a. The number of hours spent in reviewing is associated
with the level of performance in periodical exams.
b. The sources of stress are related to the different
coping mechanisms among teachers.
5. Null Hypothesis
- Hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical
analysis. This kind is always expressed as a negative
statement.
Examples:
a. There is no significant relationship between the
reasons for using alternative medicine and the level of
comfort of the patients.
6. Research Hypothesis
- a hypothesis which states the actual expected
relationships between variables.
ASSUMPTION
- a realistic expectation which is something that believe to be true,
however, no adequate evidence exists to support this belief.
- provides a basis to develop theories and research instrument
and therefore, influence the development and implement of
research process
-statements that are taken for granted or are considered true,
even though it is not scientifically tested.