EE132

Power System Analysis and Design

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REPRESENTATION OF POWER
SYSTEMS

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SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM
Shows the main connections and
arrangements of the system components
along with their data (e.g., output rating,
voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.)
System components are usually drawn in
the form of their symbols (Gupta, 2015)

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Figure 1. Single-line diagram of an electrical power system (Grainger, J. J., et. al (2016)

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1 – Generator: 20,000 kVA, 6.6 kV, X” = 0.655 Ω
2 – Generator: 10,000 kVA, 6.6 kV, X” = 1.31 Ω
3 – Generator; 30,000 kVA, 3.81 kV, X” = 0.1452 Ω
T1 and T2, each transformer in each 3-phase bank: 10,000 kVA, 3.81/38.1 kV
Reactance of the transmission line: 17.4 Ω
Load A: 15,000 kW, 6.6 kV, pf = 0.9 lagging
Load B: 30,000 kW, 3.81 kV, pf = 0.9 lagging

Figure 1. Single-line diagram of an electrical power system (Grainger, J. J., et. al (2016)

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IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
A further simplification from the single-
line diagram
Each component is represented by its
equivalent circuit of impedances only
Also called per-phase positive sequence
diagram (Gupta, 2015)

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Figure 2. The per-phase impedance diagram corresponding to the single-line diagram of Fig. 1
(Grainger, J. J., et. al (2016)

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REACTANCE DIAGRAM
A further simplification of impedance diagram
by making certain assumptions such as: (Gupta,
2015)
 Magnetizing current of a transformer is usually insignificant
compared to the full load current, thus, shunt admittance
can be omitted (Grainger, 2016)
 Inductive reactance of a system is much larger than its
resistance, so resistance can be omitted (Grainger, 2016)
 Loads not involving rotating machinery have little effect
on the total line current during a fault, thus, can be
omitted (Grainger, 2016)
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Figure 3. The per-phase reactance diagram corresponding to the impedance diagram of Fig. 2
(Grainger, J. J., et. al (2016)

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References
 Gupta, J. B. (2015). A course in electrical power. S. K. Kataria & Sons:
New Delhi
 Grainger, J. J., et. al. (2016). Power system analysis. McGraw-Hill
Education: Singapore

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