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Submitted to
Dr. Kailash Juglan
Submitted by
Kamal preet
Abstract:- I avail this opportunity to convey the entire knowledge of ground wave
propagation through this paper.
This paper gives the information about the ground wave propagation, line of sight,
various facts effecting ground wave propagation.
Introduction to the problem:- In communication system, there are various
methods or techniques for propagation. We use all the methods for communication to one
place to another place. Ground wave propagation is one of the most popular technique for
transfer the signals of low and medium frequency range of radio waves from one place to
another place.
CORE CHAPTER
Radio waves
The word radio means radiation of electromagnetic waves conveying information
from one end and receiving such information at other end. Within this meaning such
applications telegraphy, telephony, television and a host of navigational age are classified
as radio.
All radio waves are electromagnetic waves which travel with speed of light. An
electromagnetic wave is created by a local disturbance in the electric and magnetic
fields. From its origin, the wave will propagate outwards in all directions. If the medium
in which it is propagating (air for example) is the same everywhere, the wave will spread
out uniformly in all directions.
Propagation of Waves
The process of communication involves the transmission of information from one
Location to another. As we have seen, modulation is used to encode the information onto
a carrier wave, and may involve analog or digital methods. It is only the characteristics of
the carrier wave which determine how the signal will propagate over any significant
Distance. This chapter describes the different ways that electromagnetic waves
propagate.
Ground Wave
Radio waves in the VLF band propagate in a ground, or surface wave. The wave is
connected at one end to the surface of the earth and to the ionosphere at the other. The
ionosphere is the region above the troposphere (where the air is), from about 50 to 250
miles above the earth. It is a collection of ions, which are atoms that have some of their
electrons stripped off leaving two or more electrically charged objects. The sun's rays
cause the ions to form which slowly recombine. The propagation of radio waves in the
presence of ions is drastically different than in air, which is why the ionosphere plays an
important role in most modes of propagation. Ground waves travel between two limits,
the earth and the ionosphere, which acts like a duct. Under normal conditions, the
temperature of air gradually decreases with increase in height above ground. When there
is a stable high pressure system, a mass of warm air may over run cold air, causing a
temperature inversion. Radio waves trapped below the mass can travel great distance
with little loss. The area between the earth and the warm air mass is known as duct.
In troposphere under normal conditions the air pressure water vapor pressure and
temperature reduces with the increase of height above earth. As a result of this the
refractive index also reduces with the increase of height. In standard atmosphere the
modified refractive index M increases linearly with the increase of height. Under
abnormal meteorological conditions particularly under water, variation of dielectric
constant of the troposphere with height departs considerably from the standard condition.
Thus under certain special conditions the dielectric constant may not decrease at all with
height or may even increase with height resulting in the radio wave following the straight
line path or curving away from the earth respectively. This results in reduction of the
distance to the horizon. Under another type of abnormal conditions the variation of
refractive index with height may be much higher than the normal in the region close to
the earth. Such abnormal conditions may result when dry air flows from land out over
cooler water. Evaporation of moisture from water into the lower layers of air cools the
air. Thus the lower layer is cool and rich in moisture while the upper layer is warm and
contains less moisture. Thus as the height increases there results increased moisture lapse
rate and a temperature inversion that is a rapid increase in temperature instead of
reduction. Thus there results rapid decrease in dielectric constant as the wave travels
upwards. Typical result of such an abnormal condition is it cause the path of the rays
traveling close to the surface of the earth to be bent as much or even more than the
curvature of the earth while the rays at greater height are bent less. When the frequency is
sufficiently high the region where the variation of refractive index is usually great
actually traps energy and causes it to travel along the earth’s surface much as though in a
waveguide. This special refraction the electromagnetic wave is called super refraction
and the propagation utilizing this super refraction is called duct propagation. The duct
propagation may increase the range of space wave communication two or three times the
normal line of sight range. Duct propagation becomes possible only at frequencies above
one thousand mega hertz. The duct is the region between the upper minimum of the M
curve and either the ground or the point where the vertical projection from the upper
minimum curve intersects the m curve. When the curve has a negative slope the curvature
of the ray is concave downward on a plane earth diagram and the true curvature of the
rays is greater than the curvature of the earth. Hence rays which enter the duct with
sufficiently small angles are bent until they become horizontal and then are turned
downwards.
Since the duct curves with the earth, the ground wave will follow. Therefore very long
range propagation is possible using ground waves. Ground wave use for radio
communication signal propagation on the long and medium wave bands for local radio
communication.
The wave induces currents in the ground over which it passes and thus losses some
energy by absorption. This is made up by energy diffracted downward from the upper
portion of the wave front.
There is another way in which the surface wave is attenuated. Because of
diffraction the wave front gradually tilts over as shown in above figure. As the wave
propagates over the earth it tilts more and more, and the increasing tilt causes greater
short circuiting of the electric field component of the wave and hence field strength
reduction. Eventually, at some distance from the antenna as partly determined by the type
of surface over which the ground wave propagates the wave lies down and dies. Thus in
the VLF band insufficient range of transmission is cured by increasing the transmitting
power.
Field strength at a distance
Radiation from an antenna by means of the ground wave gives rise to field
strength at a distance. If the distance between two antennas is very long the reduction of
field strength due to ground and atmospheric absorption reduces the value of voltage
received.
Line of Sight
In the VHF band and up, the propagation tends to straighten out into line-of-sight (LOS)
waves. However the frequency is still low enough for some significant effects.
1. Ionospheric scatter. The signal is reflected by the E-region and scattered in all
directions. Some energy makes it back to the earth's surface. This seems to be
most effective in the range of 600-1000 miles.
Figure 16
1. Tropospheric scatter. Again, the wave is scattered, but this time, by the air itself.
This can be visualized like light scattering from fog. This is a strong function of
the weather but can produce good performance at ranges under 400 miles.
Figure 17
1. Tropospheric ducting. The wave travels slower in cold dense air than in warm air.
Whenever inversion conditions exist, the wave is naturally bent back to the
ground. When the refraction matches the curvature of the earth, long ranges can
be achieved. This ducting occurs to some extend always and improves the range
over true the line-of-sight by about 10 %.
1. Diffraction. When the wave is block by a large object, like a mountain, is can
diffract around the object and give coverage where no line-of-sight exists.
Effect of polaristion
The type of antenna has a major effect. Vertical polarization is subject to
considerably less attenuation than horizontally polarized signals. In some cases the
difference can amount to several tens of decibels. It is for the reason that medium wave
broadcast stations use vertical antennas, even if they have to be made physically short by
adding inductive loading. Ships making use of the mf marine bands often used inverted L
antennas as these are able to radiate a significant proportion of the signal that is vertically
polarized.
References
• http://www.radio-
electronics.com/info/propagation/ground_wave/ground_wave.php
• http://www.articlestreet.com/music/duct-propagation.html
• http://ham-shack.com/propagation.html