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' Civil Engineering May 2019
Sequences and Series
Sequence is a succession of numbers formed
·according to soqte fixed rule. Example is 1, 8, 27, 64,
125, ... which is a sequence so that the 11 th term is
given by 113• • on the construction of a building is fined
§!_ries_is the indicated ~ of a sequence of
numbers. Thus,
a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + a. + ...
is the series corresponding to the sequence
General Tem, of a Series
·J'he general term of a series is an expression
involving n, such that by taking n = 1, 2, 3, ..., one
obtains the first, second, third, ... term of the series.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
A sequence of numbers is in AP. if any number
after the first is obtained by adding a fixed number
to the one immediately preceding it. The fixed
number tru'!t is added is called the common
difference, d.
Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17
Formulas for A.P.
d =a2 - a1 =a3 - a2 = a4 - a3 = ...
an =a1 +(n-l)d or an =a111 +(n-m)d
Sn =::(a1 +an) or S,, = ~[2a1 + (n - l)d]
2 2
Geometric Progression (G.P ;)
A sequence of numbers is in G.P. if any number
after the first is obtained by multiplying a fixed
number to the one immediately preceding it. The
fixed number that is multiplied is called the
common ratio, r.
'
Example: 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486
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PAYCn [~fflllW INNOYATION! Algebra 2
Fonnulas for G.P. Problems:
r=!2.= a3 = a4 = 1. How many three-digit numbers are not
a1 a2 a3 divisible by 3? ,,,111
2. A contractor who does not meet the deadime
a,, = a1 rn!..t or an = ll.,n r n-m
' _ a1 (1- r") _ a1 (r" -1) P40,000 per day for each of the first ten days of
S,, - - - - or 5n -
1-r r- 1 extra time, and for each additional day
thereafter the fine is increased by P8,000. If the
Where: a. = n th term usually the last term contractor is fined. Pl,008,000, by how many
a.,=
a term after a1 but before a" extra days was the construction delayed?
3. The numbers 28, x + 2, 112 are the first th ree
18
5,, = sum of n terms
terms in a GP. What is the 31•' term?
Answer: 30,064,771,070
Infinite Geometric Progression (1.G.P.) 4, Find the sum of a sequence of four positive
A G.P. in which -1 !> r S 1, r 1' 0 and 11 =~
numbers, the first of which is 6 and the fourth
of which is 16, if the first three numbers ~orm
s =~
an AP and the last three numbers form a GP.
" 1- r
An.,,....icr: 43
5. The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 7.5 &
Harmonic Progression (H.P.) t~eir harmonic me~ is 4.8. Find their
A sequence of numbers are in H.P. if their geometric mean. A11Swer: 6
reciprocals form an A.P. 6. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 9m
Example: 1/2, J/5, 1/ 8, 1/ 11, 1/14, 1/ 17 and each time it strikes the ground, it bounces
to a height 2/ 3 of that from which it falls. Find
Relationship between Arithmetic Mean, Harmonic the total distance travelled by the ball before it
Mean, and Geometric Mean of Two Numbers comes to rest. Answer: 45 m
GM 2 =AM x E-IM 7. If the 1st, 5th and the 8th terms of an AP will form
a GP, what would be the common ratio of this
GP? Answ.:r 3/ 4
Clock Related Problem: 8. A businessman left his office for an
If the minute hand of appointment and noticed the hands of the wall
the clock will describe clock at past 8 o'clock. After more· than two
X
an arc x minute spaces hours he returned and noticed that the hands of
long, then during the the clock were interchanged. At what time did
same time span, the he leave and at what time did he return?
hour hand will also Answer: left = 8:58:44; c,,me back = 11:44:53
describe an arc x/12 9. It is no~ past 4PM. Four minutes from now, the
minute spaces long. In minute hand of the clock will be directly
short, to identify the opposite the position of the hour hand S
corresponding m~vement of the hour hand, always minutes ago. What is the time now ? 4:-t9::?.i
divide the movement of the minute hand by 12. 10. A meeting of several transport group leaders
was held to decide whether they should strike
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Civil Engineering May 2019
ur not. It was arranged that during the
counting, those in favor should remain
standing and those against should sit down. In
due course, the acting chairman announced
th.:1t the motion is carried by a majority eq4al to
exactly ,1 quarter of the opposition, A man
protested, saying some of them could not sit
down because there were not enough chairs. So
the chairman decided that those who wanted to
sit down but couldn' t, will raise their right
hand. He counted a dozen and then announced
the motion is lost by a majority of 1. How many
transport leaders were in that meeting? 207
11. Runner A travels at 1200fpm. Runner B travels
975' during the 1st minute but goes 150' further
each minute than in the minute immediately
preceding. Who will win in a mile race?
Answer: B wire.
12. Determine x so that x, 2x + 7, 10x - 7 will be a
geometric progression. An.<wer: 7; -7 /6
13. Find the harmonic mean between 3 & 11:.
Am: 33/7
14. A cask containing 20 liters of v.rine was emptied
of one-fifth of its contents and then filled w ith
water. If this is done 20 times, how many liters
of wine will remain in the cask? A n,-i.t'<r: 0.2306\i
15. The arithmetic mean of two numbers exc.eeds
their geometric mean by two. Find the numbers
if one is 40 less than the other.Answer: 81 & 121
16. Insert three arithmetic means between 11 & 14.
Answer: 11.75, 12.5, 13.25
17. The first three terms in AP are 20, 16 and 12.
Which term is -96? Answer: 30th term
18. A besieged fortress is held by 5,700 men who
have provisions for 66 days. If the fortress loses
20 men each day, for how long will the
provisions hold out? An.wer: 76 days
19. In a display window a grocer wishes to place
boxes of detergent in pyramid form so that the
bottom row contains 15 boxes, the next row
contains 14 boxes, the,next row contains 13
boxes, and so on, with one box on top. How
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[~l\1n11w IMMOYITION!
many boxes of detergent are necessary for the 29. Ernie's average in 6 subjects 1s 83 . ff his h,w,,.. .
pyramid? A11swa : 120 grade is disregarded, his rem aini ng subjert 1,
84. What is his lowest grade? [ 78 ]
20. Find the common ratio of an !Gr in which any
term is thrice the sum of the succeeding terms. 30. Instead of multiplyi ng the number by 17, Fred
Answ~i-: 1/ 4 divided it by 17. If the answer he o bta ined was
21. It is now between 3 and 4 o'clock and in 20 1, what should have been the correct a nswer? [ 289 ]
minutes the minute hand will be as much 31. There are seven arithmetic means between 3
ahead of the hour hand as it is now behind it. and 35. Find the sum of all the term s. [ 171 ]
What is the time now? Answer: 3:06.36 32. Which of the following numbers s hould be
22. If 4, 2, 5, and 18 are added respectively to the changed to make all the nu mbers fo rm ,rn
first four terms of an arithmetic progression, arithmetic progression when properly
the resulting series is a geometric progression. arranged?
What is the common difference of the A. 27 /14 C. 45/ 28
arithmetic progression? Answer: 7 B. 33/28 D. 20/ 14
23. Find two numbers such that their sum 33. The geometric mean of two numbers is 8 and
multiplied by the sum of their squares is 5500, their arithmetic mean is 17. What is the fi rst
and their difference multiplied by the number? [ 2, 32 ]
difference of their squares is 352. One of the 34. a and b are positive numbers. a, -4, b ... form a
numbers is ... Answo?r: 13 geometric progression. 14, a, b... form an
24. Find the 8th term in the following series of arithmetic progression. Find the value of a. [ -1 or 8 ]
numbers: 6, 7, 11, 20; 36, ... Answer: 146 35. The sum of the first n terms of a series is 3°-2 -
25. The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 37 and 6. Find the fifth term of the series. [ 1458 ]
their geometric mean is 35. What is the 36. What is the value of x if 1, %, 1/ x,_1/ 10, .. . form
difference between their harmonic mean and a harmonic progression? [7]
geometric mean? Answer: 1.892 37. Determine the sum of the infinite geometric
26. What time between 2 and 3 o'clock will the series of 1 - 1/ 5 + 1/25.? [ 5/6 ]
angle between the hands of the clock be Situation 1. The fourth telTI\ of a geometric
bisected by t.he line connecting the center of the progression is 6 and the 10th term is 384.
clock and the 3 u' clock mark? Answer: 2:18:27.6 38. What is the common ratio of the G.P.? [2]
27. Benjie set out on a bike at the rate of 6 km/hr. 39. What is the first term? [ 0.75 ]
After Benjie had gone 2 hours, Jerwin set out to 40. What is the seventh term? [ 48 ]
overtake him and went on a bike 4 km the first Situation 2. What time after 3:00 o'clock will the
hour, 5 km the second hour, 6 km the third hour minute-hand and the hour-hand of the clock be
41. together for the first time? [ 16.36 ]
and so on, gaining 1 km every hour. After how
42. perpendicular for the first time? [ 32.73 ]
many hours were they together?
An5wer: Bhrs of Jerwin 43. in straight line for the first time? [ 49.09 ]
28. An equilateral triangle is inscribed within a Situation 3. How soon after 5:00 o'clock will the
circle whose diameter is 12 cm. In this triangle hands of the clock form ...
44. a 60-degree angle for the first time? [ 16.36 ]
a circle is inscribed; and in this circle, another
45. a 60-degree angle for the second time? [ 38.18 ]
equilateral triangle is inscribed; . and so on [ 54.55 ]
46. a 150-degree angles?
indefinitely. Find the sum of the areas of all the
triangles. · Answer: 62.35 cm'
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Cek FB: Excel-RI CE Review Specialist In<.
Engine trouble occurred after 1 hour Solution: Algebra 2 #1
~ + 3 = 1 + 1 + _d_-_v 999 9
Three-digit numbers: 100, 101, 102,103, · · ., ; N == oo
Divisible by three: 102, 105, 108, 111, · · · 999 ~ AP, d =
3
t> 0 .6v 1

~+ = + Sd _~ a11 =a1 +(11-l)d

3 2
v 3v 3 999=102+(n-1)(3)
2d 8 n=300
--==-- ~ Equation (1)
3v 3 Required = N - 11 = 600

1: v
A~---0----0--------_;,B
\,
•1

V + 50
d •1 Solution: Algebra 2 #2

Utn day penalty= P48,000

12th day penalty = P56,000

13th day penalty = P64,000

1·
Penalty in the l s ' ten days= 40,000 x 10 = P400,000

Arithmetic Progression
d = 8,000
. .. - a1 = 48,000
Had the engine trouble occurred 50 km farther
400,000 + Sum of AP., S = 1,008,000
~ + (3 -1.5) = l + 50 + l + d - v - 50 S = 608,000
V V Q~
½n[2a1 +(n-1)d] = 608, 000
d 3 50 5d 5 250
-+ - = 1+ - + 1+ - - - - - n=8
1' 2 v 3v 3 3v
2d 1001 7 The construction was delayed for 18 days
~ Equation (2)
•3 V 3 V 6
Solution: Algebra 2 #3
Mode .• . 5 ... 1
d 1 9 Mode 3 6
- = 4 and - = - y a31 = 31.~ = 30,064,771,070
v V 200 28
Note:
9d = 4 112
y = Shift 1:Stat 5:Reg
200
d = 88.89 km
Solution: .Algebra 2 #4
6 x y , 16 For G.P.
Solution: Algebra 1 #15
L_.----+-lc:=;,_. _ __,J
__ ~ 16
V1t = 2.25V2 V2t = 4,Ji --Y y~ J!... = ...,....... ➔ y 2 = 16x .
4v1 A.P. X y
t = 2.25v 2 t=-
V1 V2
G .P . :. (2'\'. - 6) 2 = 16x
For A. P. 4x2 - 24x + 36 = 16.'\'.
I Vtt 4v1 x - 6 =y - x 4x2 - 40x + 36 = O·
1 •1
Ao------=--~-------,8 • Meeting Point y = 2x .:. 6 x = 9 and 1
y = 12 and -4
\. \. I The positive numbers are: 6, 9, 12, 16
Sum= 6 + 9 + l2 +16 = 43
Hence, Thus,
2.25v 4v1 4v Solution: Algebra 2 #5
- -2= - .t = -1= 3hrs
V1 V2 .i •v .
3 1 GM 2 = AMxHM ; GM2 = 7.S x 4.8 ; GM=6
V2 = .i.3 v1
Solution: Algebra 2 #6
Time for each train to make the tr.ip
t1 = 3 + 4 = 7 hrs ~ train from A to B
t2 == 3+ 2.25 = 5.25 hrs ~ train from B to A

l.G .P. First tem1. flt = 1~

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