Optimal Power

ETAP 
PowerStation 4.0 
User Guide
Copyright  2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
This manual has copyrights by Operation Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the
copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of
Operation Technology, Inc. The Licensee may copy portions of this documentation only for the
exclusive use of Licensee. Any reproduction shall include the copyright notice. This exception
does not allow copies to be made for other persons or entities, whether or not sold. Under this
law, copying includes translating into another language.
Certain names and/or logos used in this document may constitute trademarks, service marks, or
trade names of Operation Technology, Inc. or other entities.
• Access, Excel, ODBC, SQL Server, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows
98, Windows XP, and Microsoft Word are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
• AutoCad is a registered trademark of Autodesk.
• Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation.
• PowerPlot is a registered trademark of Jackson & Associates.
• Crystal Reports is a registered trademark of Seagate Software.
• MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of MathWorks
• Screen shot(s) reprinted by permission from Microsoft Corporation.
Operation Technology, Inc. believes that the information contained herein is accurate as of its
publication date, and such information is subject to change without notice. This information is
provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but not
limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-
infringement. Operation Technology, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in
this publication or any other documents referenced in this publication.
Operation Technology, Inc.

Southern California
(949) 462-0100 Sales

(949) 462-0400 Fax
(949) 462-0400 User Support
Chapter 22
Optimal Power Flow Analysis
The PowerStation Optimal Power Flow (OPF) program is an extremely powerful simulation software for
power system design, planning, and operation. It solves power system load flow, but at the same time can
optimize system operating conditions and automatically adjust control variable settings, while ensuring
both equality and inequality constraints are not violated. The optimized system will reduce the
installation and/or operating cost, improves its overall performance, and increases its reliability and
security. Besides minimizing the operating and installation cost, the program also provides a variety of
other choices of optimization objectives, which covers virtually all the optimization criteria for a real
power system. Any practical control means in a power system such as transformer LTC, generator AVR
control, shunt and series compensations, and load shed can all be considered in the calculation.
Constraints for bus voltage, branch flow in different types (MVA, MW, Mvar, and Amp), as well as
control variables are also available for users to select and enforce. By using state-of-the-art optimization
algorithms and advanced programming techniques, this program is proven very capable, robust, and
effective. Systems with over 20,000 buses can be solved at incredible speed.
Operation Technology, Inc. 22-1 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Optimal Power Flow Analysis Introduction
Some of the key features of the Optimal Power Flow program are summarized below:
• Common & Integrated Databases

• Fully Inherited 3-D Data Structure Including Infinite Presentations, Unlimited Configurations, &
Multiple Data Reversions
• Handles Looped, Radial, or Combined Systems
• Systems with Multiple Swing Buses
• Systems with Isolated Sub-Systems
• Systems with Zero Impedance Branches (Tie Circuit Breakers)
• Systems with De-Energized Buses & Branches
• Automatic Adjustment of Cable/Line Resistance According to Operating Temperatures
• Automatic Adjustment of Transformer Impedance According to Tolerance
• Automatic Adjustment of Current Limiting Reactor Impedance According to Tolerance
• Choice of Loading Categories
• Load Diversity Factors
• Accurate AC Modeling
• State-of-the-Art Interior Point Algorithm
• Logarithmic Barrier Function (Handles Both Equality & Inequality Constraints)
• Primal-Dual Direction Search Method
• Controlled Solution Parameters
• Minimize System Real Power Losses
• Minimize System Reactive Power Losses
• Minimize Swing Bus Power
• Minimize Shunt Mvar Devices
• Minimize Fuel Cost
• Minimize Series Compensation
• Minimize Generation Cost
• Minimize Control Movement
• Minimize Control Adjustment
• Maximize Voltage Security Indexes
• Maximize Line Flow Security Indexes
• Flatten Voltage Profiles
• User-Defined Objective Functions
• Voltage Constraint
• Line Flow Constraint
• Control Limit Constraint
• Generator Var Limit Constraint
• Transmission Interface Limit Constraint
• Smooth Function of Any Variables
• Generator MW & Mvar Control
• Transformer LTC Control
• Transformer Phase-Shifter Control
• Shunt Compensation Control
• Series Compensation Control
• Switching Capacitor Control

Optimal Power Flow Study Toolbar
22.1 Study Toolbar

The Optimal Power Flow Study Toolbar will appear on the screen when you are in Optimal Power Flow
Study mode. This toolbar has six function keys, as shown below:
Run Optimal Power Flow

Display Options
Report Manager
Halt Current Calculation
Get On-Line Data
Get Archived Data
Run Optimal Power Flow

Select a study case from the Study Case Toolbar when you are in Optimal Power Flow study mode, then
click on the Run Optimal Power Flow button to perform an optimal power flow study. A dialog box
will appear at this time to ask you to specify the output report name if the output file name is set to
Prompt in the Output Report list box. The optimal power flow study results will appear on the one-line
diagram and can be viewed in the output report text format.
Display Options
Click on this button to customize the one-line diagram annotation display options under the Optimal
Power Flow Study mode. See Display Options for more information.
Report Manager
Click on the Report Manager button to select a format and view transient stability output report.
Optimal power flow analysis reports are currently provided in ASCII formats only, which can be accessed
from the Report Manager.

Optimal Power Flow Study Toolbar
You can also select output files from the Output Report list box.
This list contains all the output files in the current project folder with the same file extension specified.
To change output file extensions, you can click on the List Output Reports button next to the Output
Report list box, which will allow you to select a different output file extension.
The output reports for optimal power flow studies have a .opr extension.
Halt Current Calculation

Click on the Stop Sign button to halt the current calculation.
Get On-Line Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the on-line feature you can copy the on-line data from the
on-line presentation to the current presentation.
Get Archived Data

If the ETAP key installed on your computer has the on-line feature you can copy the archived data to the
current presentation.

Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor
22.2 Study Case Editor

The Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor contains solution control variables, objective selections,
constraint settings, control variable activation, system loading conditions, and report options.
PowerStation allows you to create and save an unlimited number of study cases for each type of study.
Like any other study types, you can easily switch between different optimal power flow study cases. This
feature is designed to organize your study efforts and save you time.
A study case can be used for any combination of configuration status, one-line diagram presentation, and
Base/Revision Data.
To create a new optimal power flow study case, go to the Project Editor, right-click on the Optimal Power
Flow sub-folder inside the Study Cases folder, and select Create New. The program will then create a
new study case, which is a copy of the default study case, and adds it to the Optimal Power Flow sub-
folder.
When you are in Optimal Power Flow mode, you can access the Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor
by clicking on the Study Case button on the Study Case Toolbar. You can also access this editor from the
Project Editor by clicking on the Optimal Power Flow sub-folder under the Study Cases folder.
The Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor consists of the following nine pages: Info page, Objective
page, LTC page, Generator AVR page, Generator MW page, Shunt Comp page, Bus Voltage Constraint
page, and Branch Flow Constraint page.

22.2.1 Info Page
Study Case ID
The study case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a study case by simply deleting the old ID
and entering a new ID. The study case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator
button at the bottom of the editor to go from one study case to another.
Solution Parameters
Barrier Factor
This is the fixed value of barrier factor used in the barrier function. It is defaulted to 0.0000001. The
program starts the barrier factor at 1 and will automatically reduce it during the calculation iteration.
Power Mismatch
This is the power flow mismatch. The default value is 0.001 per unit on 1 MVA base.

Max. Iteration
Enter the maximum number of iterations. If the solution has not converged at the specified number of
iterations, the program will stop and inform the user. The recommended and default value is 50.
Advanced
Click on this button to open up the Advanced Solution Parameter Editor and set additional solution
parameters for the optimal power flow study.
Advanced Solution Parameter Editor

Currently there is only one parameter available in this editor.
Objective Precision
This parameter defines the precision for the objective function convergence. The default value is 0.001.
It is recommended that you do not change this parameter in most cases.
Loading
In this section of the Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor you can specify the operating loads by
selecting a loading category.
Loading Category
Select one of the 10 loading categories for this study case. With the selection of any category,
PowerStation uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified for the selected
category. Note that you can assign loading to each one of the 10 categories in the Nameplate page,
Loading page, or Rating page for most load components. Harmonic Filter loading is calculated from its
parameters.
Operating Load
Check this option to use operating P and Q as specified in the relevant component editors.
Charger Loading Category

Select this option to use P and Q as specified in the loading category section of the Charger Editor.
Charger Operating Load

Select this option to use P and Q as specified in the operating load section of the Charger Editor. Note
that if this option is selected, you are required to run a DC load flow calculation first in order to estimate
the charger load.

Load Diversity Factor

Apply appropriate load diversity factor(s) for the system loading. The choices are:
None
Select None to use the percent loading of each load as entered for the selected loading category, i.e., no
diversity factor is considered.
Bus Maximum
When the Bus Maximum option is selected, the loading of all motors and other loads will be multiplied
by the maximum diversity factor of the bus, which they are directly connected to. Using this option, you
can define the initial loading for optimal power flow studies with each bus having a different maximum
diversity factor.
This study option is helpful when the future loading of the electrical system has to be considered and each
bus may have a different maximum diversity factor.
Bus Minimum
When the Minimum option is selected, the loading of all motors and other loads will be multiplied by the
bus minimum diversity factor of the bus that they are directly connected to. Using this option, you can
define the initial loading for optimal power flow studies with each bus having a different minimum
diversity factor.
This study option may be useful in some cases where the effect of light loading conditions need to be
investigated.
Global
When this option is selected, PowerStation will ask you to enter global diversity factors for constant kVA
and constant Z loads, respectively. When you select this option, PowerStation will globally multiply all
constant kVA and constant Z loads of the selected loading category with the entered values. When using
this option you can define the initial loading for transient stability analysis studies with fixed diversity
factors for all loads.
Note that a constant kVA load diversity factor of 125% implies that the constant kVA loads of all buses
are increased by 25% above their values as specified by the selected loading category. This value can be
smaller or greater than 100%.
Initial Condition
This section specifies the initial voltage used for the optimal power flow study.
Use Bus Voltage

Select this option to use bus voltages as specified in the Bus Editor.

Use Fixed Voltage

When this option is selected, the Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor will ask you to enter the bus
voltage magnitude (in percent) and phase angle (in degree). In this case, initial values for all the buses in
the system will be set to the same to have a “flat” start point.
Report
The check boxes in this section are for reporting constraint violation purpose. This section is temporarily
disabled.
Voltage Constraint
If this box is checked, any voltage constraint violations will be reported.
Line/Transformer Constraint
If this box is checked, any line flow constraint violations for cable, transmission line, transformer, reactor,
and impedance will be reported.
Generator Constraint
If this box is checked, any violations in generator reactive power limits will be reported.
Transformer Tap Constraint

If this box is checked, any violations in transformer tap limits will be reported.
Control/Update
This section is for updating the control settings from optimal power flow study results. Note that only
those controls, which are activated for the present study case, will be updated if their settings are ever
changed. This section is temporarily disabled.
Generator Voltage
If this box is checked, the generator voltage (AVR) setting will be updated.
LTC
If this box is checked, the transformer LTC settings will be updated.
Generator var
If this box is checked, the generator var generation will be updated.
Generator MW
If this box is checked, the generator MW generation will be updated.

Shunt Compensation
If this box is checked, settings for the shunt compensation components (capacitor, etc.) will be updated.
Load Shed
If this box is checked, load shed control status will be updated.
Phase Shift
If this box is checked, the transformer phase shift controls will be updated.
Infeasibility Handling Editor

Click on the Infeasibility Handling button to open this editor.
Strategy
This section provides different strategies for handling infeasibility due to various conflicts in objective
functions, constraints, and power balancing equations that might be encountered during the optimal power
flow calculation. The selected strategy will be automatically enforced if an infeasible condition occurs
during the calculation.
Relax Generator Voltage Constraints

Select this option to remove constraints on the generator voltages.
Relax Load Bus Voltage Constraints

Select this option to remove constraints on the load bus voltages.
Relax All Voltage Constraints

Select this option to remove voltage constraints on all buses, including the generator buses and the load
buses.

Ignore and Continue

Select this option to continue the optimization without any of the constraint relaxation. The calculation
will continue until either a feasible solution is reached within the given number of iterations or the
maximum number of iterations is reached.
Quit Calculation
Select this option to quit the calculation once an infeasibility is encountered.
22.2.2 Objective Page

This page is provided for you to choose the objectives for this study case.
Objective Selection
Select objectives for this study case. You can select multiple objectives and use the weight factors to
combine them.
Minimize Real Power Losses

Select this option to minimize the real power losses in the system.
Minimize Reactive Power Losses

Select this option to minimize the reactive power losses in the system.

Minimize Swing Bus Power

Select this option to minimize the real power generation at the swing bus(es).
Minimize Shunt var Devices

Select this option to minimize the utilization of the var generation from available shunt var control
devices. Note that when this objective is selected, you must specify some shunt devices (capacitors) on
the Shunt Comp page.
Minimize Fuel Cost

Select this option to minimize the total generation cost from the available generators. Note that when this
objective is selected, you must specify some generator MW controls on the Generator MW page.
Minimize Series Compensation

Select this option to minimize the utilization of the var generation from the available series var control
devices. This objective is temporarily disabled.
Minimize Load Shedding

Select this option to minimize the load to be shed from the available bus load shed schedule. This
objective is temporarily disabled.
Minimize Control
There are two ways to minimize controls. One is to minimize control movement. In this case, the total
number of controls to be adjusted is minimized. Another way is to minimize the control adjustment. In
this case, the overall adjustment from all controls is minimized.
Maximize Voltage Security Index

Select this option to maximize bus voltage security index. The bus voltage security index function is
determined by:
2n
All Buses
 Vi − Vi ,avg 
J= ∑  
i  dVi 
where
Vi,avg = (Vi,max + Vi,min) / 2

dVi = (Vi,max – Vi,min) / 2
Maximize Line Flow Security Index

Select this option to maximize line flow security index. The line flow security index function is
determined by:
2n
All Branches Sj 
J= ∑ 
S


j  j 
where Sj is the line flow and S j is the line rating.
Flat Voltage Profile

Select this option to optimize the system control variable settings for a flat bus voltage profile, i.e. the
voltage magnitude difference for all the buses is minimum.

Weight
Assign weighting factors for the each objective. A larger weighting factor represents a higher weight and
will be given to its associated objective.
Exponent
Variable n in the associated bus voltage and line flow index functions.
22.2.3 LTC Page

This page is provided to choose the LTC controls and set their associated parameters.

Active Controls
This box lists the information on all of the selected transformer LTCs, including their associated
transformer ID, location (primary, secondary, or tertiary), maximum and minimum taps, and weighting
factor. Only the selected LTCs are treated as active controls in the optimization process.
Select / Deselect Buttons

First highlight an LTC from the box underneath the Select button. This box initially lists all the LTCs in
the system for the specified Select Option. Then click on the Select button to move the highlighted LTC
into the Active Controls box. Highlighting an LTC in the Active Controls box and clicking on the
Deselect button will move that LTC into the box underneath the button to become an inactive control.
Selection Option
Specify a category to show all the available LTCs in that category.
All / By Category
Select the All option to show all the available LTCs in the system. Select the By Category option to show
the available LTCs by category. Either one or any number of combinations of the categories can be
chosen. For LTCs, there are two categories available: By Area and By Zone. An area number needs to
be given for By Area and a zone number for By Zone. The By Category option is temporarily disabled.
Default Settings
Weight
This sets the weighting factors for the selected LTC controls. You need to set the weighting factor first
before you click on the Select button to activate an LTC. This number determines the weight between
different LTC controls, with 100% being the maximum and highest weight.

22.2.4 Generator AVR Page

This page is provided to choose the generator voltage (AVR) controls and set their associated parameters.
Active Control
This box lists information on all of the selected generator AVR controls, including the generator ID,
MVA rating, voltage control range, and weighting factor. Only the selected generators are treated as
active controls in the optimization process.

First highlight a generator from the box underneath the buttons. This box initially lists all the generators
in the system for the specified Select Option. Then click on the Select button to move the highlighted
generator into the Active Controls box. Highlighting a generator in the Active Controls box and clicking
on the Deselect button will move that generator into the box underneath the button to become an inactive
control.

Selection Option
Specify a category to show all the available generators in that category.
All / By Category
Select the All option to show all of the available generators in the system. Select the By Category option
to show the available generators by category. Either one or any number of combinations of the categories
can be chosen. For generator AVR control, there are two categories available: By Area and By Zone.
An area number needs to be given for By Area and a zone number for By Zone. The By Category option
is temporarily disabled.
Default Settings
Vmax / Vmin
This option sets the maximum and minimum voltage limits (in %) for the selected generator AVR
controls. You need to set Vmax and Vmin first before you click on the Select button to activate a
generator AVR control.
Weight
This option sets the weighting factors for the selected generator AVR controls. You need to set the
weighting factor first before you click on the Select button to activate a generator AVR control. This
number determines the weight between different generator AVR controls, with 100% the maximum and
the highest weight.

22.2.5 Generator MW Page

This page is provided to choose the shunt compensation controls and set their associated parameters.
Active Control
This box lists information on all of the selected generator/power grid MW controls, including the
generator ID, MVA rating, MW control range, and weighting factor. Only the selected generators/power
girds are treated as active controls in the optimization process.

First highlight a generator from the box underneath the buttons. This box initially lists all the generators
in the system for the specified Select Option. Then click on the Select button to move the highlighted
generator into the Active Controls box. Highlighting a generator in the Active Controls box and clicking
on the Deselect button will move that generator into the box underneath the button and become an
inactive control.

Selection Option
Specify a category to show all the available generators in that category.
All / By Category
Select the All option to show all of the available generators in the system. Select the By Category option
to show the available generators by category. Either one or any number of combinations of the categories
can be chosen. For generator MW control, there are two categories available: By Area and By Zone. An
area number needs to be given for By Area and a zone number for By Zone. The By Category option is
temporarily disabled.
Default Settings
Weight
This option sets the weighting factors for the selected generator MW controls. You need to set the
weighting factor first before you click on the Select button to activate a generator MW control. This
number determines the weight between different generator MW controls, with 100% being the maximum
and the highest weight.

22.2.6 Shunt Comp Page

This page is provided to choose the shunt compensation controls and set their associated parameters.
Active Controls
This box lists information on all the selected shunt compensation controls, including the device ID, Mvar
range, initial Mvar, and weighting factor. Only the selected shunt compensation devices are treated as
active controls in the optimization process.
Select Button
First highlight a shunt compensation device from the box underneath the button, and then click on this
button to move the highlighted shunt compensation device into the Active Controls box. This box
initially lists all the shunt compensation devices in the system for the specified Select Option.
Deselect Button
Highlighting a shunt compensation device in the Active Controls box and clicking on this button will
move that shunt compensation device into the box underneath the button to become an inactive control.

Selection Option
Specify a category to show all the available shunt compensation devices in that category.
All
Select this option to show all the available shunt compensation devices in the system.
By Category
Select this option to show the available shunt compensation devices by category. Either one or any
number of combinations of the categories can be chosen. For shunt compensation control, there are two
categories available: By Area and By Zone. An area number needs to be given for By Area and a zone
number for By Zone. This option is temporarily disabled.
Default Settings
Min Mvar
This option sets the minimum Mvar limit for the selected shunt compensation controls. You need to set
Min Mvar before you click on the Select button to activate a shunt compensation control.
Max Mvar
The same as Min Mvar, but the Max Mvar option sets the maximum Mvar limit for the selected shunt
compensation controls.
Initial Mvar
The same as Min Mvar and Max Mvar, but the Initial Mvar option sets the initial Mvar for the selected
shunt compensation controls.
Weight
This sets the weighting factors for the selected shunt compensation controls. You need to set the
weighting factor first before you click on the Select button to activate a shunt compensation control. This
number determines the weight between different shunt compensation controls, with 100% being the
maximum and the highest weight.

22.2.7 Bus Voltage Constraint Page

This page is provided for you to set the bus voltage constraints and their associated parameters.
Enforced Constraints
This box lists information on all the enforced bus voltage constraints for load buses, including the bus ID,
bus kV rating, range of variation and weighting factor. Only the selected buses are constrained in the
optimization process.
Select Button
First highlight a bus from the box underneath the button, and then click on this button to move the
highlighted bus load into the Enforced Constraints box. This box initially lists all the load buses in the
system for the specified Select Option.

Deselect Button
Highlighting a bus in the Enforced Constraints box and clicking on this button will move that bus into the
box underneath the button to become an unconstrained bus.
Selection Option
Specify a category to show all the load buses in that category.
All
Select this option to show all the load buses in the system.
By Category
Select this option to show all load buses by category. Either one or any number of combinations of the
categories can be chosen. For bus voltage constraints, there are three categories available: By Area, By
Zone and By kV. An area number needs to be given for By Area, a zone number for By Zone, and a kV
rating for By kV. This option is temporarily disabled.
Default Settings
Max. V
This option sets the maximum voltage limit in percent of bus nominal voltage for the selected bus
voltages. You need to set Max. V first before you click on the Select button to enforce that bus voltage
constraint.
Min. V
The same as Max. V, but this option sets the minimum voltage limit in percent of bus nominal voltage for
the selected bus voltages.
Weight
This option sets the weighting factors for the selected bus voltage constraints. You need to set the
weighting factor first before you click on the Select button to enforce a bus voltage constraint. This
number determines the weight between different bus voltage constraints, with 100% being the maximum
and the highest weight.

22.2.8 Branch Flow Constraint Page

This page is provided for you to set the branch (line) flow constraints and their associated parameters.
Enforced Constraints
This box lists information on all the enforced branch flow constraints for load buses, including the branch
ID, branch type, constraint type, base rating, maximum and minimum allowable branch flow, and
weighting factor. Only the selected branches are constrained in the optimization process.
Select Button
First highlight a branch from the box underneath the button, and then click on this button to move the
highlighted branch into the Enforced Constraints box. This box initially lists all the branches in the
system for the specified Select Option.
Deselect Button
Highlighting a branch in the Enforced Constraints box and clicking on this button will move that branch
into the box underneath the button to become an unconstrained branch.

Selection Option
Specify a category to show all branches in that category.
All
Select this option to show all the branches in the system.
By Type
Select this option to show branches by category. Either one or any number of combinations of the
categories can be chosen. For bus branch flow constraints, there are three categories available: Xfmr,
Cable, and Reactor.
Default Settings Button

Click on this button to bring up the Branch Flow Constraint Editor.
From this box you can set and edit constraint parameters for different types of branches. All the
parameters need to be set before clicking on the Select button to enforce constraints for any branches.
Constraint
Choose a type of branch flow to constrain. There are four types of branch constraints available: MW,
Mvar, MVA, and Amp.
Max.
Maximum branch flow limit in percent of the base of branch rating for the given branch type and
constraint type.
Min.
Minimum branch flow limit in percent of the base of branch rating for the given branch type and
constraint type.

Optimal Power Flow Display Options
22.3 Display Options

The Optimal Power Flow Display Options consist of a Results page and three pages for AC, AC-DC, and
DC info annotations. Note that the colors and displayed annotations selected for each study are specific
to that study.
22.3.1 Results Page

This page controls the result annotations of the OPF which are displayed on the one-line diagram.
Color
Select the color for the optimal power flow result annotations to be displayed in on the one-line diagram.

Voltage
Voltage
From the dropdown list, select either % (percent of bus nominal kV) or kV.
Bus
Click on this check box to display bus voltages.
Power Flows
kVA or MVA
Select kVA or MVA from the dropdown list.
KW + jkvar, kVA, and Amp

Select the kW + jkvar, kVA, or Amp option to display the corresponding power flows.
%PF
Check this box to display branch flow units.
Meters
Select from the check boxes in this section to display readings for the corresponding meters. Meter
readings available for display are:
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Multi-Meter
Show Units
Check this box to show units for all flow displays.
Required Setting
Select options in this section to display the required control changes/updates. Controls whose required
settings can be displayed are:
• Generator V
• Generator Mvar
• LTC
• Shunt Compensation
Show Final Results

Click on this option to display the final value of the control variables.
Show Requested Changes

Click on this option to display the delta changes of the control variables. This option is temporarily
disabled.

Elements
Click on any or all of the check boxes in this section to display annotation information.
22.3.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the one-
line diagram.
Device Type Rating

Gen. (Generator) kW / MW
Power Grid (Utility) MVAsc
Motor HP / kW
Load kVA / MVA
Panel Connection Type (# of Phases - # of Wires)
Transformer kVA / MVA
Branch, Impedance Base MVA
Branch, Reactor Continuous Amps
Cable / Line # of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
Bus kA Bracing
Node Bus Bracing (kA)
CB Rated Interrupting (kA)
Fuse Interrupting (ka)
Relay 50/51 for Overcurrent Relays
PT & CT Transformer Rated Turn Ratio
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the kV check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the
cable/line conductor type on the one-line diagram.

A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere)
of the selected elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the Amp check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the
cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type Impedance

Generator Subtransient reactance Xd”
Power Grid (Utility) Positive Sequence Impedance in % of 100 MVA (R + j X)
Motor % LRC
Transformer Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X per unit length)
Branch, Impedance Impedance in ohms or %
Branch, Reactor Impedance in ohms
Cable / Line Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in ohms or per unit length)
D-Y
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the connection types of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For transformers, the operating tap setting for primary, secondary, and tertiary windings are also
displayed. The operating tap setting consists of the fixed taps plus the tap position of the LTC.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the AC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
Use Default Options

Click on this check box to use PowerStation’s default display options.
22.3.3 AC-DC Page

This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC-DC elements and composite networks.
Color
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC elements on the one-
line diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC elements on the
one-line diagram.

Device Type Rating

Charger AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA / MW)
Inverter DC kW & AC kVA (or MW / MVA)
UPS KVA
VFD HP / kW
kV
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
A
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type Amp

Charger AC FLA & DC FLA
Inverter DC FLA & AC FLA
UPS Input, output, & DC FLA
Composite Network
Click on this check box to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
Use Default Options

22.3.4 DC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for DC elements.
Color
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected DC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected DC elements on the one-
line diagram.
Device Type Rating

Battery Ampere Hour
Motor HP / kW
Load kW / MW
Elementary Diagram kW / MW
Converter kW / MW
Cable # of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable – Size

kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
For cables, the kV check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the conductor
type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For cables, the Amp check box is replaced by the button. Click on this button to display the cable
length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance
branches on the one-line diagram.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the DC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
Use Default Options


Optimal Power Flow Calculation Methods
22.4 Calculation Methods

In traditional load flow studies, the final settings of many system control parameters are based on the
engineer’s experience and judgment. Sometimes an iterative process is required to reach the final overall
satisfactory settings, which can be very exhaustive for large systems. These system control parameters
are typically transformer LTC settings, generator AVR settings or reactive power generations, series and
shunt static var compensation device settings, the amount of load shed, and some others. In practice, any
of those control settings or any combination of them can be used in a particular system. The Optimal
Power Flow Study can be understood as an intelligent load flow. It employs an optimization technique to
automatically adjust the power system control settings while it solves the load flow equation at the same
time. Moreover, it allows you to specify a wide range of optimization criteria for your system and
enforce limits on system quantities (bus voltage, line flow, etc.) during the optimization process. These
optimization criteria are called objectives, usually the system performance indexes, and the limits are
called constraints.
Mathematically, the optimal power flow study can be expressed as:
Min = f(x,u) (1)
subject to the equality constraints:
ΣP(x,u) = 0 (2)
ΣQ(x,u) = 0 (3)
and the inequality constraints:
umin ≤ u≤ umax (4)

y(x,u)min≤ y(x,u) ≤ y(x,u)max (5)
where
x = Bus voltage vector, called state variable set

u = System control vector, called control variable set
f = Objective functions, expressed in terms of x and u
y = System output vector, a variable set typically including line flows, etc.,
as a function of x and u
P = Real power, expressed in terms of x and u
Q = Reactive power, expressed in terms of x and u
Equation (1) indicates the specified objective function to be minimized or optimized. Equations (2) and
(3) show the system power balance equation (load flow equation) to be solved. Equation (4) specifies the
control upper and lower limits, and equation (5) sets the upper and lower limits for output variables.
The PowerStation Optimal Power Flow Analysis uses the state-of-the-art interior point optimization
technique with the logarithm barrier function and the prime-dual direction searching method. The
algorithm is very efficient and robust, suitable for large size systems with both equality and inequality
constraints. On the power system modeling side, a true AC model is used, which makes it possible for
this program to achieve the ultimate accuracy and capability in solving power system optimal power flow
problems of any size under any feasible conditions.

Optimal Power Flow Required Data
22.5 Required Data

The Optimal Power Flow Study essentially requires all the data needed for a regular load flow study, plus
a few additional data specific for the optimal power flow calculation, and all the settings in the Optimal
Power Flow Study Case Editor. A summary of the required data for different types of components for
OPF calculations is given in this section.
Bus Data
• Bus ID
• Nominal kV
• Load Diversity Factor (Loading Option is Set to Max or Min Diversity Factor)
• Area Number & Zone Number
Branch Data
2-Winding & 3-Winding Transformers

• Transformer ID
• Rated kV & MVA
• Positive Sequence Impedance, Impedance Variation, & Tolerance
• X/R Ratio
• Tap Settings
• LTC Settings, if the Transformer LTC is Used as a Control
• Max MVA, if the Transformer Flow is Constrained
Cable/Transmission Line
• Cable or Transmission Line ID
• Type, Size, Rated kV, # of Conductors per Phase, & Length
• Use Library Data or Enter Cable Resistance, Reactance, and Susceptance Values for Positive Sequence
• Allowable Ampacity, if the Cable/Transmission Line Flow is Constrained
Impedance
• Impedance ID
• Resistance, Reactance, & Susceptance Values for Positive Sequence
Current-Limiting Reactor
• Current-Limiting Reactor ID
• Rated Current & kV
• X/R Ratio & Impedance for Positive Sequences & Tolerance
• Amp Rating, if the Reactor Flow is Constrained
Power Grid (Utility) Data

• Power Grid (Utility) ID
• Operating Mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
• Nominal kV
• MW Loading, & Mvar Limits (Qmax & Qmin) for Voltage Control Mode
• MW & Mvar Loading for Mvar Control Mode
• Energy Cost Data (Min MW, Max MW, MW and $Cost Points)

Synchronous Generator Data

• Synchronous Generator ID
• Operating Mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
• Rated kV
• %V, MW Loading, & Mvar Limits (Qmax & Qmin) for Voltage Control Mode
• MW & Mvar Loading for Mvar Control Mode
• Fuel Cost Data (Min MW, Max MW, Model Type, MW and $Cost Points)
Synchronous Motor Data

• Synchronous Motor ID
• Quantity
• Rated kW/hp & kV
• Power Factors & Efficiencies at 100%, 75%, & 50% Loadings
• Loading Category ID & % Loading
• Equipment Cable Data
Induction Machine Data

• Induction Machine (Motor or Generator) ID
• Quantity
• Rated kW/hp & kV
• Power Factors & Efficiencies at 100%, 75%, & 50% Loadings
• Equipment Cable Data
Load & Shunt Device Data

• Other load and shunt devices include static load, lumped load, capacitor, MOV, charger/converter, &
UPS
• Device ID
• Rated kVA/MVA & kV
• Power Factor
Harmonic Filter Data

• Device ID
• Filter Type
• Rated kV & 3-Phase kvar for Capacitors
• Xl & Q for Reactors
• R, if Applicable
• Phase Connection

Study Case Parameters

• Study Case ID
• Barrier Factor
• Power Mismatch
• Max. Iteration
• Objective Precision
• Loading Category
• Loading Condition (if Operating P & Q is selected)
• Load Diversity Factor Option & Associated Parameters
• Charger Loading Option
• Initial Voltage Option
• Infeasibility Handling Option
• Objectives & Weight Factors; Exponents, if Applicable
• LTC Controls & Associated Parameters
• Generator AVR Controls & Associated Parameters
• Generator MW Controls & Associated Parameters
• Shunt Compensation Controls & Associated Parameters
• Bus Voltage Constraints & Associated Parameters
• Branch Flow Constraints & Associated Parameters

Optimal Power Flow Output Reports
22.6 Output Reports

The OPF calculation results are reported both on the one-line diagram and in the text format. You can use
the Optimal Power Flow Report Manager (from the Study Toolbar) or View Output Report button (from
the Study Case Toolbar) to view the output reports.
22.6.1 Optimal Power Flow Report Manager

Click on the Report Manager button on the Study Toolbar to open the Optimal Power Flow Report
Manager. The Optimal Power Flow Report Manager provides different formats for both text and Crystal
Reports. Currently, only the TextRept format is available. The editor includes four pages (Complete,
Input, Result, and Summary) representing different sections of the output report. There are several fields
and buttons common to every page, as described below.
Output Report Name

This field displays the name of the output report you want to view.
Project File Name

This field displays the name of the project file based on which report was generated, along with the
directory where the project file is located.
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK / Cancel
Click on the OK button to dismiss the editor and view the selected output report. If no selection is made,
it will simply dismiss the editor. Click on the Cancel button to dismiss the editor without viewing the
report.
Complete Page
From this page, you can select the report format that gives you the complete output report. The complete
report includes input data, results, and summary reports. Currently only the TextRept in ASCII format is
available.

Input Page
This page allows you to select different formats for viewing input data, grouped according to type.
Crystal Report Formats for various input reports will be available in the future version of PowerStation.
Result Page
This page provides the formats for different calculation results. Crystal Report Formats for various
output reports will be available in the future version of PowerStation.
Summary Page
This page provides the formats for different summary reports. Crystal Report Formats for various
summary reports will be available in the future version of PowerStation.
22.6.2 View Output Reports From Study Case Toolbar

This is a shortcut for the Report Manger. When you click on the View Output Report button,
PowerStation automatically opens the output report, which is listed in the Study Case Toolbar with the
selected format. In the picture shown below, the output report name is Untitled and the selected format is
TextRept.
22.6.3 Optimal Power Flow Text Report

PowerStation text output reports can be viewed by any word processor such as Notepad, WordPad, and
Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by Notepad. You can change the
default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your choice.
The output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications, we have recommend settings that are explained
in the Printing & Plotting Chapter.
By clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case Toolbar or selecting the TextRept
format from the Optimal Power Flow Report Manager, you will be able to open and view the text output
report for the optimal power flow study.
The optimal power flow study text report contains the following major data sections:

Bus Input Data

This section reports the input data related to system buses, including bus number, bus ID, bus nominal
kV, area number, zone number, and the total number of buses in the system.
Bus # Bus ID kV Gen P Gen Q Mtr P Mtr Q Stc P Stc Q Area Zone
----- ------------- ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 Bus1 13.80 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 1
2 Bus2 2.40 20.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 1
3 Bus3 2.40 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1 1
4 Bus4 2.40 0.000 0.000 20.400 12.643 5.100 3.161 1 1
4 buses read in.
Generator Input Data

This section reports the input data related to the generators in the system, including generator number,
MW and Mvar, upper and lower limits for real power and reactive power generation, and the total number
of the generators in the system. Note that the power grid (utility) is also counted as a generator.
Gen # Conn. Bus MW Mvar Pmax Pmin Qmax Qmin

----- ------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
1 Bus2 20.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 -15.00
2 Bus1 0.00 0.00 99999.00 -99999.00 0.00 0.00
2 generators read in.
Line Input Data

This section reports the input data related to all branches (lines) in the system, including line number,
From and To bus IDs, R, X and Y values of the line in pu, and the total number of lines.
Line# From Bus ID To Bus ID R X Y

----- ----------- ------------- ------- ------- -------
1 Bus2 Bus4 0.0645 0.1053 0.0000
2 Bus3 Bus4 0.1291 0.2106 0.0000
3 Bus1 Bus2 0.0901 1.3971 0.0000
4 Bus1 Bus3 0.0901 1.3971 0.0000
4 branches read in.
Transformer Tap & LTC Input Data

This section reports the input data related to system LTCs, including tap number, From and To bus IDs of
the associated transformer, initial tap setting, maximum and minimum limits of the LTC, step change of
the LTC, and the total number of LTCs. Note that only LTCs which are selected as the controls are
included.
Tap # From Bus ID To Bus ID Tap Max Min Step

----- ------------ ------------ ------- ------- ------- -------
1 Bus1 Bus2 0.0000 10.0000 -10.0000 0.0063
2 Bus1 Bus3 0.0000 10.0000 -10.0000 0.0063
2 transformers read in.

Other Control Variable Input Data

If there are other control variables selected in the Optimal Power Flow Study Case Editor, such as
generator fuel cost, load shed, shunt compensation and series compensation, then they will also be
reported in the corresponding sections.
Branch Flow Constraint Input Data

This section reports the input data related to the branch flow constraints, including the From and To bus
number and ID of the branch, area number, maximum and minimum flows allowed, and the flow type.
From Bus ID Area To Bus ID Area Flow(min) Flow(max) Type

----- ----------- ---- ----- ----------- ---- --------- --------- -----
2 Bus2 1 4 Bus4 1 0.000 6000.000 Amps
1 Bus1 1 3 Bus3 1 0.000 6.000 MVA
Input Variable Summary

This section summarizes the total variables defined for the given system in the current study.
Classification of the variables is purely from the optimization point of view. They include the total
number of voltage angles, voltage magnitudes, transformer LTCs, generator MW and Mvar, and
constrained branch flows.
Optimization Summary
Free Variables:
--------------------
Angles : 3
Voltages : 3
Transformers : 2
MW variables: 1
Mvar gener. : 2
Branch Flows: 2
Total optim.: 13
Objective Output
This section reports the final computed objectives after the optimization solution is reached.
Minimum R loss objective: 0.004732

Minimum X loss objective: 0.012301
Bus Voltage Output

This section reports the bus voltage output with both magnitude in percent of its nominal value and phase
angle in degree.
Bus# Bus ID Vmag Vang

---- ------------ -------- --------
1 Bus1 100.0000 0.0000
2 Bus2 101.7727 -1.7707
3 Bus3 100.4670 -2.5219
4 Bus4 99.1109 -2.6503

Generator MW & Mvar Output

This section reports the generator MW and Mvar generation as a result of the optimization.
Gen # Conn. Bus Vmag MW Mvar

----- ------------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus2 100.0000 20.0000 13.2644
2 Bus1 101.7727 5.8830 3.7132
Branch Flow Output

This section reports the final branch flows in Mw and Mvar. Flows from both ends of a branch are
reported.
Line# From Bus ID To Bus ID MW Mvar

----- ------------ ------------- ------- -------
1 Bus2 Bus4 22.1980 12.2343
1 Bus4 Bus2 -21.7978 -11.5810
2 Bus3 Bus4 3.6519 4.2317
2 Bus4 Bus3 -3.6119 -4.1665
3 Bus1 Bus2 2.2031 -0.9500
3 Bus2 Bus1 -2.1980 1.0295
4 Bus1 Bus3 3.6798 4.6642
4 Bus3 Bus1 -3.6519 -4.2317
Transformer Tap & LTC Setting Output

This section reports the optimized transformer tap and LTC settings. Settings are in percent, including
both off-nominal tap and LTC tap.
Tap# From Bus ID To Bus ID Tap

---- ------------ ------------ ------
1 Bus1 Bus2 -0.6024
2 Bus1 Bus3 -6.3495
System Summary
This section summarizes the total system loading, generation, and losses.
Total System Power Balance:

---------------------------
Active Reactive
------ --------
Fixed Load: 2.040E+01 1.264E+01
Shunt Devices: 5.010E+00 -3.105E+00
Line Charging: 0.000E+00
Generation: 2.588E+01 1.698E+01
Power Losses: 4.732E-01 1.230E+00
Largest mismatch:-9.261E-05 8.757E-04 1 Bus1

Optimal Power Flow One-Line Diagram Displayed Results
22.7 One-Line Diagram Displayed Results

The one-line diagram display shows study results after the current calculation is completed. Different
results can be chosen and displayed by setting appropriate options in the Optimal Power Flow Display
Option Editor. A sample one-line diagram display for an optimal power flow study is shown here.

Optimal Power

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Optimal Power

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

ETAP 

Operation Technology, Inc.

(949) 462-0100 Sales

Optimal Power Flow Analysis

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-1 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

• Common & Integrated Databases

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-2 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.1 Study Toolbar

Run Optimal Power Flow

Get Archived Data

Run Optimal Power Flow

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-3 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Halt Current Calculation

Get On-Line Data

Get Archived Data

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-4 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.2 Study Case Editor

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-5 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.2.1 Info Page

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-6 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Advanced Solution Parameter Editor

Charger Loading Category

Charger Operating Load

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-7 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Load Diversity Factor

Use Bus Voltage

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-8 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Use Fixed Voltage

Transformer Tap Constraint

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-9 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Infeasibility Handling Editor

Relax Generator Voltage Constraints

Relax Load Bus Voltage Constraints

Relax All Voltage Constraints

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-10 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Ignore and Continue

22.2.2 Objective Page

Minimize Real Power Losses

Minimize Reactive Power Losses

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-11 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Minimize Swing Bus Power

Minimize Shunt var Devices

Minimize Fuel Cost

Minimize Series Compensation

Minimize Load Shedding

Maximize Voltage Security Index

Vi,avg = (Vi,max + Vi,min) / 2

Maximize Line Flow Security Index

where Sj is the line flow and S j is the line rating.

Flat Voltage Profile

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-12 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.2.3 LTC Page

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-13 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Select / Deselect Buttons

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-14 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.2.4 Generator AVR Page

Select / Deselect Buttons

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-15 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-16 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

22.2.5 Generator MW Page

Select / Deselect Buttons

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-17 ETAP PowerStation 4.0

Operation Technology, Inc. 22-18 ETAP PowerStation 4.0