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NO3–

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 (i) Colourless gas (CO + CO2) comes
out Na2 Cr2O 4 + H2SO4 H2 O +CO + CO2
(ii) These gas burn with blue flame at + Na2 SO 4
2CO +O2 2CO 2
the mouth of test tube
(a) Na2C2O 4 +CaCl4 CaC2O 4
C2O4–2
10. (iii) A solution of oxalates gives + 2NaCl white
(Oxalate)
(a) White ppt. with CaCl2 solution (b) CaC2O4+ H2SO 4 CaSO 4
+ H2C2 O4 (V.Imp.)
(b) This ppt. gets dissolved in
2KMnO4 + 3H2 SO4 + 5H2C2O 4
dil.H2SO4 2MnSO4 + K 2SO4 + 8H2 O +10CO2
(c) Decolourizes KMnO4 solution
A small amount of substance + conc.
Na2SO4 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2 SO4
HNO3 heat this mixture and add BaCl2,
SO4–3 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl
11.
(Sulphate) White ppt. insoluble in any acid or alkali, (white)
sulphate is confirmed
(a) Add conc. HNO3 to small
(a) Na3PO4 + 3HNO3 2NaNO3+ H2SO4
amount of substance and heat.
(b) H3PO4+ 12(NH4 )2 MnO 4 (Amm. Molybdate)
PO4–3 (b) Then add ammonium
12. + 2HNO3 (NH4 )3 PO4 .12MnO3
(Phosphat)
molybdate yellow ppt. confirms Amm.Phosphomolybdate (yellow ppt.)
+12H2O+ 2NH4NO3
the presence of phosphate

—Test for Basic Radical —

Group
Radical Test/Observation/Analysis Reaction
No.
Hg2+2 Add dil. HCl to clear solution of Hg2 (NO3 )2+ 2HCl Hg2Cl2 + 2HNO3
I
Ag+2 substance white ppt. indicate the AgNO3+ HCl AgCl + HNO 3
Group
Pb+2 presence of Hg2+2, Ag+2, Pb+2 Pd(NO3 )2+ 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
Imp. PbCl2 is soluble in hot water (but insoluble in cold water) white AgCl and Hg2Cl2 are
insoluble.
PbCl2+ K2CrO 4 PbCrO 4 (yellow)
+2
Pb+2 ions gives yellow ppt. with
(1) Pb + 2KCl
K2CrO4 and KI separately
PbCl2+ 2KI Pb 2 (yellow)+ 2KCl
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4 OH [Hg(NH2 )Cl+ Hg]
(2) Hg2+2 Hg2+2 ions gives ppt. with NH3
NH4 Cl 2H2O (Black)
(3) Ag+ (i) AgCl is soluble in NH4OH AgCl+2NH4OH [Ag(NH3 )2 ]Cl+2H2O

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 (ii) Ag+ ions gives yellow ppt.
with KI
Ag+ + I– AgI (yellow)
Hg+2, Pb+2, Cu+2,
On passing H2S in presence of HCl
Cd+2, Br+3, As+3,
To a solution containing these ions give.
Sb+3, Sn+2, Sn+4
IIA Cd+2, As+3, Sn+4
Yellow ppt. : (CdS, As2S3, SnS2)
Group Sb+3
Orange ppt. : (Sb2S3)
Sn+2
Brown ppt. : (SnS)
Hg+2, Pb+2,
Black ppt. : (HgS, PbS, Bi2S3, CuS)
Bi+3, Cu+2
Note :- The ppt. obtained can be districted treating with (NH 4)2S to give insoluble IIA and
soluble IIB parts
Hg+2 ion in solution on addition of
+2
2Hg+2 + SnCI2 Sn+4+ Hg2Cl2 (white)
(4) Hg SnCl2, give white ppt. turning
HgCl2 + SnCI2 SnCl4 + 2Hg+ (Black)
black
(i) Pb+2 ions in solution give white ppt. with H 2SO4
(5) Pb+2
(ii) Pb+2 ions in solution give yellow ppt. with K 2CrO4 and KI
(i) This ions in solution give deep Cu+2+ 4NH4 OH Cu(NH3 )4 (Deep
blue colour with excess of NH 4OH blue in colour)+ 4H2O
(6) Cu+2
(ii) Cu+2 ions give chocolate ppt. +2
2Cu + K4Fe(CN)6 Cu2 [Fe(CN)6 ]
IIA with K4Fe(CN) 6 (Chocolate or red brown ppt.)+ 4K
+

Group BiCl3+ H2O BiOCl + 2HCl(white)

+3 Bismuth oxy chloride
Bi ions in solution of HCl on
+3
(7) Bi addition of water give white cloudy 2BiCl2 + 3Na2 SnO2+ 6NaOH 2Bi
ppt. + 3Na2 SnO3+ 6NaCl +3H2 O
(Black) Sod. Stannate
CdSO4+ 4NH4 OH [Cd(NH3 )4 ]SO4+ 4H2O
On passing H2S in colourless
Tetramine Cad. Sulphate (colourless)
(8) Cd+2 solution yellow ppt. of CdS is
[Cd(NH3 )4 ]SO4+ H2 S CdS (yellow)
obtained
+ (NH4 )2 SO4+ 2NH3
As+3 HNO3 As+5 (as H3 AsO4 )
+3
As ions in solution give yellow
+3
H3 AsO4 + 12(NH4 )3 AsMoO12+ 21HNO3
(9) As ppt. with ammonium molybdate
(NH4 )3 AsMo12O40 ) (yellow)
and HNO3
+ 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O
IIB
Sn+2 ions in solution as SnCl2 give
Group SnCl2+ 2HgCl2 SnCl4+ Hg2Cl2 (white)
+2
(10) Sn white ppt. with HgCl2 turning
Hg2Cl2+ SnCl2 SnCl4+ 2Hg (Black)
black on standing
Ammonium reduces Sn +4 to Sn+4 SnCl4 + HgCl2 No reaction
(11) Sn+4
Sn+2 ion then testes by HgCl2 3SnCl3 + 2Al 2AlCl3 + 3SnCl2

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 Sb+2 ions in solution as SbCl3 on
(12) Sb+3 SbCl3+ H2O SbOCl (white) + 2HCl
addition of water give white ppt.
These ions are precipitated as
+2 +3
III Fe , Cr and
hydroxides on addition of NH 4Cl
Group Al+3
and NH4OH

Note :- Few drops of conc. HNO 3 is also added before test of II Group. To oxidize Fe +2 to Fe +3
White ppt. of Al(OH)3 is soluble Imp. Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2
(13) Al+3
in NaOH (Sod. Meta aluminate) + 2H2O

Ppt. of Cr(OH)3 is soluble in Br2 + H2O 2HBr + O

NaOH + Br2 water and addition 2Cr(OH)3 + 4NaOH + 3O
(14) Cr +3 2Na2CrO4 + 5H2O
of BaCl2 to this solution gives
2Na2CrO3 + BaCl2 BaCrO4
yellow ppt. (yellow ppt.) + 2NaCl
(i)-(a) Brown ppt. of Fe(OH) 3 is
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl + 3H 2O
dissolved in HCl FeCl 3 + 3KCNS Fe(CNS) 3 +
(15) Fe +3
-(b) Addition of KCNS to this 3KCl
solution gives blood red colour Ferric thiocyanate (blood red colour)

(ii) Also on addition of FeCl 3 + 3K4[Fe(CN) 6]

K4[Fe(CN) 6] to this solution a Fe 4[Fe(CN) 6]3 + 12KCl
Prussian blue colour is obtained
Ferric ferrocyanate (Prussian blue)
These ions are precipitated as

Zn+2,Mn+2,Co+2, sulphides on passing H2S in

Ni+2 presence of NH 4OH
IV
Co+2,Ni+2 MCl2 + H2S MS +2HCl
Group Black (CoS, NiS) ppt. soluble in
Zn+2
Mn+2 aqua regia, white(ZnS) soluble in
HCl, buff (MnS) soluble in HCl
V.Imp.
Nickel salt reacts with dimethyl
glyoxime(DMG) in presence of
(16) Ni+2 NH4OH to give red ppt. of nickel
dimethyl glyoxime.

Cobaltous salt gives blue colour

(17) CO+2
with NH4CNS

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 V.Imp.
+2
Zn ions in solution give white Zn+2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2
+2
(18) Zn ppt. with NaOH, which dissolve in (white) + 2Na+
excess of NaOH Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 +
2H2O soluble sodium zincate
(a) Mn+2 ions in solution give pink
ppt. with NaOH
(19) Mn+2
(b) Turning black or brown on
heating
These ions are precipitated as
Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 carbonate on addition of
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Ba+2 ions is solution give
(i) Yellow ppt. with K 2CrO4
(20) Ba+2
(ii) White ppt. with (NH4)2SO4
V (iii) White ppt. with (NH4)2C2O4
Group
Sr+2 ions give white ppt. with
(i) (NH4)2SO4
(21) Sr+2
(ii) (NH4)2C2O4

Ca+2 ions give white ppt. with only

(22) Ca+2
(NH4)2C2O4
V.Imp. : These are tested in the order Ba +2, Sr+2, Ca+2
VI Mg+2 ions give white ppt. with
(23) Mg+2
Group (NH4OH and (NH4)HPO4
(i)-(a) All ammonium salt on
Zero
(24) NH3 treating any alkali (say NaOH)
Group
give smell of NH3
-(b) The gas coming out (NH3)
show a white fumes with HCl
-(c) On passing this gas to
Hg(NO3)2 a black colour is formed

-(d) With Nessler’s reagent, a

brown ppt. is noticed.

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