1.

0 INPUTS
Design Pressure P = 4.66 MPa
Outside Diameter D = 219.1 mm
Wall thickness (non‐corroded) t = 2.18 mm
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel E = 203000 MPa
Coeff. of expansion for steel α = 0.0000117 /∆°C
Installation Temperature Ti = 21 °C
Min. Design Temperature T min = -20 °C
Max. Design Temperature T max = 100 °C
Pipe Material X60
SMYS of pipe material SMYS = 415 MPa
Temperature Derating factor T der = 1
Poissons Ratio ν = 0.3
Coeff. of Soil uplift fe = 0.4
Density of Steel ρs = 7850 Kg/m 3
Density of Fluid ρf = 797 Kg/m 3
Density of backfill Soil ρ soil = 1600 Kg/m 3
Thickness of Coating t coat = 2 mm
Density of Coating ρ coat = 900 Kg/m 3
Soil cover on pipline He = 1.5 m
Acceleration due to Gravity g = 9.807 m/s 2
2.0 Calculation of Allowable Bending Stress based on ASME B31.8/B31.4
2.1 Hoop Stress
Hoop Stress SH = P*D/2*t
= 234.176 MPa

2.2 Longitudinal Stress due to Internal Pressure

Longitudinal Stress (Internal Pressure) SP = 0.3*SH
= 70.253 MPa

2.3 Longitudinal Stress due to thermal expansion

Longitudinal Stress (Thermal Exp) STc = E*α*(Ti-Tmax)
= -187.633 MPa

STt = E*α*(Ti-Tmin)
= 97.379 MPa

2.4 Net Longitudinal stress

Net Longitudinal stress SL = SP+STC+SB <=0.9*SMYS*Tder

SL1 = SP+STC
-117.380 MPa
SL2 = SP+STt
167.632 MPa

2.5 Combined Stress

Combined Stress Scom = ∗ <=0.9*SMYS*Tder

Longitudinal stress from combined stress equation

Longitudinal stress SLc1 = SH SH 4 ∗ SH2 0.9 ∗ SMSY ∗ Tder 2

2
= 430.733 MPa

Longitudinal stress SLc2 = SH SH 4 ∗ SH2 0.9 ∗ SMSY ∗ Tder 2

2
= -196.558 MPa
2.6 Maximum Bending Stress
Allowable Bending Stress (as per sec 2.4) SB1 = (0.9*SMYS*Tder) - max(SL1+SL2)
= 205.868 MPa
Allowable Bending stress (as per sec 2.5)
SB2 = SLc1-SL1
= 548.114 MPa
SB3 = SLc2-SL1
= -79.178 MPa
SB4 = SLc1-SL2
= 263.102 MPa
SB5 = SLc2-SL2
= -364.190 MPa

Max. Allowable Bending Stress SB = Min(|SB1|,|SB2|,|SB3|,|SB4|,|SB5|)

= 79.178 MPa

3.0 Calculation of Compressive Restraining Force, Frestr

Pipe Cross Section Area Aσ =

= 1485.614 mm 2

Fluid Cross Section Area Ap =

= 36217.2757 mm 2

Max. Temperature Change ∆T = T hot -T i

= 79 °C

Compressive Restrining Force Frestr =

= 346259.051 N

4.0 Calculation of Ultimate soil Resistance, Ru

Empty Weight of Pipe We =

= 114.370 N/m

Fluid Weight Wf =
= 283.081 N/m

Coating Weight W coat =

= 12.262 N/m

Total Weight WT =
= 409.712 N/m

=
Ultimate soil Resistance Ru
= 19059.803 N/m

5.0 Calculation of Buckling Length , λ

Moment of Inertia of pipe I =

= 8738945.43 mm 4

Buckling Length λ =

= 14.222 m
6.0 Calculation of Allowable Bending Angle, ψ

As per K.Peter's Paper

SB*Frestr/(D*E*Ru) = 0.0323

Find value for η from above equality η = 0.1393

Allowable Overbend Angle ψ =

= 0.109 rad
= 6.248 deg

7.0 Minimum bend radius to avoid buckling

Minimum bend radius to avoid buckling r = Frestr/Ru

= 18.167 m

8.0 Minimum cover required to given angles angles

Given Angle, (SB* λ)  Cover 

η Rreqd
ψ /(D*E*ψ) Required
deg N/m m
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50
6.248 0.23217 0.1393 19059.5 1.50