Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

Exp. No. (5) :The relationship between Pressure and Temperature for

steam

Objective:

1- The objective of this experiment is to determine the relationship between saturation

pressure and saturation temperature of the wet steam.

2- The compared between actual value and theoretical value for saturated pressure.

Introduction:

Steam is a very important fluid in industries and its thermodynamic properties

have been tabulated [1]. Mixture of liquid and steam of the same substance in which
both are at saturation temperature. If additional heat is added to the wet steam at
constant pressure, the temperature remains constant until all liquid is evaporated
(saturated steam); it is only at this point that the temperature increases above the
saturation temperature (superheated steam).

Saturation temperature means boiling point. The saturation temperature is the

temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into
its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any
addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition. If the pressure in a system
remains constant (isobaric), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense
into its liquid phase as thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at
saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal
energy is applied. The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure. Thus, the
boiling point is dependent on the pressure.

Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature

at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. Saturation pressure and saturation
temperature have a direct relationship: as saturation pressure is increased so is
saturation temperature.

١
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

Figure (1) shows the P-T diagram of a pure substance. This diagram is often
called the phase diagram since all three phases are separated from each other by three
lines. The sublimation line separates the solid and vapor regions, the vaporization line
separates the liquid and vapor regions, and the melting (or fusion) line separates the
solid and liquid regions. These three lines meet at the triple point, where all three
phases coexist in equilibrium. The vaporization line ends at the critical point because
no distinction can be made between liquid and vapor phases above the critical point.
Substances that expand and contract on freezing differ only in the melting line on the
P-T diagram [2].

Figure (1): Pressure and Temperature Diagram for pure Substances.

Theory:

The pure material is homogeneous material with fixed chemical formula and
that may be a mixture of multiple materials and appear in more than one phase. This
phase, present the external shape of material and bonding by crystalline structure of
the molecules depends on the energy level in the links between molecules. When
adding thermal energy sufficient to break free of those bonding material begin to
change developed from solid to liquid and then to the gas.

The Experiment used to investigate relation between the pressure and

temperature of saturated steam. This phase, present the external shape of material and
bonding by crystalline structure of the shape of material and bonding by crystalline

٢
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

structure of the molecules depends on the energy level in the links between molecules.
When adding thermal energy sufficient to break free of those bonding material begin
to change developed from solid to liquid and then to the gas.

When you maintain a constant pressure while heating the material at a certain
temperature begins to rise, even developed for the equivalent energy to bond power
their molecules and then take a break in those bond and this so-called "Phase Change"
process.

Companying process,change phase at constant temperature of the material

throughout the transition period. It can be distinguished from the two cases of the
heating, the Sensible heating accompanied by an increase in temperature, and Latent
heating which prove the temperature unchanged. The figure below illustrates these
two cases of heating and representation on the properties of the scheme. In case of
saturation state, in which the two phases exist for the same substance in the case of
thermal equilibrium with each other. In the experiment will be water vapor take as an
example the pure materials developed from the liquid phase to gas phase of water.
When liquid water heating under constant pressure, we will find that the temperature
rise significantly with the continued heat processing up until temperature is constant
and start new phase of a water vapor leaving the surface of the liquid to collect above
it, forming the desired state of saturation[3].

This Experiment was conducted to learn the relationship between Pressure and
Temperature in a confined container. To achieve this, a metal container was filled
with water and was heated. The values of Pressure were recorded at different intervals
and their corresponding temperature was also noted at the same time. After that, the
process was reversed by cooling the system and the pressure and temperature values
were recorded again. An average was taken for the Heating and cooling temperature
values. These recorded values were compared to the standard values from the
Saturation Tables. The experiment was done with very minute percentage error of
utmost 2.39 %. The result can out to be that as the Temperature was increased, an
increase in Pressure was also seen. This shows that both of these properties are
directly proportional to each other.

٣
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

Procedure:

1- Fill the Boiler is 3/4 water in boiler.

2- Connect the burner for gas to the steam supply and open the valve on the inlet
boiler is open.
3- Close the valve and record the steam temperature and pressure.
4- Repeat this procedure until the maximum pressure is reached.
5- Take a further set of readings with reducing pressure allowing time at each
stage to reach steady state conditions.

Sample for Calculation:

1- Tav=( Tincrease / Tdecrease )/ 2

Tav1= ( 98+105) / 2 = 101.5

2- For steam Table at P Abs = 1.5 , Temp = 111.36 C0

3- A) From Antonio Equation at ( Tav= 102 C0)

Ln Psat= 16.3872- [ 3885.7 / ( T+237.17)]

P1= 109.6 Kpa= 1.096 bar

B) From Antonio Equation at ( TS.T= 111.3 C0)

Ln Psat= 16.3872- [3885.7 / (111.36+237.17)]

P2= 150.98 Kpa= 1.5098 bar

٤
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

Table (1) the data recording from experimental work and from steam table and
the pressure from Anonio equation.

No Gage Abs. Temp. Temp. Tav Temp. PAnt PAnt

Of Press Press increase Dec. Steam (Tav) (Ts.T)

(bar) (bar) C0 C0 C0 Table C0 (bar) (bar)

1 .5 1.5 98 106 102 111.36 1.096 1.5098

2 1 2 110 112 111 120.22 1.5 2

3 1.5 2.5 120 121 120.5 127.42 2.0178 2.65

4 2 3 129 130 129.5 133.53 2.67 3.01

5 2.5 3.5 134 137 135.5 138.86 3.26 3.604

6 3 4 140 141 140.5 143.61 3.67 4.314

Temperature from
steam table

Average
Temperature

Figure (2): Pressure and Temperature for Experimental data

(Average Temperature) and Theory Temperature (Steam Table) .

٥
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

Discussion:

1- The Experimental data is very important in the most unit process in

chemical Engineering as distillation , Extraction, Boiler …etc , However
the relation between the temperature and pressure is very impartment
parameter essential for gas and liquid materials.
2- The temperature at which the solid and liquid states are in
equilibrium is called the melting point or fusion point. The
temperature at which the solid and gaseous states are in
equilibrium is called the sublimation point. The values of these
temperatures change with the pressure.

Figure (3) Change Phase Diagram for water.

In the figure PA represents the steam line. It shows the variation of boiling
point of water with the pressure. Along the curve PA, the water and steam are
said to be in equilibrium. PB is called the ice line which is drawn between the
melting point of ice and pressure. The negative slope of this line shows the
melting point of ice decreases with the increase of pressure. It represents the
equilibrium between ice and water. CP is called the sublimation line or Hoar-
frost line, along which the ice and steam are in equilibrium. If pressure or
either temperature is slightly deviated from any point on these curves we miss

٦
 Experiment of Thermodynamic for Third Year

one of the two phases bounded by it. These three lines CP, PA, PB meet at a
single point 'P' called the triple point of water see figure (3).[4]

3- From the plot between temperature from steam table, average

temperature and absolute pressure that increasing pressure with
increasing temperature for both values see a fig. (2).
4- From Antonio equation we see the pressure values from steam
table its ideals compared with pressure values from experimental
values (average temperature) but generally its very closed and
acceptance.

References:

1- Marwan F. ," Simplified Equations for Saturated Steam Properties

for Simulation Purpose", ELSEVIER, Pg 722 – 726 , ( 2013 ) .
2- Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A.Boles, "Thermodynamics" , fifth
Edition, McGraw-Hill's .
3- Adrian Bejan," Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics", wiley, 3ed
, (2006)
4- https://physics.tutorvista.com/thermodynamics/phase-change.html