1.

0 INTRODUCTION

The work of supervising the sub-soil exploration at the site and conducting detailed tests
as per IS Codes for determining the foundation design of bridges on the Proposed
Construction of New of BG railway line between Manoharabad to Kothapalli was
entrusted to M/s Hyderabad Test Labs and Engineering Services LLP,

The objective of the investigation was to study the geotechnical properties of soil both in
field and in laboratory and to determine safe allowable bearing pressure. The field work
consists of drilling boreholes at site for a depth of up to maximum 17.00 meter at
nominated locations as directed by Railways.

Field work including Drilling of bore hole and sample collection was carried out for 05
location during the month of JULY-2019. Laboratory tests were conducted on selected
soil samples to determine the design parameters, confirming to relevant IS Specifications,
Code and the Guidelines.

This report includes the details of methodology of investigation, collections of samples,

field test results, and laboratory test results including their interpretation/ analysis,
recommendations for the properties essential to the design of foundations and
recommendations about foundations for structures.

1.1 SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

This report contains the following information;

v
Introduction
v
Geotechnical Investigation planning and programmed including scope of work
v
Geological Information of the Region
v
Methodology of Investigation
v
Subsurface Conditions / Geotechnical Assessment Foundation Support

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 1.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND PLANNNG & PROGRAMME

On the basis of nature of the project, it was decided to carry out soil exploration in
order to:

(i). Obtain soil samples, both representative and undisturbed (Wherever

necessary and possible) classification tests and other laboratory tests for
determining Engineering properties;

(ii). Obtain soundings of penetration resistance by Standard Penetration test in

the boreholes.

2.1 SCOPE OF WORK

In order to know the subsurface geology of the Geotechnical Investigation has to be

done in the proposed locations. The scope of Geotechnical Investigation was to conduct
SPT on every 1.50 m interval and a UDS sample collection on 2.00m depth, conducting
laboratory tests on collected samples, preparation of bore logs showing lithology of the
drilled hole, field test results preparation and submission of Geotechnical report on the
basis of field and laboratory data.

2.2 LOCATION/SITE FOR GT WORK

The site for the Geotechnical work is in Manoharabad to Kothapalli near Gajwel,
Telangana to investigate the subsurface condition nominated locations drilling of 03
bore holes were carried out.

GROUND TERMINATION
BRIDGE NO BORE HOLE NO
LEVEL, m DEPTH, m

BH-A1 526.455 17.00

BH-P1 525.395 8.00
BH-P2 522.065 12.00
Bridge No-75
BH-P3 524.385 12.00

BH-A2 526.425 21.00

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 2.3 FIELD TESTS

Field in-situ tests, like Standard Penetration Tests during boring operation.

2.4 SAMPLE COLLECTION

Collecting disturbed sample /undisturbed soil samples and water sample from the bore
hole.

2.4 LABORATORY TESTS

Laboratory tests were conducted on selected soil samples, groundwater samples to

determine its index and engineering properties. The testing procedures were in
accordance with current applicable IS specifications. The following tests were conducted
on selected samples recovered from the boreholes:

On Soils

Laboratory Test IS Code Referred

Natural moisture content IS : 2720 (Part-2)-286A3

Grain size analysis IS : 2720 (Part-4)-1985
Specific gravity IS : 2720 (Part-3)-1980
Liquid limit and plastic limit IS : 2720 (Part-5)-1985
Unconfined compression test IS : 2720 (Part-10)-1995
Consolidated drained direct shear test IS : 2720 (Part-13)-1986

On Rock Sample

Laboratory Test IS Code Referred

Bulk density IS : 13030-1991
Specific Gravity IS : 2720 (Part-3)-1980
Porosity and Void Ratio By Calculations
Water absorption IS : 13030-1991

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 3.0 METHODOLOGY OF INVESTIGATION

The investigation is planned to obtain the subsurface stratification in the proposed

project site and collect soil samples for laboratory testing to determine the engineering
properties such as shear strength along with basic engineering classification of the
subsurface stratum to arrive at the foundation design parameters.

The Boreholes in soil are progressed by shell & auger boring method as per IS: 1892 –
1979 and approved methodology. Boring is advanced at selected / specified borehole
locations. The following steps are adopted during boring operations.

1) Boring rig with power winch is assembled at site and was shifted and erected at the
borehole location.

2) Taken out the top soil up to approximately 500 mm.

3) The auger is joined at the end of hollow drill rod, which is rotated manually.

4) After reaching the drill rod attached with the auger attained its full depth another piece
(extension rod) was attached and the process is continued the drilling up to the level of
water table.

5) Below the water table shell is used instead of auger and the casing pipe is lowered as
per requirement.

6) Casing is used as per the prevailing soil conditions, to stabilize the borehole.

7) Required field tests i. e, Standard Penetration Tests are conducted and collection of
undisturbed /disturbed samples are collected as per requirements at specified depths.

8) This process is continued till the achievement of full depth of bore hole as per
requirement.

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 3.2 STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS

Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) are conducted in the borehole at 1.5 m intervals, by
connecting a split spoon sampler to ‘A’ rods and driving it by 45 cm using a 63.5 kg
hammer falling freely from a height of 75 cm. The tests are conducted in accordance with
IS: 2131-1981.

The number of blows for each 15 cm of penetration is recorded. The blows required to
penetrate the initial 15 cm of the split spoon for seating the sampler is ignored due to the

possible presence of loose materials or cuttings from the drilling operation. The
cumulative number of blows required to penetrate the balance 30 cm of the 45 cm
sampling interval is termed the SPT value or the ‘N’ value. The ‘N’ values are presented
on the profiles for each borehole. Refusal to further boring penetration was considered
when the ‘N’ values exceed 100 blows for 30 cm penetration or when practical refusal to
further penetration by shell and auger is encountered.

Disturbed samples are collected from the split spoon after conducting SPT. The samples
are preserved in transparent polythene bags. Undisturbed samples are collected by
attaching a 75 mm diameter thin-walled ‘Shelby’ tubes and driving the sampler using a
63.5 kg hammer in accordance with IS:2132-1986. The tubes are sealed with wax at both
ends. All samples are transported to our laboratory for further examination and testing.

3.3 ROCK BORING

Drilling is advanced by rotary core drilling method using double tube core barrels as per
the guidelines of IS: 6926-1996. A core barrel and Nx sized bits are used for drilling and
recovering rock cores. Recovered rock cores are numbered serially and preserved in good
quality sturdy wooden core boxes as specified in IS: 4078-1980.

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 The percent recovery and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) are measured for each core
run. The percent recovery is defined as the percent ratio of the cumulative length of core
sample recovered to the total length of the core run. The Rock Quality Designation
(RQD) is defined as the ratio of the cumulative length of core pieces 10 cm or longer to
the total length of the core run, expressed as percentage.

Details of samples collected are presented on the rock profiles and RQD at various
depths. The net effective drilling time, a qualitative assessment of the nature of the strata,
is also included on the borehole logs. The colour of return water and the extent of water
loss while drilling the borehole recorded on the boring logs which may be used for an
assessment of the nature of rock, water-tightness of joints and possible presence of
interconnected channels / cavities.

3.4 UNDISTURBED SAMPLE

The undisturbed soil samples are collected in good quality thin walled seamless tubes, of
min. dia of 100mm and length of 450 mm with area ratio less than 10%. The UDS tubes
are gently pushed in soil using hydraulic push rig/gently hammering action. After retrieval
of UDS tube from the borehole, ends of the tube with sample are sealed with freshly
molten wax of minimum 20 mm thick, properly labeled, marked an arrow showing
upward direction and dispatched to laboratory for testing. At site, sample tubes were
covered with wet gunny bags. When the UDS tubes are not penetrated into the subsoil
strata, it is clearly mentioned on the bore log sheet.

3.5 DISTURBED SAMPLE

Disturbed soil samples are also collected from the bore holes at suitable depths/intervals
to supplement the boring records. These samples are collected in polythene bags of

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 suitable size. These samples are properly sealed, labelled, recorded & carefully
transported to the laboratory for testing.

3.6 GROUND WATER

The depth at which groundwater is struck during boring is carefully noted and the depth
of water table was ascertained subsequently in the completed borehole by one of the
following methods. The water table in the borehole was allowed to stabilize after
depressing the water level adequately by bailing. Stability of the borehole sides and
bottom is be ensured at all times.

The bore hole was filled with water and then bailed out to various depths. Observations
were made at each depth to see if the water level is rising or falling. The depth at which
neither a fall nor rise is observed, was considered as the water table depth.

It should be understood that all grades of weathering may not be seen in a given rock
mass and that in some cases a particular grade may be present to a very small extent.
Distribution of the various weathering grades of rock material in the rock mass may be
related to the porosity of the rock material and the presence of open discontinuities of all
types in the rock mass. Groundwater level was measured in the boreholes 24 hours after
drilling and sampling was completed. The measured water levels are recorded on the
individual soil profiles.

4.0 GENERAL SITE CONDITION

4.1 SITE STRATIGRAPHY

3.7

Based on the boring information, the following subsoil profile was inferred up to final
depth.

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 Bore Depth (m) Core
SPT ’N’ RQD
Hole Strata Description Recovery
From To Value (%)
No. (%)

BH-A1 0.00 1.50 BC Soil 16 - -

1.50 17.00 SDR 43->50 - -

BH-P1 0.00 1.50 Silty Sand 18 - -

1.50 6.00 SDR 22-42 - -

6.00 8.00 HDR 0-69 0-58

BH-P2 0.00 1.50 Silty Sand 14 54-63 42-38

1.50 9.00 SDR 32->50

9.00 12.00 HDR 78-84 63-70

BH-P3 0.00 4.00 Silty Sand 16-24

4.00 9.00 SDR 32->50

9.00 12.00 HDR 65-73 54-67

BH-A2 0.00 1.50 Silty Sand 31 48-53 34-41

1.50 18.00 SDR 43->50

18.00 21.50 HDR 58-69 48-58

5.0 FOUNDATION SUPPORT

3.8

5.1 GENERAL
3.9

A suitable foundation for any structure should have an adequate factor of safety against
exceeding the bearing capacity of the supporting soils. Also the vertical movements due
to compression of the soils should be within tolerable limits for the structure. We
consider that foundation designed in accordance with the recommendations given herein
will satisfy these criteria.

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 5.2 BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS FOR OPEN FOUNDATIONS

Bearing capacity analysis was carried out based on the shear parameters (c-ϕ), as
interpreted from field and laboratory tests to determine the safe net bearing capacity
(shear criterion).

The bearing capacity equation used is as follows:

qnet safe = 1 [cNcSc dc+ p(Nq -1) Sq dq+ 0.5 BΥ NΥSΥdΥ Rw]
F
where :
qnet safe = safe net bearing capacity of soil, based on the shear failure criterion.
c = Cohesionintercept
f = angle of internal friction

¡ = total unit weight of soil

p = overburden pressure

B = width of foundation

Rw = water table correction factor

F = Factor of safety, taken as equal to 2.5 in accordance with IS: 1904

Nc,Nq,Ng = Bearing capacity factors which are a function of f.

zc , z q , z g = Shape factors.

For Strip footings, zc = zq = zg = 1

For Square footing = zc = 1.3, zq = 1.2, zg = 0.6

dc,dq,dg= Depth factors

For f£ 10, dc = 1 + 0.2 tan (45 + f/2) D/B, dq = dg= 1

For f> 10, dq = dg= 1 + 0.1 tan (45 + f / 2) D/B
Appropriate values have been substituted into the bearing capacity equation given above
to compute the safe net bearing capacity. The values have been checked to determine
the settlement of the foundation under the safe bearing pressure. The allowable bearing
pressure has been taken as the lower of the two values computed from the bearing
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 capacity shear failure criterion as well as that computed from the tolerable settlement
criterion.

In predominantly granular soils, settlement analysis has been performed based on the SPT
values in accordance with Clause 9.1.4 of IS 8009 (Part 1) - 286A6 Fig.9.

Where applicable (typically where substantial incremental stresses are anticipated in

cohesive strata below groundwater table), settlement analysis has been performed based
on classical theory; as the sum of elastic settlement and consolidation settlements. The
elastic settlement is calculated in accordance with Clause 9.2.3 of IS 8009 Part 1-286A6.
The consolidation settlement is computed in accordance with Clause 9.2.2 of IS 8009
(Part 1)-1986A6.

6.0 FOUNDATION TYPE AND DEPTH

3.10

6.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

Open foundations were designed based on the factual data from the recent Geotechnical
Investigation. The Safe Net Bearing Capacities were calculated according to IS 6403 –
1983 and are summarized in the table below and also detailed calculations are appended
at the end of this report (Annexure-1). For the calculation of safe bearing capacity values,
Angle of Internal Friction values are adopted from the Fig. 1 of IS 6403 – 1983. As a
conservative approach value of cohesion intercept is been assumed equal to zero. The
calculated safe net bearing capacities include a factor of safety equal to 2.5 as per IS 1904
– 1986. SBC values are tabulated below on the table.

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 SAFE BEARING
DEPTH, TYPE OF
S.NO BH.NO TYPE OF SOIL CAPACITY
m FOUNDATION
(t/m2)

1 A1 1.50 BC Soil 5.91

2 3.00 SDR 31.19

3 4.50 SDR 46.64

4 P1 1.50 Silty Sand 8.09

5 3.00 SDR 31.41

6 4.50 SDR 44.82

7 P2 1.50 Silty Sand 8.87

8 3.00 SDR Open 31.41

Foundation
9 4.50 SDR 44.82

10 P3 1.50 Silty Sand 10.02

11 3.00 SDR 29.94

12 4.50 SDR 46.59

13 A2 1.50 BC Soil 4.52

14 3.00 SDR 32.12

15 4.50 SDR 46.64

The following points are highlighted with reference to the above-recommended safe net
bearing pressures:

• The foundations typically must satisfy two independent design criteria. Firstly,
there must be an acceptable factor of safety (FOS) against bearing capacity failure
of the soil under the maximum design load In this case FOS of 2.50 has been
considered. Secondly, the total settlement of the foundation due to initial
distortion and consolidation of the soils under sustained loading during the

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 lifetime of the structure should fall within the limits that are structurally tolerable
(Refer IS 6403:1981.Clause-6.1 & 6.1.1).
• The selection of type of foundation is therefore governed primarily by the
magnitude of the maximum and permanent loading conditions, type of structure
and allowable settlements,
• The foundation recommendation is based on the height of structure and possible
settlement.

Foundation recommendations:

• The structural loading pattern of the structure is not provided by the client.
• The SBC at founding level of 3.00 m from N.G.L may be considered at 30 T/m2.
• This general recommendation is proposed and the designer is at liberty to decide
the depth and the type of foundation intended basing on the sub-soil
characteristics made available in this report.

7.0 VARIABILITY IN SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

8.0
3.11

Subsurface conditions encountered during construction may vary somewhat from the
conditions
encountered during the site investigation. In case significant variations are
encountered during construction, we request to be notified so that our engineers may
review the recommendations in this report in light of these variations.

8.0 CLOSURE

9.0
We
10.0appreciate
the opportunity to perform this investigation for you and have pleasure in
3.12
submitting this report. Please contact us when we can be of further service to you.

M/s HYDERABAD TEST LABS AND ENGINEERING SERVICES LLP.

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