MIXTURE FORMATION IN

SPARK IGNITION ENGINES

Chapter 5
Mixture formation in SI engine
 Engine induction and fuel system must prepare a fuel-air mixture that
satisfies the requirements of the engine over its entire operating regime

 The constraints of emissions may dictate a different air fuel ratio and
also require recycling some exhaust gas. (EGR)

 Relative proportions of fuel and air that give the above requirements
depend on engine speed and load.

 Optimum air-fuel ratio for SI engine is that which gives

1. Required power output
2. Lowest fuel consumption
3. Consistent with smooth and reliable operation
Air induction systems
SI engine fuel supply system
Functional requirement of fuel supply system

 The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary, beside the central task of supplying
fuel to the combustion process

 There are several competing objectives such as:

 Power output
 Fuel efficiency
 Emissions performance
 Ability to accommodate alternative fuels
 Reliability
 Driveability and smooth operation
 Initial cost
 Maintenance cost
 Diagnostic capability
 Range of environmental operation
 Engine tuning
Mixture formation in SI engine
 There are three mixture formation techniques exist for gasoline engines

I. Carburetor
II. Port fuel injection - inject the fuel into the intake manifold
 Depending the position of the injector

a. Single point injection

b. Multipoint injection

III. Direct injection - inject the fuel directly into the cylinder

 The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection
atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high
pressure
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine - Carburetor

 The process of formation of a combustible fuel-air mixture by mixing the

proper amount of fuel with air before admission to engine cylinder is called
carburetion and the device which does this job is called a carburetor.
Mixture formation in SI engine - Carburetor

 The process of carburetion is influenced by

 The velocity of incoming air
 The velocity of the air stream at the point where the fuel is injected has to be
increased. This is achieved by introducing a venturi section in the path of the air.
 The vaporization characteristics of the fuel
 Will require a volatile fuel for quick evaporation and mixing with air
 The temperature of the incoming air and
 Higher atmospheric air temperature increases the vaporization of fuel and
produces a more homogeneous mixture.
 The design of the carburetor
 Proper design of carburetor elements alone ensures the supply of desired
composition of the mixture under different operating conditions of the engine.
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
 The point or location of fuel injection is one way to classify a gasoline
injection system.
 A single-point injection system, also called throttle body injection (TBI),
has the injector nozzles in a throttle body assembly on top of the engine.
Fuel is sprayed into the top center of the intake manifold .
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI

A multi-point injection system, also called port injection, has an injector in the
port (air-fuel passage) going to each cylinder.

Gasoline is sprayed into each intake port and toward each intake valve.
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
 Electronic control unit (ECU) is a generic term for any
embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical
systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle.

 An engine control unit (ECU) is a type of electronic control

unit that determines the amount of fuel, ignition timing and
other parameters an internal combustion engine needs to keep
running.

 It does this by reading values from multidimensional maps

which contain values calculated by sensor devices monitoring
the engine.
Mixture formation in SI engine-PFI
 Most port injection today occurs with the intake valve closed

 Evaporation and mixture formation outside the cylinder

prevents large droplets from directly entering the combustion
chamber

 large drops enter the cylinder, may be deposited on the walls,

due to the low pressure and density of the gas, and increase
HC emissions.
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
 The classical gasoline injector today is the solenoid injector

 The majority of injectors used these days are low-and medium-

pressure injectors with injection pressures in the range of 0.5 to 1.5
MPa
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
 The injectors can survive the excessive temperature and pressure of
combustion by using the fuel that passes through it as a coolant

 The electronic fuel injector is normally closed, and opens to inject

pressurized fuel as long as electricity is applied to the injector's
solenoid coil.

 When the injector is turned on, it opens, spraying atomized fuel at

the combustion chamber .

 Depending on engine operating condition ,injection quantity will

vary .
Mixture formation in SI engine - PFI
 Injectors for port fuel injection differ mainly in the type of nozzle used to
generate the desired spray shape

 The pintle-type injector produces a cone-shaped spray, the single-hole

injector a pencil-shaped spray, and the multi hole plate injector produces
multiple sprays according to the number of holes
Mixture formation in SI engine - DFI
 Compared to the conventional diesel injection near top dead center, the
direct injection of gasoline may occur already during the induction stroke in
the case of homogeneous mixture formation (full load), or very late during
the compression stroke in the case of stratified charge operation (part load)
Mixture formation in SI engine -DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine -DFI
 Among other techniques like cylinder cutoff or the application of variable
valve trains the direct injection of gasoline is the measure with the highest
potential to reduce fuel consumption and thus also CO2-emissions

 Compared to a similar PFI engine, about 15–25% reduction of fuel

consumption at part load are theoretically possible

 Depending on the operating point of the engine, the direct injection of

gasoline offers different advantages compared to the PFI technique.
Mixture formation in SI engine -DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine -DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DIF
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-DISC
Mixture formation in SI engine-DISC
Mixture formation in SI engine-DISC
Mixture formation in SI engine-DISC
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine-DFI
Mixture formation in SI engine-MM
Mixture formation in SI engine-MM
Mixture formation in SI engine-MM
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine
Mixture formation in SI engine