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Resistance of
rice varieties to
striped rice borers
M. D. Pathak, Fausto Andres, Natividad Galacgac, and Romeo Raros
THE INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1971
Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. (P.O. Box 1300 M.C.C.. Makati D-708. Philippines)
 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 11
Correct citation: Pathak, M. D., Fausto Andres, Natividad Galacgac, and Romeo Raros. 1971.
Resistance of rice varieties to striped rice borers. Int. Rice Res. Inst. Tech. Bull. 11.

1998
CONTENTS

5 INTRODUCTION
5 Rice stem borers
6 Damage to rice plants by stem borers
6 Varietal resistance

7 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

8 MATERIALS AND METHODS
8 Plant materials
9 Mass screening of test varieties
11 Retesting selected varieties in the field
11 Greenhouse and laboratory experiments
13 Insect materials

14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

16 Field retesting of selected varieties
16 Retesting in greenhouse and laboratory experiments
21 Nonpreference
25 Antibiosis
32 Anatomical characters of plants
35 Silica content of the plant
37 Biochemical basis of resistance to borers
37 Development of stem borers on resistant and susceptible varieties

38 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

41 LITERATURE CITED
43 APPENDIX
Introduction
About 100 different species of insects infest and feed on rice plants.
Of these, about 20 species are of major economic significance. In
Asia, stem borers are the most important. They occur every year.
They infest plants from seedling to maturity, and thus they account
for a large share of the crop losses due to insect pests. At present,
the use of insecticides is the only practical way to control stem borers.
Insecticides, however, have limitations: they are expensive, require
repeated applications, and sometimes have undesirable side effects.
Considering the intensity of the borer problem, other avenues of
control must also be explored.
The use of insect-resistant varieties is one approach. Its feasibility
was investigated at the International Rice Research Institute. The
10,000 rice varieties and lines in IRRI’s world collection of rice
germ plasm were tested for their resistance to borers and basic
studies were conducted on the factors of borer resistance in selected
varieties. This bulletin presents the results of these studies.

Rice stem borers. Stem borers have been extensively studied. Most
of the literature on these insects was reviewed in papers presented
at a symposium at IRRI in 1964 (IRRI, 1967). Nearly all important
insects that bore into the rice stem belong to the order Lepidoptera,
principally to families Pyralidae and Noctuidae. Eighteen Pyralidae
species have been recorded as rice stem borers. Five of these occur
in the Americas and the rest elsewhere (Kapur, 1967).
The striped borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker, the yellow borer,
Tryporyza incertulas Walker, the white borer, Tryporyza innotala
Walker, and the dark-headed borer, Chilotraea polychrysa Meyrick,
are economically significant in Asia. A noctuid, the pink borer,
Sesamia inferens Walker, is also widely distributed in Asia but it
causes economic losses to the rice crop only occasionally.
All these species have the same general life cycle (Banerjee and
Pramanik, 1967; Kiritani and Iwao, 1967; Pathak, 1968). All lay
eggs in masses on the leaf blades or leaf sheaths, except the pink
borer, which oviposits between the leaf sheaths and the stem. The
eggs hatch in about a week. Usually within 1 to 2 days after hatching,
the first-instar larvae migrate between the stem and leaf sheaths
and bore into and feed on the leaf sheath tissues. During the second
instar, they bore into the rice stems. The larvae may also bore
directly into the stem without feeding on the leaf sheath tissues.
This phenomenon commonly occurs after the panicle emerges, when
larvae hatching from egg masses laid on flag leaves bore into the
peduncles with little feeding on the leaf sheaths.
The larvae usually bore at the nodal regions, although boring
through the internodes is not unusual. They feed and develop within 5
 the stem where they also pupate after cutting a small circular exit
hole which later allows the emerging moths to escape. The larvae
undergo five instars and become fully grown in 20 to 25 days. The
pupal stage lasts for about a week. In areas where only one rice
crop is grown in a year, the borers occur in one to four distinct
generations frequently referred to as “broods.” In multiple rice-
cropping areas they occur throughout the year in overlapping
generations.

Damage to rice plants by stem borers. The first boring and feeding
by the larvae in the leaf sheath causes broad, longitudinal, whitish
discolorations at the feeding sites but only rarely do the leaf blades
wilt and die as a result. About a week after hatching, the larvae
from the sheaths bore into the stem and, staying in the pith, feed
on the inner surface of the walls. The feeding often separates the
apical parts of the plant from the base. When this kind of damage
occurs during the vegetative phase of the plant, the central leaf
whorl does not unfold. It turns brownish, and dries out, although
the lower leaves remain green and healthy. This condition is called
“dead heart” and the affected tillers dry out without bearing panicles.
Sometimes dead hearts are also caused by larval feeding above the
primordia, but if no further damage occurs, thc severed portions
arc pushed out by new growth.
After panicle initiation, the severing of the growing plant parts
from the base results in the drying of panicles; they may not emerge
at all, and those that have already emerged do not produce grains.
The empty panicles later become very conspicuous in the field
because they remain straight and are whitish. They are usually
called “white heads.” If the panicles are cut off at the base after
grain formation is partially complete, shrivclled grains are present
in the panicles. The plants can compensate for a low percentage of
early dead hearts, but for every 1 percent of white heads a 1 -to
3-percent loss in yield may be expected.
Although damage by stem borers shows up only as dead hearts
and white heads, larvae that feed within the stem without severing
the growing plant parts at the base, also cause significant losses.
Such damage reduces plant vigor, lowers the number of tillers, and
increases the percentage of unfilled grains.

Varietal resistance. Most phytophagous insects have a well-defined

host range. That means no plant species is indiscriminately attacked
by all insects, nor does an insect species feed on all plants in its
geographic range. The host specificity of insects has led to the general
acceptance of such wmmon names as rice stem borers, rice green
leafhoppers, rice gall midge, etc. Also, many insects exhibit distinct
6 differences in their infestation of and damage to different varieties
of a particular host species. Varieties that are consistently less
infested and damaged by a particular species are called “resistant.”
Painter (1951) defined plant resistance as “the relative amount
of heritable qualities possessed by a plant which influence the ultimate
degree of damage done by the insect. In practical agriculture it
represents the ability of a certain variety to produce a larger crop
of good quality than do ordinary varieties at the same level of insect
population.”
Although the causes of plant resistance are often complex, the
mechanism of resistance has been classified into three broad
categories (Painter, 1951; 1958):
1) Nonpreference—The plant’s possession of factors that render
it unattractive to insect pests for oviposition, feeding, or shelter;
2) Antibiosis—The host plant’s exertion of adverse affects on the
survival, growth, and multiplication of the insects; and
3) Tolerance—The ability of the host plant to suffer little damage
in the presence of an insect population large enough to damage
susceptible hosts severely.
Some research workers consider varietal resistance synonymous
with antibiosis. But nonpreference is equally important. Certain
insect species may starve to death rather than feed on a strongly
nonpreferred host. Furthermore, field plants of nonpreferred
varieties often escape infestation, or develop low infestations.
Tolerant varieties, however, do not inhibit insect populations
and therefore have little long-range importance. For that reason
we studied only the antibiosis and nonpreference aspects of resistance.

Review of the literature

The literature on borer resistance in rice varieties was reviewed by
Israel (1967), Munakata and Okamoto (1967), and Pathak (1967).
Differences in susceptibility of rice varieties to stem borers were
recorded as early as 1917 (Shiraki, 1917). Several other workers
(Goot, van der, 1925; Kuwana, 1930; Kawada, 1942; Kawada and
Kondo, 1943; Jodon and Ingram, 1948; Ishikura and Watanabe,
1955; Koshiaty et al., 1957; Ghosh, 1960; Israel, Vedamurthy, and
Rao, 1961) have recorded similar differences. These studies, however,
were based on the screening of a small number of varieties and the
consistency of resistance was not evaluated under controlled
infestations of stem borers,
Some general conclusions based on these and other studies were
that bearded varieties were more susceptible than unbearded ones
(Shiraki, 1917; Groot, van der, 1925); that Japanese varieties were
less damaged by borers than introduced varieties (Matsuo, 1953);
that the size of the stalk was positively correlated with the degree 7
 of stem borer infestations (Fukaya, 1947; Jodon and Ingram, 1948;
Koshiary et al., 1957); and that wide and longer leaves, a large
number of tillers per hill, and tallness rendered plants more suscep-
tible to stem borers (Okamoto and Abe, 1958). Wads (1942)
observed no correlations between leaf color and number of stem
borer eggs laid on them.
The resistance of some varieties was attributed to the difficulty
that larvae encounted in boring within the stem because of thick
sclerenchymatous tissues, close vascular bundles, and narrow lumen
(Seko and Kato, 1950a, 1950b; Van and Guan, 1959; Israel, 1967).
Also, it was recorded that the leaf surfaces of some resistant varieties
had long, dense hairs and more spicules than susceptible varieties
(Israel, 1967). Further associations between various morphological
and anatomical characters of the plant were recorded by Pathak
(1967), Patanakamjorn and Pathak (1967), and Djamin and
Pathak (1967).
Some physiological characters of plants associated with suscepti-
bility to stem borers are high water content (Ghosh, 1960, 1962),
high starch content (Tsutsui et al., 1957), and high silica content in
the plants (Sasamoto, 1961; Djamin and Pathak, 1967) and the
presence of aroma in rice (Ranerjee, 1951; Khan and Murthy, 1955;
Israel, 1967). Pathak (1967) found that stem borer larvae reared on
resistant varieties suffered high mortality, had slower rates of
growth, and were smaller in size than those reared on susceptible
varieties, indicating the presence of an “antibiosis” factor in
resistant varieties. Ishii et al. (1962) found that an excessive amount
of a “leaf factor” in a synthetic diet for stem borers hindered larval
development. Subsequent studies showed that benzoic acid,
salicylic acid, and somc fatty acids isolated from the rice plant
inhibit growth of stem borer larvae (Munakata and Okamoto, 1967).

Materials and methods

Plant materials. The collection of rice germ plasm at IRRI consists
of about 10,000 varieties. These are common varieties, popular
selections, and other materials available from most rice-growing
countries of the world. Screening such a large number of varieties
for stem borer resistance presented two major problems.
1) Availability of test insects: The common rice borer species are
highly host specific and are difficult to rear in large numbers.
2) Recording of data on larval infestation: The plant must be
dissected to determine the number of borer larvae in the stems. This
procedure is slow and laborious.
Both problems were largely overcome by first screening all
8 varieties in field experiments under natural infestations of borers
and then retesting selected lines by artificially infesting them in
greenhouse experiments. The planting of field tests was timed so
that the maximum tillering phase of the crop coincided with the
harvest of the neighboring rice crops. This generally brought about
heavy infestations as the borers from the maturing crop migrated
to the test varieties. The borer incidence on these varieties was
recorded as dead hearts and white heads. Stems of only a few selected
varieties were dissected to record larval population.

Mass screening of test varieties. The test varieties were screened

in 25- x 100-m field plots. Each plot was divided into four subplots,
5 x 100 m, leaving a 1-m border next to the levees and between the
subplots. Each test variety was transplanted in four rows across the
width of these subplots. Twentyday-old seedlings were planted
at a 25- x 25-cm spacing, one seedling per hill, on a raised, wet
seedbed. The fields were fertilized with 120 kg/ha N, 30 kg/ha P 2 O 5,
and 30 kg/ha K 2 O in the dry season. During the wet season the
amount of nitrogen was reduced to 90 kg/ha.
In the first year of screening, each variety was tested in three to
four replications, and two rows of a susceptible variety were planted
as guard rows around each subplot (Fig. I). In one of the replications,
four hills were also infested artificially by attaching Chilo suppressalis
egg masses to the plant leaves with paper clips. Each plant was
infested with an egg mass which contained about 60 eggs at the
black-head stage. A week after infestation, the egg masses were
removed and the number of eggs that had hatched was recorded.
This gave the approximate number of larvae on the plants.
The experiments, conducted over two crop seasons, showed that
the guard rows not only were unnecessary, but also interfered with
the test by trapping large borer populations. Because they were
more susceptible than most test varieties, the guard rows attracted
more moths for oviposition and the larval migration was generally
inadequate to cause an appreciable infestation on test varieties. In
addition, the over-all borer infestation in the replicate that was
artificially infested with egg masses was not significantly larger than
that in replications exposed to natural infestations only. Thus
neither the guard rows nor artificial infestation of plants were
necessary.
On the other hand, adjusting the planting dates so that the test
varieties would be at maximum tillering stage when the neighboring
rice fields were nearing harvest was generally successful in bringing
about heavy stem borer infestations. The emerging borer moths
from maturing fields migrated to oviposit on the younger crop. As a
result representative data on varietal susceptibility could be obtained
in unreplicated, two-row plot experiments. And up to 3,000 varieties
could be tested in one planting. 9
 1. Top, experimental plots used in the first year of field screening rice varieties for
borer resistance. Each variety was planted in four 5-meter rows in three to four
replications. Two rows of a susceptible variety were planted as guard rows around
each test plot. The guard rows were found to be unnecessary, so in subsequent
experiments, bottom, they were eliminated. In addition, each test variety was planted
in one- or two-row plots only.

10
 The stem borer infestation was recorded by counting dead hearts
60 days after transplanting and white heads about a week before
harvest. Twenty hills of each variety were observed for dead hearts
or white heads. When the varieties were planted in plots with four
5-m rows, five hills were counted in the second and third row at
fixed sampling sites. But in plots with two 5-m rows, 10 central hills
from both rows were observed. The percentages of dead hearts
or white heads were calculated by formula (Oñate, 1965):
x = Pxnz 100
where
no. of affected hills
P=
no. of hills in the plot

no. of dead hearts

xnz = no. of tillers inthe affected hills

x = Percentage dead hearts or white heads.

Tillers of 10 random hills of all varieties that reacted as resistant

and a few others that showed varying degrees of susceptibility were
dissected to determine the percentages of infested tillers and number
of borer larvae per hill.

Retesting selected varieties in the field. Varieties that exhibited low

borer incidence in the mass screening tests were selected and the
consistency of their resistance to borers was further evaluated in
additional field experiments. The techniques used were similar to
those in the mass-screening experiments, except that in the retesting
experiments all test varieties were planted in four-row plots and in
three to four replications along with standard resistant and suscep-
tible checks. Finally, all varieties that reacted as resistant in different
batches of retested plants were tested in one batch in a replicated
field experiment. The varieties showing the least infestation in this
experiment were considered the most resistant of all those tested,

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Simultaneous to the field

retesting experiments, the selected varieties were evaluated under
uniform insect infestations. Striped borers, Chilo suppressalis, were
used as the test insects. One or more procedures were used: infesting
potted plants in a greenhouse, rearing larvae on stem pieces from
different varieties, and rearing larvae on seedlings.
Infesting potted plants. Twenty-day-old seedlings of the test
varieties were transplanted in 12-inch-diameter clay pots. These
pots were filled with Maahas clay soil which was flooded and
thoroughly mixed with 5 g ammonium sulfate before transplanting.
Each pot was planted with four hills of a variety using a single
seedling per hill. Twelve plants of each variety were tested. 11
 Thirty days after transplanting, each hill was infested with 10
first-instar striped borer larvae. As the larvae hatched from egg
masses placed on a moist filter paper in a petri dish, they were picked
up with a camel’s-hair brush and placed near the auricle of the top
leaf of the plant. After infestation, the pots were adequately spaced
and the longer leaves were clipped off to prevent the larvae from
migrating to other plants through the leaves. Each pot was placed
in a shallow clay tray filled with water to help keep the larvae from
leaving the pots.
The discoloration of the leaf sheaths and the formation of dead
hearts and white heads were recorded for each plant at 5-day
intervals. At 20 to 30 days after infestation (depending on the severity
of the damage of the susceptible checks), the plants were harvested
from the base and individual tillers were dissected so that the number
of borers that survived could be recorded. The larvae and pupae
recovered were weighed separately for each variety.
Rearing larvae on stem pieces. Each test variety was first grown in
a greenhouse as in the previous procedure. Forty days after trans-
planting, two 3-inch stem pieces were obtained from the basal
portions of the plants. These pieces and 10 first-instar larvae were
placed in a glass vial, 7.5 x 2.0 cm. Ten such vials, with a total of
100 larvae, were used for each variety. The vials were fitted with
screened lids to allow aeration while preventing the larvae from
escaping. A film of water was maintained at the bottom of each vial
to help keep the stem pieces green. At 5-day intervals the pieces were
replaced with fresh stalks of the same variety until most larvae on
susceptible checks had pupated. The surviving larvae were counted
and weighed whenever the stem pieces were replaced.
Rearing larvae on seedlings. After being disinfected in a solution
of one Mel Tab (Nihon Nohyaku, Japan; active ingredient: 1.87%
ethyl mercuric phosphate) in 500 ml of distilled water, 30 g of seeds
of a variety were allowed to germinate in an 8- x 17-cm glass jar.
Five days later, 100 newly hatched C. suppressalis larvae were
placed on the seedlings in each jar. Four jars were used for
each variety.
In some experiments, seedlings were infested by placing enough
C. suppressalis egg masses to yield about 100 larvae in each jar. The
egg masses were sterilized by dipping them in 0.1 percent mercuric
chloride solution. They were rinsed with distilled water before
being transferred onto the seedlings. We determined the exact
number of larvae that hatched in each bottle by examining the egg
masses under a binocular microscope 5 days after infestation.
The bottles were covered with screened screw caps to permit
aeration and keep the larva from escaping. Larvae were transferred
to fresh sets of seedlings raised in a similar way at 10-day intervals
12 until most surviving larvae had pupated (Fig. 2).
Insect materials. Chilo suppressalis generally constitutes 70 to 90
percent of the stern borer population at IRRI. Tryporyza incertulas,
Sesamia inferens, and Chilotrea polychrysa make up the rest of the
population. S. inferens and C. polychrysa together constitute less
than 5 percent of the total rice borer population. Thus, the results
of field experiments primarily show the reaction of a variety to
C. suppressalis infestations. This species was also used in all
laboratory and greenhouse experiments and for artificial infestation
of field experiments.
The eggs were obtained from laboratory-reared moths or were
collected from rice fields at IRRI and its vicinity. Although some

2. Borer larvae were reared on rice seedling to distinguish differences in varietal

susceptibility.

13
 moths were obtained by rearing first-instar larvae in the laboratory
on rice seedlings, rice stalks, or a semi-synthetic diet, most moths
were reared from field-collected, late-instar larvae.
In most greenhouse and field experiments, newly hatched larvae
were used for infesting the plants. Newly laid eggs, which were
whitish, were incubated for 5 to 6 days at 25 to 30 C until they
reached the black-head stage. Depending on the experiments, the
eggs were either allowed to hatch or were stored at 10°C for up to
10 days. Storage at 10°C did not cause any apparent adverse effect
on hatching or on larval survival. Furthermore, keeping the eggs at
low temperatures for a few days and then exposing them to optimum
temperatures made hatching more uniform. The eggs were placed
under a 100-watt fluorescent lamp to accelerate hatching. Whether
it was the light or the heat from the lamp that sped up hatching
was not investigated, however.

Results and discussions

Over 10,000 rice varieties and selections have been screened for
resistance to stem borers. Most of the screening was done during
six consecutive rice crops from May 1962 to April 1965. Thevarieties
showed significant differences in their susceptibility to borer
infestations. The varieties reacting as resistant had about 10 to 20
times fewer dead hearts and white heads than the susceptible lines
(Table 1). Similar differences in the percentage of infested tillers
and number of living larvae per hill were recorded. No variety was
completely free from borers, however.
In the replication where the plants were artificially infested by
implanting egg masses on their leaves, varieties differed greatly in
the migration of larvae from infested plants to adjacent hills. In
certain varieties, larvae from one egg mass infested as many as five
neighboring hills, while in others the larvae did not migrate to the
adjoining hills, although egg masses of similar size were used on
both varieties. There was more larval dispersion on susceptible
varieties.
Observations made during different planting seasons showed that
some varieties which were highly resistant at one stage were suscep-
tible at another, but some other varieties maintained their resistance
at all stages of plant growth (Table 2). Apparently, the factors of
stem borer resistance in plants at the dead heart stage and the factors
of resistance at white head stage are independent of each other. This
was confirmed in greenhouse experiments.
In general, indica varieties were somewhat more susceptible
during dead heart formation than japonicas but both groups were
14 almost equally susceptible during white head formation (Fig. 3).
 Table 1. Stem borer susceptibility of some rice varieties
tested in field experiments. IRRI, 1963-1964.
Dead White Infested
Variety hearts heads tillers
(%) (%) (%)

January to May 1963a

Chang Li 2.9 3.1 14.1
Pe Be Fun 3.1 1.0 32.3
Yen Tu 3.0 2.3 36.2
Bolibod 3.3 3.2 43.8
Saba 3.5 6.3 71.7
Hsiao Wu Tsu Tsi 3.6 2.9 19.2
6517 3.9 1.4 37.1
Thailand 5.1 1.2 31.9
Hugh Pee Gook 5.4 6.9 24.6
SLO 2 5.6 1.4 40.8
CH 45 5.8 0.9 31.8
Gendajah Ratji 6.9 4.4 82.5
Inilang-ilang × Fortuna 15.1 7.9 83.6
lnabaca 16.0 10.1 62.9
Storm Proof 20.2 10.2 65.3
Creole Bred 22.4 12.1 65.5
Perurutong nb 23.4 8.8 74.5
Chung-Chang 27.7 3.2 63.9
June to October 1963 b
Sekitori 0.2 0.8 5.3
PI 162300 0.6 1.9 7.8
PI 162302 0.7 1.9 7.9
Vulgaris 0.7 0.8 8.2
Balilla 0.8 1.6 13.2
Wase Shirage 0.9 0.9 10.0
CI 9498 0.9 1.9 12.4
Originario 1.1 0.8 9.5
Tung Ting Yellow 1.1 2.8 12.1
Koahsiang 1.2 0.6 13.9
Bmt. 53 R-3536 1.8 2.4 35.8
T. Patna sel. (Dwarf) 1.9 5.5 46.8
CI 9122 × Rexoro 2.3 17.9 32.8
Americano 1600 (231174) 4.9 2.6 65.9
Hill medium rogue 10.4 0.8 435
Kinai Wase 161 12.9 2.3 53.4
Criollo de la Victoria 14.7 2.5 54.4
CI 2474-3 22.9 2.9 45.6
January to May 1964b
Fuku-Bozu 3.2 0.8 8.1
lnsen × Tremesino 4.0 3.0 14.8
Tung An Chung 4.9 1.6 26.7
Chung-shan 5035 5.3 3.2 8.2
Kumbi 8.5 0.8 30.1
Chang chow 7.4 1.2 32.0
Pen Gopher 11.3 11.4 63.3
CI 5794 16.2 14.8 53.6

955 varieties tested. 1,000 varieties tested. 15

a b
 I
ndi
ca
i
Numberofvar i
etes

Japoni
ca

Deadhear
t(%) Whi
teheads(
%)

3. Dead heart and white head formation in indica and japonica rice varieties.

Field retesting of selected varieties. From the general screening tests,

1,351 varieties were selected for further evaluation. They were
planted in one batch to allow selection of the ones with maximum
resistance (Appendix). At the same time the varieties that exhibited
some resistance were retested to determine the consistency of their
resistance. Finally, the selections from both these tests were retested
for differential resistance to dead heart and white head formation
by artificially infesting them at the maximum tillering stage and at
thc booting stage of plant growth.
Most varieties that were resistant in the general screening tests
also had low stem borer infestation in the retesting experiments
(Table 3). Although planted in adjacent rows, some varieties were
heavily damaged while others were virtually free of borers (Fig. 4).
From these tests, 60 varieties were selected for further study.
Varieties which were resistant to borers but possessed undesirable
qualities such as susceptibility to viruses, photoperiod sensitivity,
unusually early or late maturity, were excluded because these
characters would interfere with yield evaluations.

Retesting in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. To discard

varieties that escaped borer infestation in field experiments, the
selected varieties were tested again under uniform insect populations
in greenhouse experiments. Ten first-instar larvae were placed on
50-day-old individual plants grown in clay pots. Twelve plants of
each test variety were thus infested. Thirty days later, dead hearts,
white heads, infcsted tillers, and larval population of each variety
16 were counted.
Table 2. Differential susceptibility of rice varieties to dead
hearts and white heeds caused by stem borers. IRRI, 1963
to 1967.

Dead hearts White heads

Variety
(%) (%)

Low dead heart and low white head

Taitung 16 4.6 2.1
Chianan 2 2.7 3.1
TKM 6 2.3 2.5
Su-Yai 20 3.9 1.3
Szu-Miao 2.3 1.0
Bmt 53 R 3536 1.8 2.4
CI 5339 2.3 2.4
36/14 K Askham 2.2 0.4
Low dead heart, high white head
Bhadas 79 3.3 10.3
IAC 4 3.6 22.3
Malio 011 0.0 14.1
CI 654-5 0.0 12.5
Binerhen 0.6 13.9
2403 1.6 10.7
Sukamandi 0.7 11.1
CI 9292 3.1 21.7
High dead heart, low white head
Rexoro 13.8 5.0
Azmil 85 11.9 2.5
97-35-2 10.9 0.9
Bollocok 10.0 0.9
Inilang-Ilang 15.3 1.6
Debrax 12.1 1.6
CI 27-4 10.9 1.0
CI 1240 14.5 0.3
High dead heart, high white head
Sukhdas HS 41 11.1 21.5
Carolino 164 15.9 15.0
Ca 902/8/3/3 11.2 12.3
Bantia 19.9 21.2
Ghonata 14.4 20.4
M8-19 10.2 16.7
Rexoro x Fortuna 12.7 55.6
D. 52/37 10.3 13.9

17
 4. In repeated experiments, the resistant variety TKM 6, left, thrived and remained
green in the presence of insect populations large enough to damage other test varieties
severely.

Table 3. Stem borer incidence in some of the 1,350 varieties

selected from general screening experiments. IRRI, July to
December 1965.

Dead White Infested Larvae/

Variety hearts heads tillers hill
(%) (%) (%) (no.)
Ta-poo-cho 0.4 1.0 24.9 5.0
Lam-kan-mi-thow-gou 1.4 1.7 11.0 0.0
Sru-miao 1.7 1.7 12.2 3.4
DNJ 97 2.4 0.4 11.0 2.0
CO 13 4.0 0.8 30.3 5.4
Chua-dau 2.3 4.4 7.6 0.0
Su-yai 20 2.3 0.9 12.2 3.4
TKM 6 2.4 2.5 10.3 2.7
Wan-pai-tsin 3 3.0 3.6 17.9 8.6
Su-miao 2.2 1.3 7.4 1.0
Chen-chia-tao 3.4 1.2 44.4 9.8
Wan keng 10,509 3.3 1.5 17.0 1.8
Hill sel RN BMT 54 V-103 5.3 3.4 31.7 4.4
Tieh-chui-ku 6.5 2.0 28.8 3.4
Rexoro 12.7 6.5 45.4 5.0
18
 Table 4. Larval survival, weight, and formation of pupae on a
few representative varieties tested in greenhouse (ten
freshly hatched striped borer larvae were caged on
individual plants. The data were recorded 30 days after
caging). IRRl 1964.

Survival (%) Larval weight a

Variety
Larvae Pupae (mg/larva)

Pai mang JH Pen 0.0 0.0 –

Twan Tsi C 0.8 0.0 –
Ti Ho Hung 1.7 0.0 –
345 Dacca 1.7 1.7 –
PI 160759 2.5 0.0 4.0
Pai Hsu 3.3 0.0 –
Colusa 3.3 0.0 21.0
Arbelo 4.2 2.5 –
Ginmasari 5.8 0.0 7.0
PI 160638 7.5 0.8 –
Kwanfu 401 8.3 0.0 –
Ta chu 8.3 0.8 –
Pe Be Fun 8.3 3.3 –
Taichung 65 8.8 0.0 –
Thailand 12.5 3.3 36.0
Taitung 16 14.2 2.5 –
Caloro 14.2 2.5 –
CI 7814 15.0 9.2 58.0
lntan 15.8 4.2 –
Koshiji-wase 18.3 5.0 34.0
Norin 1 18.3 8.3 48.0
Caloro 21.7 5.8 –
Milfor 6(2) 28.3 12.5 –
Inilang-ilang x Fortuna 28.4 20.9 –
Machang 29.2 12.5 72.0
Taichung 181 30.0 2.5 –
Patnai 23 48.3 35.0 –
SLO 2 55.0 42.5 –

a
Larva weighed from selected variety only.
Usually, varieties resistant in field experiments were also resistant
in the greenhouse tests. In these experiments, differences in varietal
susceptibility were reflected in the differences in the rates of survival,
the sizes, and the rates of growth of the larvae. Thus, on such
resistant varieties as Pai Mang JH Pen, Twan Tsi C, Ti Ho Hung,
less than 10 percent of the caged larvae survived and none of them
pupated within 30 days of hatching. During the same period, on the
susceptible varieties Patnai and SLO 2, more than 40 percent of the
larvae survived and about 70 percent of the surviving larvae had
already pupated (Table 4). Similar results were obtained in another
experiment using 33 resistant and susceptible varieties (Table 5).
Thus the differences in the susceptibility of these varieties to stem
borers were due to differences in their suitability as larval hosts. 19
 Table 5. Survival and growth of striped rice borer larvae
during 30 days on selected rice varieties. IRRI, 1966.

Survival (%)
Variety Larval weighta
Larvae Pupae (mg/larva)

Chen-tsan-co 5.0 – 5.0

Yabami montakhab 55 13.3 25.3 10.0
Su-miao 17.5 7.1 14.2
Bir-co-ru-mao 18.3 27.6 14.2
TKM 6c 19.2 32.2 15.8
DV 86 21.3 42.8 18.8
Szu-miao 21.3 58.5 20.0
Mudgo 24.2 48.4 17.5
Bir-co-se-mau 17 28.8 45.6 23.8
CO 10 29.2 48.1 27.5
CP 231/2 x PI 215,936 29.2 61.3 19.2
Peng nan 15 30.8 61.6 23.3
Patnai 6 31.7 9.7 27.5
DNJ 21 32.5 – 32.5
Bir-co 884 32.5 38.9 26.7
Iti-chung 32.5 45.8 30.8
Su-yai 20 33.8 48.8 17.5
CO 22 34.2 73.3 23.3
Rexoro 34.2 130.5 25.8
Gun-shan-tsan 18 37.5 56.8 30.8
CO 9 38.3 57.6 30.0
Reping 40.8 48.0 30.8
Chua dau 42.5 84.3 33.3
DS 1 46.7 68.6 39.2
DZ 54 49.2 83.4 45.8
DV 139 50.0 79.9 45.0
AC 45 51.7 65.4 40.8
TKM 6c 52.5 35.5 46.3
Chianan 2 55.8 85.1 45.0
DM 11 62.5 39.1 51.5
DNJ 24 70.0 47.7 59.2
DD 48 70.7 52.3 63.3
DM 27 71.3 59.9 62.5

a
Includes pupated individual. bCalculated on the basis of number
of larvae used for infestation. Based on original population.
c
Obtained from two separate seed sources.

20
 Several experiments were conducted to determine the role of
nonpreference and antibiosis in the resistance of rice varieties to
stem borers.

Nonpreference. Repeated field experiments showed that ovipositing

striped borer moths distinctly preferred some Varieties to others.
Some susceptible varieties like Rexoro, Bluebonnet, and CP 231 x
SLO 17, developed heavy infestations even when the borer incidence
in adjacent plots planted with less susceptible varieties was almost
negligible. A similar reaction was evident with many ponlai varieties
(japonica varieties from Taiwan) which generally developed a high
incidence of white heads even when most other test varieties remained
comparatively unaffected. These results suggested that certain
varieties had a strong attractant factor for ovipositing stem borer
moths.
To verify this, the resistant varieties Taitung 16 and TKM 6 and
the susceptible variety Rexoro were planted in five-hill x 21-hill
field plots arranged radially in a circle. The planting distance was
25 x 25 cm and each variety was planted in three randomized repli-
cations. The plots were exposed to oviposition by natural stem borer
populations. In addition a number of moths emerging from pupae
were placed in the center of the circle. The egg masses laid on
individual plants by different species were counted every seventh
day. After each count, the egg masses were removed to prevent the
hatching larvae from damaging the plants. The population of
yellow borers during this experiment was low and the number of
their eggs recorded was too low to show differential susceptibility.
Throughout the experiment, the largest number of borer eggs was
found on the susceptible variety Rexoro (Fig. 5). Even in observations
made 30, 37, 51, and 65 days after transplanting, when no eggs
were recorded on the resistant varieties, a large number of borer
eggs were present on Rexoro. This variety received a total of 187 egg
masses during the entire experiment in contrast to only 15 egg masses
on TKM 6 and 27 on Taitung 16. The moths showed a strong
preference for oviposition on Rexoro and, conversely, a non-
preference for the resistant varieties, Taitung 16 and TKM 6.
All three varieties tested received more egg masses from 37 to
65 days after transplanting than at other periods. This agrees with
the general observation that the plants are more susceptible to
borers during the maximum tillering stage which occurs about
50 days after transplanting. Taitung 16 had no egg masses at 30
and 37 days after transplanting, but like most ponlai varieties it
became increasingly susceptible towards heading.
The results were similar in another experiment conducted when
most of the surrounding fields were unplanted. TKM 6 received
the lowest number of egg masses-approximatelyeight times lower 21
 78

30 Tai
tung16
TKM 6
Rexor
o

25

20
es250pl
/ s
ant

15
Eggmass

10

0
30 37 44 51 58 65 72 79
Daysaf
tert
ranspl
ant
ing

5. Number of egg masses of C. suppressalis laid on resistant and susceptible varieties.

22
 Table 6. Average number of egg masses and percentages of
dead hearts on 9 varieties. November 1965 to February 1966.

Average no. of egg masses Dead

Variety hearts
C. suppressalis T. incertulas (%)

TKM 6 3.0 1.0 5.9

Takao21 5.3 2.3 14.2
lR9-60 5.3 5.0 11.2
Chianan 2 9.3 1.7 14.6
Taichung (Native) 1 7.0 6.3 19.4
Yabami Montakhab 55 9.7 5.3 6.2
Taitung 16 15.7 6.3 15.9
9795 18.7 6.0 22.9
Rexoro 29.3 2.0 49.6

than the susceptible variety Rexoro (Table 6). In general, varieties

receiving more egg masses developed high percentages of dead
hearts. But some varieties like Yabami Montakhab 55 and Taitung
16, although they received more eggs, developed comparatively
few dead hearts, apparently because larval mortality on them
was high.
The preceding data established that some varieties were signifi-
cantly more preferred by the moths for oviposition than others. To
evaluate correlations between this preference and plant morpho-
logical characters, 33 varieties with diverse morphology were tested
for their susceptibility to borers. They were tested in the field during
three consecutive crops and some selected varieties were also
evaluated in large cages. The details of these results have been
reported by Patanakamjorn and Pathak (1967). The following
correlations were recorded.

Correlation with borer

Plant character susceptibility

Plant height +
Length of flag leaf +
Width of flag leaf +
Stem diameter +
Hairy leaf blade –
Leaf sheaths tightly wrapped around the stem –

The ovipositing moths might have located the tall varieties more
readily. The number of internodes and the elongated third internode
contributed to the height of the plants.
The length and width of the flag leaf were positively correlated
with borer susceptibility. In separate ovipositional preference tests,
these characters were positively correlated (r = 0.743 for length,
and 0.924, for width) with the number of egg masses laid. 23
 Nor
malpl
ant
s Hai
rsr
ubbedof
fTKM 6l
eaves
400

Numberofeggmasses 300

Rexor
o
200
TKM 6

100

20

15
andeggs

10
Thous

50

6. Differences in ovipositional preference of striped borer moths,

C. suppressalis, for TKM 6, with and without leaf hairs, and for
Rexoro (20 leaves per variety). IRRI, 1968.

Most varieties with hairy leaf blade (lamina) surfaces were less
infested, although some varieties with hairy lamina developed
heavy infestation. To determine if the hairy surface repels ovi-
positing moths, the ovipositional preference of the moths on 10
varieties was studied in a large cage. The upper surface of the lamina
of nine of the varieties was pubescent, but all varieties had smooth
lower leaf surfaces.
Fifty-three percent of the 159 egg masses laid were on the lower
blade surface, 41 percent on the upper surface, and 6 percent on the
leaf sheaths. Thus, the moths did not show a strong ovipositional
preference for either the upper or the lower blade surface. However,
most of the eggs on the upper leaf blade surface of hairy varieties
were laid on the midrib, which is relatively smoother than the lamina.
On the upper leaf surface of the glabrous variety as well as on the
smooth lower leaf surfaces of all test varieties, the eggs were randomly
distributed. This trend was confirmed by collecting egg masses from
different varieties in the field.
The possible role of hairy leaf-blade surface in determining the
24 ovipositional preference of the moths was further investigated by
using TKM 6, a resistant variety with hairy leaves, and Rexoro, a
susceptible variety with glabrous leaves (M. D. Pathak and
C. R. Vega, unpublished data). One plant of each variety was
transplanted in a 6-inch-diameter clay pot. Fifty days after trans-
planting, the number of tillers was reduced so that each plant
contained 20 leaves. Three clay pots with these plants were then
placed in a screen cage measuring 50 x 50 x 100 cm which contained
40 pairs of newly emerged striped borer moths. Seven days later,
when most of the moths had died, the number of egg masses laid
on each plant was counted. The egg masses were also incubated
at 29°C until they reached the black-head stage, when the number
of eggs in each egg mass was counted.
Rexoro had about 30 percent more egg masses than TKM 6. The
egg masses laid on Rexoro were generally larger than those laid on
TKM 6. The differences in number and size of egg masses, when
added, meant that Rexoro had about 50 percent more eggs than
TKM 6 (Fig. 6). Since both the resistant and susceptible plants had
the same number of leaves which intermingled with each other in
the cage in these tests, we concluded that the moths definitely
preferred Rexoro leaves for oviposition. The difference in ovi-
positional preference persisted even when the hairs on TKM 6 leaf
blades were rubbed off with a wet cloth (Fig. 6), suggesting that at
least for TKM 6 the pubescent lamina was not a major influence on
the ovipositional preference of the striped borer moths.
Most resistant varieties also possessed tight leaf sheaths which
totally covered the internodes. Susceptible varieties generally had
loose leaf sheaths that partially covered the internodes (Fig. 7). To
study this phenomenon, the feeding behavior of freshly hatched
Chilo suppressalis larvae was observed, Ten first-instar larvae were
placed on the second youngest leaf blade of 2-month-old rice plants.
Five such plants were dissected every day until 15 days after infes-
tation. Within 48 hours after infestation (Fig. 8) 95 percent of the
larvae migrated between the leaf sheathand the stem. They established
more easily on varieties with loose-sheathed varieties than on those
with tight leaf sheaths. The larvae fed on the leaf sheath tissues for
about 6 days after which they started to bore into the stem.

Antibiosis. The number and size of striped borer larvac recovered

from different varieties varied greatly both in field and in greenhouse
experiments. In the greenhouse tests, the same number of larvae
was generally used for initial infestations of all varieties. These tests
indicated that the host plant affected the survival and growth rate
of borer larvae. To confirm this finding, a series of intensive tests
were conducted with a few selected varieties.
In one test, a uniform number of larvae were caged on stem pieces
of five resistant and five susceptible varieties, The use of stem pieces 25
 7. The leaf cleavage in most resistant varieties is close and tight, left. In susceptible
varieties it is open and loose.

26
8. C. suppressalis larvae recovered from various parts of the rice plant. The plants
were infested with newly hatched larvae. IRRI, 1964.

enabled the larvae to feed on the pith without boring through the
stem walls and thus eliminated differences in larval mortality due to
variations in the thickness and toughness of stem walls of different
varieties.
Five 3-inch-long stem pieces of each variety were placed in a glass
vial with a screen lid. Eight first-instar borer larvae were placed on
the pith of each stem with a moist brush. The vials were kept at
25 ± 2 C inside an incubator. The stem pieces were replenished with
fresh stalks of the same variety at 5-day intervals when the number
of living and dead larvae on each variety was recorded. When the
larvae were 10 days old, the number in each vial was reduced to one
for each stem piece to prevent crowding and competition for food.
The survival of larvae caged on resistant varieties was significantly
different from that on susceptible varieties. On the resistant varieties,
many more larvae survived on the apical parts of the stem than on
the basal parts. These differences did not occur in susceptible
varieties. Furthermore, more larvae survived on apical parts of
stems on many resistant varieties, particularly the ponlai types, if
the stems were taken from plants past the flowering stage. This
change in the susceptibility of ponlai varieties to borers was supported
by field observations which revealed that many of ponlai varieties
had a low incidence of dead hearts, but suffered heavily from
white heads.
Because the rearing of borer larvae on stem pieces occasionally
gave erratic results–some larvae died during the frequent replenish- 27
 ment of the host plant material—the experiment was modified. This
was done by infesting 180 plants of each variety and then dissecting
them in batches of 20 at 5-day intervals to record larval survival.
Ten newly hatched larvae were used to infest cach plant. The larvae
recovered from each dissection were not used again. This procedure
not only eliminated the possibility of larval mortality due to
mechanical handling, but also resulted in a series of independent
data, making the interpretation of the results highly reliable.
However, it differed from the previous test in that whole plants
instead of stem pieces were used.
The differences in larval survival on diflerent varieties were not
marked during the first 5 days after infestation but they became
apparent later. Twenty days after infestation, 70 to 80 percent of the
larvae remained alive on susceptible varieties, but only 40 to 50
percent on resistant varieties. Also, distinct differences in borer
damage to these plants were apparent (Fig. 9). In subsequent
observations, only half as many larvae survived on resistant varieties
as on susceptible varieties (Fig. 10).
Moreover, the larvae reared on susceptible varieties were heavier
and developed into larger pupae. The differences in the body weights
of larvae from different varicties became evident 10 days after
infestation (first-instar larvae were used for infestation) and increased
in subsequent observations (Fig. 11). Twenty to twenty-five days
after infestation, the usual duration of the larval period on suitable

9. Borer damage to four varieties 25 days after each plant was infested with 10 newly
28 hatched larvae.
10. Survival and development of 600 C. suppressalis larvae caged on each of four rice
varieties. (Because of their small size not all living larvae in the plant tissues could be
recovered on the fifth day after infestation.)

hosts, larvae from susceptible varieties weighed almost twice as much

as those reared on resistant varieties. Similarly, pupae on susceptible
varieties were almost twice as large as pupae on resistant varieties.
The larvae caged on susceptible varieties grew faster and started
pupating about 16 days after infestation while larvae on resistant
varieties did not pupate until 20 days after caging. Maximum
pupation on susceptible varieties occurred about 27 days after
infestation and on resistant varieties, 34 to 40 days after infestation
(Fig. 12). These differences in larval survival and growth on resistant
and susceptible varieties were confirmed in subsequent experiments
(Fig. 13).
Similar differences in the percentages of survival and weights of
the larvae were recorded when the larvae were reared on the young
seedlings of different varieties (Table 7). The method appeared to
be a good laboratory procedure for screening varieties for resistance
to borers, except that the surviving larvae had to be transferred to
fresh seedlings 10 days after infestation. Transferring larvae, besides
being time-consuming, invariably caused some larval mortality in
handling. Another drawback is that, when caged on seedlings, the
larvae generally feed on the roots so standing water or soils cannot
be placed in the jars to keep the plants alive for longer periods.
The survival of borers on seedlings of resistant and susceptible
varieties was investigated on varieties TKM 6 and Milfor 6(2). One 29
 11. Average weight of individual C. suppressalis larvae reared on
resistant and susceptible varieties of rice.

Table 7. Survival of newly hatched striped borer larvae and

their weights when caged for 10 days on seedlings of
different rice varieties. IRRI, 1967.

Larval survival Larval weight

Variety
(%) (mg)

Yabami Montakhab 55 22.0 7.7

Sru-miao 30.0 2.2
TKM 6 43.0 3.2
Su-Yai 20 44.0 4.9
DV 139 45.0 9.2
Taitung 16 62.0 10.9
IR8 62.0 11.8
Sapan Kwai 70.0 9.4
Chienan 2 71.0 15.9
Rexoro 80.0 11.3
Milfor 6(2) 81.0 14.2
30
 14. Survival and development of first-instar C. suppressalis larvae
on Milfor-6(2) and TKM 6 seedlings. IRRI, 1967.

thousand newly hatched larvae were caged on 1-week-old seedlings

of these varieties following the procedures described in “materials
and methods.” The surviving larvae were transferred to fresh
seedlings of the same variety at intervals of 10 to 15days. Significantly
more larvae survived on Milfor 6(2) than on TKM 6 and the larvae
on Milfor 6(2) had significantly larger body weights. Furthermore,
the larvae started pupating on Milfor 6(2) 23 days after hatching,
the usual duration of larval growth, but did not pupate on TKM 6
even up to 52 days after caging (Fig. 14).

Anatomical characters of plants. Van and Guan (1959) reported that

Oryza ridleyi, a wild Oryza species, was highly resistant to the dark-
headed rice borer, Chilotraea polychrysa. They suggested that its
resistance resulted from its heavily sclerotized stem tissue which the
insect found difficult to bore through. In greenhouse experiments at
IRRI, O. ridleyi was compared with Peta for susceptibility to stem
borers by caging a uniform number of larvae on individual tillers
of these plants (Patanakamjorn and Pathak, 1967). Twenty-five
days later, 53 percent of the caged larvae were recovered alive on
Peta and only 7 percent on O. ridleyi. Peta stems had a large number
of larval holes; O. ridleyi had few. Anatomical studies of the tillers
confirmed that O. ridleyi had more layers of sclerenchymatous tissues
than Peta. Thus, the high mortality of larvae on O. ridleyi was
apparently due to the inability of the larvae to bore inside the
plant stem.
Anatomical studies on other varieties revealed that most resistant
varieties had thick layers of sclerenchymatous or lignified tissues next
32 to the epidermis. Israel, Vedamurthy, and Rao (1961) made similar
observations. Sclerenchymatous tissues, which are comparatively
thicker walled than parenchymatous tissues, apparently resist larval
boring. If this hypothesis is true, the stem area occupied by the
vascular bundles, which are enclosed in sclerenchymatous tissues
called vascular bundle sheaths, may also affect the boring of larvae.
The percentage of stem area occupied by vascular bundle sheaths
was negatively correlated (r = –0.76) with the incidence of borer-
infested tillers.
The vascular bundles in the rice culm are arranged in two con-
centric rings. In all the varieties tested, the vascular bundles in the
outer and inner rings were radially arranged. Had they been arranged
alternately, the resistance to larval boring would have been greater.
Varieties that had a ridged stem surface were generally less infested
than those with a smooth surface. The peripheral vascular bundles
in the former varieties were in the ridges and were completely
embedded in lignified tissues (Fig. 15). In smooth-surfaced varieties,
only the periphery of the bundles was covered with lignified tissues
and the remaining parts were embedded in the parenchymatous
area. Thus, varieties with ridged stems had larger areas of thick-
walled cells in the hypodermal layer than smooth-surfaced varieties.
Also, a larger area of their outer layers was covered by scleren-
chymatous tissues. The larvae generally bore through paren-
chymatous tissues only.

15. Cross-section of a ridged stem of a resistant variety. The peripheral vascular

bundles are completely embedded in lignified tissues. 33
 Other experiments showed that varieties with a narrower stem
lumen were less susceptible to borers. Stems with a large lumen may
provide space within which the feeding larvae can move more freely.
In many varieties the lumen was smaller than the width of the body
of the larva, particularly in its later instars. Under these circumstances
the larvae were forced to enlarge the cavity by feeding. This restriction
on their movements may have caused low survival.
The thicknesses of the stem walls (culm tissues) of selected rice
varieties were compared by stamping cross-sections of the mid-third
internode on paper and measuring the diameters or by directly
reading the internal and external diameters with the device shown
in Figure 16 (IRRI, 1963). These techniques did not reveal distinct
differences in the thickness of stem walls of the varieties tested so the
effect of this character on susceptibility to stem borers could not be
ascertained. But since borer larvae have to eat their way into the
stem, plants with thick culm tissues should offer resistance to boring.
Thus, various plant characters showed definite correlations with
stem borer infestations. While most correlations were highly
significant they were not significant in all varieties for every character
studied. This indicated that no one factor controls resistance.

34 16. Instrument used for measuring the diameter of rice stalks.

Silica content of the plant. The silica content of the plant has been
linked with resistance to pests and diseases. Nakano et al. (1961)
found heavy infestations of borers in areas where the available silica
content in the soil was low. Sasamoto (1961) recorded an increase in
the percentages of total silica in rice plants grown in a soil treated
with silica gel or slag material and a parallel decrease in their
susceptibility to striped borers.
A more practical approach for reducing borer damage, however,
would be to use rice varieties that have high silica content rather
than applying silicate to paddy soils. Varietal differences in silica
content and in susceptibility to stem borers in 20 varieties were
investigated by Djamin and Pathak (1967). The silica (SiO2) content
of the varieties ranged from 9.7 percent in Sapan Kwai, which is
susceptible to borers, to 13.9 percent in Yabami Montakhab 55, which
is resistant. The silica contents showed a highly significant negative
correlation with the percentage of dead hearts in the varieties
(r = –0.617). The percentage of dead hearts and the number of
living larvae per hill were positively correlated (r = 0.60). Thus
varieties with high silica content had fewer rice borers. However,
the silica content of the plants and the number of egg masses laid
on them were not correlated. So, higher amounts of silica present in
the host plants appeared to affect larval survival adversely and to
reduce the incidence of dead hearts on the plants.
An examination of mandibles of the larvae confirmed that high
silica content in plants interfered with larval feeding. The mandibles
of larvae feeding on Yabami Montakhab, a variety with high silica
content, were severely worn. Those of larvae feeding on the variety
Sapan Kwai, which has a low silica content, were normal (Fig. 17).
Naturally, insects with worn mandibles have low feeding efficiency.
In the rice stem, silica is deposited mostly in the epidermis, in
sclerenchymatous tissues, in the vascular bundle sheath, and along
the cell walls of the parenchymatous tissues. In the epidermis, it is
primarily contained in silica cells. Varieties with high silica content
generally, had more silica cells in the epidermis. The number of
silica cells was negatively correlated with the percentages of dead
hearts caused by the borers. However, the percentage of dead hearts
was more highly correlated with the total silica content (r = –0.88)
than with the number of silica cells in the epidermis (r = –0.60).
A large number of silica cells in the epidermis might keep the larvae
from boring into the stem, while silica in other tissues might interfere
with their feeding after they have entered the pith.
Silica cells in rice stems occur in many shapes—dumbbell, oblong,
round, cubical, and Oryza type (which show variations in form,
from a compressed dumbbell shape to nearly cubical, but the
vertical axis is always longer than the horizontal axis) (Miller et al.,
1960). In Yabami Montakhab 55, which is resistant to borers, the 35
 17. Top, the incisor region of mandibles of C. suppresalis larva which fed on a
susceptible variety are normal. Bottom, left and right, the incisor region of larvae
which fed on a resistant variety with high silica content is worn.

silica cells were of the Oryza type and densely distributed, while in
tlie susceptible variety Sapan Kwai they were oblong and sparsely
distributed. In O. ridleyi, which is highly resistant to borers, the
cells were large, dumbbell shaped, and densley distributed (Fig. 18).
The effect of high silica content in the rice stem on the ability of
the larvae to bore into the stem was investigated by comparing
larval establishment on Yabami Montakhab 55 which has a high
silica content and Sapan Kwai which has a low silica content. The
sterns of these varieties were separated into nodal and internodal
areas. The ends of each stem piece were sealed with wax to prevent
larvae from entering through the open ends. Five hundred second-
instar striped borer larvae were caged separately on stem pieces
36 of each variety.
 Significantly more larvae (17.5%) entered the stems of the low-
silica variety than entered the stems of the high-silica variety (0.4%).
In both varieties mow larvae (71% in Yabami Montakhab 55 and
96% in Sapan Kwai) bored through the nodal area than through the
internodal area, possibly becausc the nodal area had a lower silica
contcnt than the internodcs and because it consisted of actively
growing meristematic tissues, which are softer.

Biochemical basis of resistance to borers. Besides the factors

mentioned above, the chemical constituents of different varieties
have a major effect on both the nonpreferencc and antibiosis aspects
of plant resistance to borers. Plant extracts from different varieties,
when incorporated in synthetic diets, have caused distinct differenccs
in larval survival and growth. These aspects are being investigated.

Development of stem borers on resistant and susceptible varieties. The

above results prove that susceptible varieties are better food for
larvae than resistant varieties. The larvae that fed on resistant
varieties had higher mortality, lower body weights, and slower rates
of growth. Thus, when originally infested with the same number of
larvae, susceptible varieties should have larger populations than
resistant varieties after several generations.
To determine the differences in the development of stem borer
populations on resistant and susceptible varieties, identical numbers

18. Dumbbell-shaped silica cells in a stem of Oryza ridleyi. 37

 of borers were confined on resistant and susceptible varieties and
were observed for several generations.
The varieties Chianan 2 (resistant) and Sapan Kwai (susceptible)
werc transplanted in clay pots and each variety was kept in a
fine-mesh screen cage, 3 × 2 × 3 m. Thirty days after transplanting,
borer egg masses were attached to their leaves. About a week later,
the egg masses were examined under a binocular microscope to
determine the number of larvae that had hatched on each variety.
Each cage was observed periodically to determine the number of
moths and the number of eggs the moths had laid. The plants in
each cage were replaced with uninfested healthy plants of the same
variety at 40-day intervals. When the plants were replaced, the eggs,
larvae, or pupae present on the previously used plants were trans-
ferred to the new plants. The final observations on both varieties
were made 4 months after the beginning of the experiment.
From the implanted egg masses, 570 larvae hatched on Chianan 2
and 600 on Sapan Kwai. Forty days after infcstation, 10.7 percent
of the larvae on Chianan 2 and 14.7 percent of those on Sapan Kwai
completed their development and emerged as adult moths. Eighty
days later or 120 days after infestation, 91 larvae and two egg masses
were recovered on Chianan 2, in contrast to 1,583 larvae and 83 egg
masses on Sapan Kwai. Sapan Kwai had 56.3 percent dead hearts,
while Chianan 2 had less than 1 percent. The low borer population
on Chianan 2 appeared to be the result of low larval survival, a
slower rate of larval growth than on Sapan Kwai, and a comparatively
uneven emergence of moths. Thus if suitable resistant varieties
could be bred, their large-scale cultivation would reduce the natural
stern borer populations and the damage they cause.

Summary and conclusions

Ten thousand varieties and lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from all
over the world were screened for resistance to stem borers, Chilo
suppressalis Walker, at the International Rice Research Institute,
Los Baños, Philippines. Planting the test varieties between the main
cropping seasons usually resulted in heavy borer infestations of the
crops. The varieties selected from first screening tests were retested
in four to five replications. The selected varieties were also evaluated
by infesting them artificially with an equal number of striped borer
larvae in greenhouse experiments.
Differences in the susceptibility of these varieties to borers were
highly significant. The varieties reacting as resistant generally had
about 10 to 20 times fewer dead hearts and white heads than the
susceptible varieties. Although the resistance was not absolute,
38 the incidence of dead hearts or white heads in resistant varieties was
seldom more than 5 percent even though susceptible varieties planted
in adjacent rows were damaged severely.
Resistance to borers at the dead heart and white head stages of
plant growth appeared independent of each other. Some varieties
were highly resistant or susceptible to both dead hearts and white
heads. Many others were resistant at one stage, but susceptible at
another. In general, ponlai varieties (japonica types from Taiwan)
were moderately resistant to dead hearts but highly susceptible to
white heads. However, most japonicas could not be properly
evaluated for resistance because they were highly sensitive to the
temperature and day length at IRRI.
Some of the highly resistant varieties were TKM 6, Taichung 16,
Chianan 2, Su-Yai 20, Szu-Miao, Yabami Montakhab 55, DV 139
and Ptb 10. Rexoro, Bluebonnet, Milfor 6(2), and Sapan Kwai were
among the most susceptible.
In field experiments, the susceptibility of most varieties appeared
positively correlated with the preference of moths for oviposition.
Only a few varieties that were preferred hosts for oviposition also
had antibiosis effects on the hatching larvae. Susceptibility to stem
borers was positively correlated with plant height, width and length
of flag leaf, size of the culm, glabrous leaf blades, and looseness of
the leaf sheath around the plant stem. Even after its hairs were
artificially rubbed off TKM 6, a hairy variety non-preferred for
oviposition, was still not preferred by the moths.
First-instar larvae caged on stem pieces, on seedlings, or on the
older plants of resistant varieties had significantly higher mortality,
smaller body sizes, and slower rates of growth than larvae caged on
corresponding susceptible varieties. Moreover, moths from pupae
that developed on resistant varieties emerged without synchroniz-
ation. The combined effects of these antibiosis factors caused a rapid
and cumulative decline in borer population on a resistant variety in
a large cage experiment. Similar results can be expected under
large-scale field planting of resistant varieties.
The borer larvae had difficulty boring into plant stems containing
thick layers of sclerenchymatous and lignified tissues. Thick-walled
sclerenchymatous tissues apparently offered more resistance to
larval feeding and boring than did the thin-walled parenchymatous
tissues. Also, the percentages of stem area occupied by vascular
bundle sheaths composed of sclerenchymatous tissues was negatively
correlated with the susceptibility of a variety to stem borers.
Varieties that have a narrow stem lumen were less susceptible to
borers than varieties with large cavities. In many varieties the lumen
was smaller than the body width of the late-instar borer larvae.
Rice varieties with high silica contents in their stems were less
susceptible to borer infestations than varieties with low silica
contents. The SiO2 content of the test varieties ranged from 9.7 to 39
 13.9 percent. High silica content interfered with the feeding of the
larvae by wearing out their mandibles and it caused low larval
survival. The silica cells were large and densely distributed in
resistant varieties, but small and sparsely distributed in susceptible
varieties.
Studies under way show that the chemical constituents of the
plants also greatly influence both the nonpreference and the
antibiosis aspects of borer resistance.

40
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42
APPENDIX
Rice stem borer infestation on varieties that showed
some resistance. 1965
 IRRI Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

69 Chinsurah 35 I India 3.1 1.3

86 Taichung 181 J Taiwan 9.2 3.9
91 Tainan 1 J Taiwan 11.5 V
92 Tainan 3 J Taiwan 10.3 V
93 Kaohsiung 22 J Taiwan 6.5 2.7
97 Kaohsiung 64 J Taiwan 11.9 L
105 Taichung Native 1 I Taiwan 4.4 V
106 Bir-me-fen I Taiwan 7.7 V
116 Shun-Gan I Taiwan 11.1 0.7
120 I-geo-tze I Taiwan 5.6 L
122 Chung-Lin-Chun I Taiwan 6.5 1.0
123 Dee-geo-woo-gen I Taiwan 7.3 L
133 Gulfrose I USA 9.5 5.0
143 Rexoro I USA 12.7 6.5
145 Calrose J USA 2.1 2.0
146 PI 215936 (Tainan Yu 487) J Taiwan 8.1 L
155 H 4 I Ceylon 3.7 0.9
157 H 6 I Ceylon 2.4 1.5
184 NHTA 3 I India 12.3 2.1
185 NHTA 4 I India 8.0 L
233 MTU 15 I India 2.6 L
237 TKM 6 I India 2.3 2.5
242 Ginmasari J Japan 3.6 V
252 Sapan Kwai 3 I Thailand 3.2 V
259 81 B-25 I Surinam 8.7 0.9
267 K 8C-140-16 I Surinam 5.1 L
268 K 8C-140-72-1 I Surinam 5.4 L
270 K 8C-263-12 I Surinam 4.4 L
276 K 12C-53 I Surinam 10.0 L
294 AC 534 I Philippines 3.5 8.3
295 C 18 I Philippines 4.3 3.7
296 C 74 I Philippines 2.4 3.9
307 RA 2 I Philippines 5.8 3.4
330 C 2 I Philippines 6.0 13.9
391 753 I Malagasy 4.0 V
392 SML 140/5 I Surinam 7.1 L
393 SML 81B I Surinam 6.3 5.0
464 Fuku-BoZu J Japan 22.4 7.0
527 Yubae J Japan 3.5 2.6
528 Zennoo J Japan 11.7 1.6
551 Bombilla J Spain 4.7 1.6
613 RDR2 I India 7.3 8.3
619 Marichbuti I India 6.4 V
636 Dular I India 4.7 2.5
641 SLO 14 I India 8.9 7.2
660 MTU 18 I India 10.4 9.4
677 Patnai 23 I India 10.8 9.5
678 SLO 2 I India 3.2 9.2
682 Pe Be Fun I Malaysia 14.0 14.7
44
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

696 lntan I Philippines 2.6 1.3

697 Thailand I Philippinesc 3.5 L
718 Norilon Str 338 I Philippines 1.6 1.6
728 Señorita I Philippines 7.9 L
745 Mas I Philippinesc 4.6 0.7
771 Lagdda Jav. Philippinesc 10.0 10.2
778 Buenketan 101 (2) I Philippines 7.5 8.1
798 Bolibod I Philippines 3.6 V
803 Thailand × Norin I India 5.2 V
823 Balilla Grana Grossa J Italy 26.7 V
827 Sessia J Italy 17.9 V
828 Stirpe 265 J Italy 23.2 V
829 Rizzotto J Italy 37.5 V
832 P.W. 256 I Thailand 14.6 V
958 CI 5339 I China 5.9 2.5
959 CI 5476 I China 7.7 4.3
992 CI 7367-1 I China 4.1 3.6
1003 Kong Sai Zo I China 4.3 2.2
1004 Woo Yip To I China 5.4 2.0
1005 Sun-Zim I China 11.7 3.6
1007 Kin Shan Zim I China 9.7 3.6
1008 Zo Ngan Paak Gook I China 3.9 2.5
1011 CI 7781 I China 2.1 2.0
1013 CI 7814 I China 5.0 0.6
1021 Rusty late I China 2.0 0.8
1024 Chinese Variety Weiss I China 5.2 6.1
1027 Pao Ya I China 5.7 3.8
1031 Ching Shwei Pai I China 4.0 6.0
1032 Chen Swei Hua Lo Tsas Tao I China 3.3 0.6
1033 Choh Chang San Hao I China 1.6 0.9
1034 Tsao Wan Ching I China 2.9 0.2
1035 Choh Chang Chui Hao I China 3.7 3.0
1036 Choh Chang 303 I China 3.7 2.6
1049 Chang Li I Chma 4.2 0.2
1054 Chiang Chiu Ku J China 26.0 2.1
1067 Pai Jh Tsao I China 5.1 1.5
1068 Ta Nan Tiao Tsi I China 3.5 2.6
1079 Hung Chan I China 5.6 V
1085 Shwei Tao I China 5.4 1.9
1088 Ning Hsia Tao I China 8.1 1.2
1092 Ching Yang Chan I China 5.0 0.8
1093 Yu Tao I China 3.6 1.3
1094 Ta Li Ju I China 3.7 2.4
1095 Nellose Samfa I China 7.0 5.8
1099 36/14 K Askam J China 9.0 0.9
1107 Ta Hung Ku J China 9.7 8.0
1114 Chen Chia Tao I China 3.4 1.2
1116 Yiu Chan I China 9.7 3.4
1124 Lu Yu 132 J China 9.2 V
45
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Tvpea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

1137 Pei Chiao Ju I China 8.0 1.6

1147 Hung Chiu Ju I China 3.0 2.0
1148 Pan Ju I China 10.3 1.4
1164 Fan Ho Chan I China 3.5 1.9
1165 Pai Mi I China 3.0 0.2
1166 Pai I China 3.0 0.6
1167 Fan Ho Ju Ho I China 3.2 0.8
1168 Twan Tsi C I China 7.0 1.6
1169 Pu san 1 I China 6.3 1.7
1170 Hsin Chow Tsuo Sheng I China 3.8 0.6
1173 Kuan Tung Tsao Sheng I China 10.6 6.9
1175 Lu Tao 2 J China 33.8 7.4
1179 Hung Chao Lu Yu I China 10.9 6.1
1180 Hung Mi Ho I China 6.0 1.5
1181 Lei Ku Chan I China 8.7 3.4
1183 Hung Hsieh Ju I China 3.9 1.0
1184 Tsao Yen Chan I China 12.2 4.1
1186 Tung Wan Pal 18 I China 6.8 1.8
1188 Ching Kao Chan I China 8.3 4.0
1190 Chin Ta 1-3-86 I China 7.1 1.7
1191 Hsiao Hei Tao I China 9.3 3.6
1193 Kuan Yen Chan I China 3.4 0.7
1195 Man Tao I China 5.0 1.6
1196 Hung Soh I China 4.4 0.8
1197 Ai Tsi Ju I China 4.6 1.6
1198 Yang Ku Tsi I China 8.0 2.7
1199 Hwa Chien Lo Ku I China 23.2 3.8
1214 34 5 Dacca I China 2.7 0.6
1216 Chung Ta 258 I China 3.0 5.2
1222 Hwang Mu I China 3.0 1.0
1224 Ti Ku I China 6.6 1.0
1231 Ta Mao Hsiang I China 4.4 0.5
1232 Yi Shan Pai Ku I China 3.1 0.5
1236 Lu Wan Hsien I China 1.4 0.4
1237 San Pai Ku I China 37.5 V
1239 PI 160638 I China 4.1 1.1
1267 Tsi Pao Koh Feng I China 6.6 1.9
1268 Pai Chung Shih Pa I China 3.6 0.9
1305 Chiang Li 3 J China 7.4 V
1315 Hsu 27 I China 2.8 V
1357 PI 160769 J China 26.7 V
1433 3301 J China 17.9 V
1449 PI 160857-1 I China 6.5 2.7
1513 PI 160962 I China 25.3 5.6
1516 PI 160968 J China 24.3 4.4
1517 PI 160968-1 I China 8.4 0.6
1520 Yen Tu I China 6.8 4.6
1521 Yu Tao I China 4.3 0.6
1525 Tsu Ta Li I China 6.2 1.2
46
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety TYPEa Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

1526 Ken Yen I China 10.2 4.7

1543 Ho Ku I China 4.2 1.5
1544 PI 161003 I China 6.7 1.3
1571 Hei Mi Chan I China 4.6 5.0
1577 Chiang an tsao pai ku I China 2.6 0.9
1583 Chang-Ch' sang Hsu Tao J China 4.1 0.9
1585 Ken Yen I China 4.5 1.3
1587 Ang Hung Mi I China 8.6 2.2
1588 K 184 I China 5.0 1.2
1589 Chiu Tswoh Chia Fu
Tawing Mi I China 13.1 1.4
1590 Chiu Tswoh Tao Yi I China 8.1 1.8
1613 Hong-Shei-Lo I China 5.2 5.3
1615 Polyhusked I China 6.4 4.2
1828 Rexoro x Zenith I USA 2.1 0.8
1863 BMT 53 R 3536 I USA 6.6 2.6
1865 Caloro x Lady Wright J USA 11.0 4.0
1879 Glutinous Sel. I USA 4.2 1.2
1924 (TP x R 7689) x
(TP x R-SBR) I USA 10.5 V
1930 Lacrosse x Zenith I USA V V
1932 Nira 43 I USA 18.9 V
1984 TP 49 x (TP x R-SBR) I USA 9.1 3.0
2001 Lacrosse x Zenith H USA 4.0 V
2015 B438A Rogue J USA 13.1 0.8
2044 Lacrosse x Arkrose I USA 12.4 V
2110 CI 9122 x Rexoro I USA 5.9 V
2119 RD x Rex-Zenith I USA 8.0 V
2133 CI 9497 J USA 14.4 2.3
2134 CI 9498 J USA 6.6 V
2158 Bakkye I Korea 3.5 0.6
2188 Horing J Korea 19.3 V
2466 Kinko I Japan 2.7 3.1
2544 Karnegi J Japan 6.4 V
2648 Rikuto Norin 9 J Japan 4.5 V
2649 Rikuto Norin 24 J Japan 13.6 1.2
2651 Rikuu 132 J Japan 4.5 0.4
2750 Nelanothrix J Japan 8.9 3.8
2760 Taino 37 J Taiwan 7.1 V
2761 Taino 38 J Taiwan 8.5 4.8
2762 Taikoku 7 J Taiwan 19.3 V
2765 Liu-Tau-a I Taiwan 4.0 4.8
2777 12 Natara I Taiwan 18.4 V
2787 2 Taichu Toku 65 I Taiwan 11.8 V
2844 No-lku Mochi 51 J Taiwan 9.3 5.1
2850 Kanan 11 J Taiwan 1.6 3.8
2851 Kanan 14 J Taiwan 7.7 V
2856 PI 209938 J Taiwan 3.8 1.3
2857 Koahsiang J Taiwan 6.3 V
47
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

2879 Shinchiku-iku 74 J Taiwan 1.9 V

2886 Shinchiku-iku 104 J Taiwan 10.4 V
2889 Shinchiku-iku 130 J Taiwan 4.2 V
2893 Shinchiku-iku 144 J Taiwan 8.8 7.1
2904 Shinchiku-iku 162 J Taiwan 8.3 V
2951 Taihoku-iku 111 J Taiwan 9.7 V
2965 Tainan 17 J Taiwan 9.5 V
2968 Tainan 20 J Taiwan 4.8 V
2978 Tainan-iku 490 J Taiwan 5.1 9.5
2980 Tainan-iku 492 J Taiwan 10.2 V
2992 Tainan-iku 511 J Taiwan 4.3 V
2999 Tainan-iku 519 J Taiwan 10.2 V
3001 Tainan-iku 521 J Taiwan 13.8 V
3008 Taino 38 J Taiwan 3.2 V
3010 Takao 10 J Taiwan 7.3 3.4
3046 Takao-iku 43 J Taiwan 7.4 V
3049 Takao-iku 46 J Taiwan 9.4 V
3064 White Glume J Taiwan 12.3 V
3067 Pibifun I Taiwan 6.7 V
3068 Chianan 8 J Taiwan 8.1 V
3072 Taichung Hung Shou Guo
Zee I Taiwan 3.1 V
3073 Taichung Mon-Hwa-Shu I Taiwan 4.2 V
3075 Taipei Shwangjarn I Taiwan 7.3 V
3125 Americano 1600 J Italy 9.4 V
3165 Omirt 39 J Hungary 7.3 V
3169 M 2 J Poland 14.8 V
3176 Erythroceros Hokkaido J Poland 7.5 0.4
3179 Chines J Portugal 12.5 0.5
3182 Muga J Ponugal 24.2 4.8
3184 Precoce J Portugal 22.7 6.6
3283 Japonesito De 3 Meses J Argentina 17.8 1.5
3356 Berlin I Costa Rica 3.1 3.4
3386 CI 5402-1 I Guatemala 6.4 2.4
3395 K 8c/505/1/1 I Surinam 6.5 3.7
3397 Hashikalmi I Surinam 2.4 V
3440 UVS-Unblatuzi I Africa 5.8 6.8
3442 Sikasso I Africa 0.9 0.9
3443 Sornavari I Africa 5.2 3.3
3450 4055 I Afghanistan 6.1 0.6
3454 1150-S I Afghanistan 6.1 V
3456 1340-S I Afghanistan 7.7 V
3476 Sudurvi 306 I Ceylon 3.7 1.1
3483 CI 5339 I China 4.9 4.8
3493 Tungting Yellow J China 6.9 V
3495 Waan Shiu Noh I China 7.6 V
3496 CI 7085 I China 7.5 3.0
3498 CI 7125 I China 6.3 2.6
3499 Ka Ying 20 I China 2.8 2.0
48
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

3506 Rusty Late I China 2.9 1.5

3533 CI 8105-2 J Japan 15.8 0.7
3537 Pebifun I Malaysia 7.3 V
3539 Periizu J Taiwan 24.5 8.3
3540 Chia Lung Yu 242 J Taiwan 2.6 6.0
3580 Kumbi I Indonesia 4.8 7.8
3595 CI 8636-1 I Indonesia 3.4 1.0
3618 Brondol Puteh 277 Jav. Indonesia 9.3 L
3620 Gendjah Beton 1101 Jav. Indonesia 7.0 L
3621 Gendjah Ratji 322 Jav. Indonesia 7.2 L
3622 lntan 2400 I Indonesia 9.9 1.7
3629 Peta 2802 I Indonesia 3.9 1.4
3630 Pulut Nangka 016 I Indonesia 9.8 0.3
3632 Urang-urangan 89 Jav. Indonesia 4.5 1.8
3634 Peta (PI 233289) I Indonesia 9.1 2.3
3638 Kamod I India 28.4 V
3639 A3 Basmati I India 5.9 0.7
3642 Sel. 6 I India 3.6 1.8
3643 Ramgarh I India 5.7 3.2
3646 Pandhori I India 1.9 1.5
3647 Basmati I India 3.3 0.8
3648 CI 6002-1 I India 5.4 2.5
3653 CI 6010-1 I India 4.7 1.8
3656 Toga I India 9.8 1.6
3669 CI 8087-1 J India 7.7 2.2
3670 CI 8087-2 J India 4.0 V
3673 Bhura Rata 2 I India 3.9 V
3675 Timanahetti I India 1.4 V
3676 Crosa1 I India 5.1 V
3677 Crosa 2 I India 7.0 V
3678 R. 3 Sultugurmatia I India 11.8 V
3680 Basmatis 370 I India 6.0 2.5
3681 9524 I India 7.7 V
3682 9905 J India 13.4 V
3686 Dhala Shaita I India 2.7 V
3687 PI 180060-1 I India 3.3 2.4
3688 Dular I India 5.4 0.1
3689 Adt 3 I India 5.9 0.2
3690 Co. 9 I India 5.7 1.8
3691 Co. 10 I India 3.0 1.9
3693 N. 12 I India 8.3 1.3
3694 T3 I India 4.8 2.4
3695 PI 197612-1 I India 5.7 6.4
3705 T. 3 I India 3.6 6.8
3706 T. 21 I India 7.7 L
3707 Andifrom N Pokhara I India 9.2 1.0
3708 Early 3 I India 7.5 1.4
3711 B.J. 1 I India 3.3 0.8
3712 T. 6517 I India 1.8 1.0
49
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

3721 T. 136 I India 3.6 0.1

3725 Kolpi 248 I India 6.8 5.0
3726 Patni 6 I India 2.9 0.7
3727 Ac 45 I India 6.5 0.7
3729 GS 475 I India 5.2 3.3
3730 JBS 19 I India 4.1 0.9
3732 JBS 34 I India 6.5 1.0
3736 Co. 13 I India 2.1 1.7
3737 S. 67 I India 5.1 2.8
3739 Sitasail I India 5.5 1.7
3746 C 5-17 I India 3.6 1.5
3753 Hr 102 I India 4.3 2.4
3754 Hr 107 I India 2.1 0.8
3755 PI 260079 I India 5.6 3.5
3757 CI 81C-1 I Philippines 5.8 1.9
3759 CI 81 C-3 I Philippines 4.8 2.3
3760 CI 81 C-4 I Philippines 7.6 3.5
3779 CI 2632-1 I Philippines 7.4 1.6
3783 CI 2647-1 J Philippines 28.4 L
3785 CI 2672 I Philippines 18.6 L
3895 CI 4289-1 J Philippines 26.2 L
3909 Moropotol J Philippines 17.6 L
3929 Calibo I Philippines 20.0 L
3942 Kinalamba I Philippines 13.3 L
3948 CI 4704 J Philippines 12.2 L
3951 lnaguyo I Philippines 8.2 L
3953 CI 4830-1 J Philippines 19.7 L
3970 CI 5173 J Philippines 20.4 L
3975 Reping J Philippines 1.4 L
3994 Sinaguing I Philippines 12.2 2.5
4000 Gungen-Lang-Shui-Pe J Philippines 9.8 0.4
4005 CI 8968-1 J Philippines 6.6 0.2
4006 CI 8968-2 J Philippines 6.4 0.6
4007 Ningsia Sias-Tao I Philippines 12.1 1
4009 Tsao-Hus 4 I Philippines 2.9 4.3
4017 PI 220421-1 I Philippines 32.5 1.9
4020 Palawan I Philippines 16.3 0.7
4021 Binicol I Philippines 6.8 2.4
4025 Mangarez I Philippines 10.0 5.5
4031 Milbuen 3 I Philippines 6.3 1.0
4037 Japon I Venezuela 9.6 1.2
4057 C57-5043 I USA 19.2 2.7
4064 B3812A Sel. J USA 16.8 V
4071 B5464A2-107-1-2-1 J USA 11.4 13.8
4135 Ryatgale I Burma 7.6 0
4139 Emata Amagyi I Burma 9.5 2.7
4144 Kyankpyu I Burma 3.5 1.8
4149 Okshitmayin I Burma 2.4 2.0
4150 Patuai-23-Gosaba I Burma 3.9 V
50
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

4151 Paungmalaang C 3 I Burma 6.9 3.2

4155 PI-222449 I Burma 9.7 V
4158 Agami M.I. I Egypt 6.4 V
4161 Montja Naq I Indonesia 3.7 V
4162 Benggala I Indonesia 3.7 7.7
4165 Boegi Boera Jav. Indonesia 3.7 4.8
4171 Gadi Boera Jav. Indonesia 15.3 V
4184 Anadara I Indonesia 8.0 V
4187 Banda 387 Jav. Indonesia 14.9 V
4198 Oenji Hare I Indonesia 5.7 V
4199 Ase Poeloe Bolong Jav. Indonesia 2.3 V
4200 Poeloet-Oeban Jav. Indonesia 8.5 V
4205 Tjina 417 I Indonesia 9.3 V
4213 Ja 46 I Indonesia 3.6 L
4216 Ladang I Indonesia 5.8 L
4218 Lantjang I Indonesia 7.2 L
4220 Ladang I Indonesia 2.2 L
4229 Gendjah Banten I Indonesia 7.9 8.0
4230 lntan I Indonesia 2.8 5.8
4232 E-Ta-Chwan I China 9.8 0.8
4233 E-Che-Goo I China 9.0 1.1
4234 E-Yen-Hung I China 3.5 1.7
4235 E-Se-Chin I China 3.9 2.4
4236 E-Chou-Che I China 1.9 1.8
4239 Che-S-R-Tien I China 9.1 2.9
4240 Ba-S-Z I China 5.7 0.2
4243 Ba-S-Thou I China 9.1 3.3
4244 Ba-S-Thou I China 2.9 1.4
4245 Ninety-Thou I China 2.9 1.6
4246 Jau-Kung-Thou I China 4.5 2.0
4247 Se-Yua-Toon-Yuanpze I China 4.3 2.8
4249 Tou-Den-E-Ce-Hsin I China 4.3 2.5
4250 R-Fa-Thou I China 4.7 2.6
4252 R-Mou-Shan I China 11.2 3.2
4253 San-Han-Thou-Gen I China 9.4 1.0
4257 Shoa-Bo-Co I China 4.2 1.3
4258 Shoa-Bir-Dau I China 5.7 2.3
4259 Shoa-Bir-Tsan I China 6.3 3.8
4261 Shoa-Nan-Tsan I China 10.3 0.8
4263 Shoa-Ma-Wei I China 6.6 6.5
4264 Shoa-Moa-fan I China 15.4 1.1
4266 Ta-Shua I China 4.4 1.6
4267 Ta-Lee I China 3.8 1.3
4268 Ta-Le-Thou I China 6.8 3.6
4271 Ta-Bir-Goo I China 6.1 0.3
4272 E-Loan-Ta-Bir-Goo I China 5.6 1.8
4273 E-Loan-Ta-Bir-Goo I China 6.7 2.1
4274 Ta-Bir-Goo 35 I China 4.8 1.5
4277 Ta-Shu I China 4.7 2.0
51
 IRRI Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

4281 Ta-Tou-Shun I China 4.5 0.8

4282 Ta-Moa-Shan I China 1.8 0.8
4283 Ta-Ma-Shan I China 8.5 1.4
4284 Ta-San-Bir-Co I China 1.8 2.8
4285 Ta-Poo-Cho 2 I China 0.4 1.0
4286 Ta-Chan-Ti-Z-Shun I China 1.2 0.8
4287 San-Ya-Chi I China 6.5 0.8
4288 San-Thou-Gee I China 2.9 1.9
4289 San-Chau-Che 8 I China 8.2 4.4
4292 San-Bir-Lee 14 I China 12.2 0.8
4293 San-Yuan-Tae-Thou-Gin I China 5.2 0.5
4295 San-Jou J China 4.4 V
4299 Sixty Days Thou I China 6.9 0.5
4304 Wu-R-Chwan-Thou I China 6.6 1.2
4305 Chunlun-U-Le-Thou I China 4.2 2.3
4308 Chun-Shun 8 I China 4.5 1.8
4310 Chun-Qua-Ma-fon-Shun I China 4.2 1.0
4311 Chun-Ta 345 J China 11.2 V
4312 Chun 12-606 I China 3.7 0.8
4323 Chun- Dau I China 1.7 0.6
4324 Bir-Hsu-Tau 1 I China 2.8 1.5
4325 Bir-Hsu-Bir-Tau I China 4.9 1.6
4326 Leu-Wei-Thou I China 1.2 0.9
4335 Bir-Tsan 3 I China 1.2 0.4
4343 Bir-fan-Goo I China 9.8 1.3
4346 Bir-Co 884 I China 2.0 0.2
4347 Bir-Co-Tsan I China 5.1 2.9
4348 Bir-Co-Ru-Ma0 I China 3.5 0.2
4349 Bir-Co-Se-Mau 7 I China 3.6 2.3
4351 Bir-Yan-Shun I China 2.9 2.1
4352 Bir-Gee-Z I China 7.5 0.4
4353 Bir-Mur-Z I China 5.3 0.4
4354 Bir-Co-Shoa-Yen-Tsan I China 5.0 0.2
4356 Bir-Chau-Gee I China 2.1 0.3
4357 S-Ce-Z I China 4.7 0.2
4365 Chen-Tsan-Co I China 4.0 1.2
4366 San-Yu-Tsan I China 2.9 1.8
4367 Thou-Ho 4 I China 11.2 2.8
4380 Thou-Shun-Goo I China 5.8 2.9
4382 Thou-Roo-Shun I China 7.6 3.8
4390 Thou 160-54 I China 5.5 2.1
4399 Chu-Tsan-Co I China 2.6 0.7
4408 Kian-Lin-Yan-Dau I China 5.9 3.0
4410 Chow-Geo-Shun I China 15.2 3.3
4421 Qua-Zone-Huan-Gen I China 6.3 0.7
4442 Gin-Shun I China 5.6 0.9
4444 Gin-Shan-Tsan 18 I China 8.4 1.2
4447 Panye-Ro-Ser-Huan I China 4.0 6.0
4449 Wu-Chiang-Tsao-Lu-Hsien I China 6.4 2.5
52
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

4451 Tsong-Goo-Thou I China 8.5 3.5

4453 Tson-Lou-Kon I China 3.7 1.5
4456 Tson-Le-2-Shun 3 I China 3.2 3.2
4457 Chin-Din-Chin I China 8.0 2.2
4458 Chin-24-Thou-Dau I China 3.8 3.9
4461 Chin-Mon-Wuan I China 16.0 2.8
4463 Hwa-Lo-Bir I China 18.3 6.3
4466 Hwa-Yea-Z I China 8.4 1.9
4476 Ya-Hua-Tsan I China 6.8 2.8
4477 Gui-Lai-Tsan I China 10.8 1.9
4478 Mau-She-Shun I China 4.5 6.2
4480 E-Hsin-Yan-Shun I China 5.9 2.5
4482 U-Yuan-Bir I China 13.5 2.5
4491 Hung-Hwa-Ro I China 2.1 0.8
4511 Yan-Tau-Goo I China 4.8 1.8
4519 Cho-Seu-Z I China 13.9 1.2
4522 Hu-Cha-Thou I China 8.2 1.9
4536 Poo-Chan-Chin-Leu-Thou I China 6.0 1.0
4537 Lenkan-Mi-Thou-Go I China 10.4 1.7
4539 Lien-Tsan I China 3.0 1.2
4540 Lien-Chan-She-Goo I China 3.7 0.7
4542 Lien-Chan-Bir-Gan-Wo-
Mau I China 9.7 1.4
4543 Lien-Chan-Shoa-Thou I China 10.9 3.3
4544 Lien-Chan-Ze-Thou I China 6.8 1.4
4553 Gu-Wen-Gu-Gi-Goo I China 2.6 2.1
4554 Chu-Thou I China 5.2 0.8
4561 Ma-Li-Bin 2 I China 4.0 5.3
4563 Ma-Kon-Bir I China 5.2 2.8
4565 Fu-Men-Tsan I China 9.3 4.2
4566 Kua-Hwa-Yuan I China 11.1 3.2
4568 TMo-Kuo-Pi-Ku I China 7.0 9.0
4585 Shua-Hwa-Tsan I China 6.9 1.3
4587 Shua-Nan-Tsan I China 4.8 3.4
4589 Ma-Deu-Goo I China 9.5 2.6
4590 Ma-Goo-Z I China 9.4 2.6
4592 Ma-Shan I China 8.4 2.0
4593 Dou-U-Lan (White Stem) I China 5.6 1.9
4594 Dou-U-Lan (Red Stem) I China 6.1 1.7
4595 O-Da-Tsan 1 I China 4.7 4.3
4599 U-Lin-Tsan I China 6.8 1.5
4608 San-Li-Shun I China 4.2 4.9
4617 Hunan-Yochow-Zone I China 8.0 4.8
4620 Huan-Tsan-Goo I China 5.1 3.7
4621 Huan-Tsan-Goo I China 3.8 1.7
4622 Huang-Gen I China 4.9 6.6
4628 Muan-I-Thou I China 7.5 1.2
4629 Wuan-Dau I China 5.7 5.2
4630 Wuan-Dau I China 5.6 2.1
53
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

4634 Wan-Hsien 6144 I China 5.1 1.9

4635 Wan-Keng 10509 J China 3.3 1.5
4637 N-Gan-Tsan I China 4.1 2.4
4638 N-Gan-Tsan I China 4.4 1.6
4639 Yan-Chan-Zou-Tsan I China 3.3 0.4
4645 Don-Don-Che I China 4.3 0.6
4647 Yunnan-Bir I China 6.1 5.2
4648 Z-Ya-Tsan I China 13.5 1.8
4651 Chu-Chou I China 9.2 3.0
4652 Chun-Nen-Tsan I China 17.8 1.0
4656 Hsin-Hsin-Bir I China 7.5 4.2
4657 Hsin-Hsin-Bir-Goo I China 6.4 2.4
4659 Gin-foon-Hsueh I China 4.1 1.8
4660 Wan-Li-Shun I China 5.2 1.0
4661 Shu-Ya-Tsan I China 3.9 1.4
4666 I-Geo-Ta-Bir-Goo I China 6.6 0.8
4669 I-Geen-Z I China 4.6 5.1
4675 Ya-Shoa-Zon I China 5.1 2.8
4676 Fa-Yu-Tao I China 4.7 4.7
4677 Chuan-Tsu-Yan-Tsan I China 5.3 7.2
4682 Che-Shau-Nan-Bir I China 4.0 1.6
4690 Chin-Chen-Ro-Mao I China 2.2 1.4
4699 Che-Mea 6 I China 3.0 0.8
4705 Gu-Ge-Wuan J China 5.9 2.0
4706 Chin-Lun 2 I China 8.0 2.5
4708 Fuchow Thou I China 4.7 7.6
4716 Hsin-Hum-Thou I China 3.4 4.9
4722 Lun-An-Shun-Geen-Bir I China 3.3 3.7
4732 So-Z-Zone I China 10.9 2.9
4735 Nan-Shan-Dau I China 10.9 5.1
4736 Nan-Kian-Bir I China 6.0 4.1
4737 Nan-Che-Bir I China 10.7 11.1
4740 Quo-San-An-Thou I China 5.4 2.8
4741 Ho-San-Quo-Thou I China 5.0 3.6
4742 Low-Bir-Shun I China 8.5 4.4
4750 Che-Eu-Goo I China 5.4 7.5
4754 Yun-An-Fen-Lun-Thou I China 5.9 5.3
4757 Gan-Mi I China 5.1 12.2
4769 Bir-R-Ton-Tsan I China 5.3 7.1
4770 Chugen-Shoa-Hung-Zoo I China 3.7 4.4
4772 Lee-2-Hung I China 7.0 2.2
4773 Gin-Shun I China 5.5 3.0
4774 Yan-Dau I China 4.6 3.2
4777 Kunsan-Woo-Shan-Gan J China 16.6 4.3
4781 Huan-Sea-Goo I China 2.0 4.6
4784 Tieh-Chui-Ku I China 6.4 2.0
4785 Chua-Dau I China 2.2 4.4
4786 Jin-U-Z I China 6.2 3.0
4800 G 124 I India 9.8 0.3
54
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

4804 Badshabbag (scented) I China 3.6 10.0

4816 7094-A I India 5.8 1.7
4819 N 22 I India 4.4 0.8
4820 T1 I India 17.2 2.0
4821 T 43 I India 8.0 7.0
4827 T 22 A I India 4.2 5.4
4828 Mou-Z-Tou I China 6.4 9.8
4830 Thou-wo 4 I China 4.7 1.8
4839 Ro-Wuan-Shun 21-3 I China 3.0 2.4
4844 Soochow 340 J China 6.8 22.6
4846 Kingmen-Toumen-Pai-Mi J China 3.8 7.5
4848 Kingmen-Toumen-Hung-Mi I China 6.2 3.9
4851 Chung-Nung-Yu-Li-Tsao I China 11.0 4.7
4852 Pai-Ko-Hsiao-Yu-Chien I China 3.7 5.0
4854 Lung-An-Shuang-Chiang-
Pai I China 9.1 V
4855 Chenlun (Hea-Li) 55 J China 5.9 V
4857 Chenlun (Hea-Li) 55 J China 9.4 V
4858 Bir-R-Ton-Tsan J China 11.0 V
4862 Hung-Tsan J China 10.0 8.0
4863 Tieh-Pan-Nuo I China 7.4 4.8
4885 Miao-Tien-I-Li-Chan I China 2.8 6.8
4890 Si-Li-Ku I China 6.2 3.9
4897 CO 13 I India 4.0 0.4
5223 Macan Purita I Philippines 6.1 L
4901 HR 19 I India 4.0 4.4
4907 Birado I Malawi 12.4 L
4924 Krachek Chap I lndo China 9.8 L
4929 Vicco I Sierra Leone 13.5 L
4966 Chu-Chow I Taiwan 5.5 4.4
4968 Tsao Tuo 4 I Taiwan 5.5 4.4
4970 P 139 I Taiwan 7.1 3.0
4971 Tu Tao Yi I Taiwan 4.0 5.6
5782 Sinariaya I Philippines 7.1 5.1
4985 Mao Tzu Tao I Taiwan 4.8 4.6
4989 PI 16893 J Taiwan 13.5 9.7
4990 Kanan 9 I Taiwan 4.6 12.0
4993 P 164 I Taiwan 4.8 2.5
5005 Tawng 282 I Talwan 5.6 10.4
5032 B4310 AL 20-9-20-61 I USA 28.2 46.8
5034 Bbt. Sel. Nh 49-18 I USA 28.2 12.5
5035 K-BR x BR 41 Sel J USA 41.2 2.3
5036 Edith 105 I USA 25.6 4.1
5043 B 4515-1-3 I USA 12.4 1.2
5069 Yong Nun Huk 9 I Korea 9.3 6.9
5072 BMT 53-R-3540 I Thailand 11.8 2.1
5075 Short grain I Thailand 5.1 3.8
5080 10340 I Italy 7.7 1.9
5094 Kang Hang I Thailand 8.2 8.2
55
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts heads b
No. (%) (%)

51 05 Dumali I Philippines 6.9 7.0

5114 Rabong I Philippines 10.4 7.2
5127 Torio I Philippines 6.2 2.4
5129 Surigao I Philippines 6.2 7.5
5131 Gambiaka Sebela I Mali 12.6 7.9
5132 Ambarikori I Africa 7.7 4.6
5133 Kihogo I Tanzania 8.4 6.8
5134 Bentonbala-B I Mali 12.7 4.9
5143 Shingo La Matane CI
No. 1311 I Africa 5.6 8.1
5147 Kanan 13 Original I Taiwan 4.2 0.9
5148 Taicho Ku 10 J Taiwan 5.4 1.5
5191 Dinagat I Philippines 6.0 3.3
5201 Lamio I Philippines 5.4 L
5216 Mantika I Philippines 8.3 1.9
5220 Mitao I Philippines 3.6 L
5240 Ramilon I Philippines 0.1 L
5244 Pinutiucan I Philippines 8.2 L
5250 Villena I Philippines 9.6 L
5252 Waglong I Philippines 10.9 L
5253 Ziongzo I Philippines 6.3 L
5263 Fb 123 I Philippines 10.3 L
5264 Fb 124 I Philippines 13.5 L
5267 Fk 165.2 I Philippines 9.1 7.8
5269 Fw 210 I Philippines 10.5 1.1
5296 Aikoku J Japan 5.1 V
5328 Dara I Indonesia 9.8 V
5333 Peta I Indonesia 5.7 7.0
5334 Mas I Indonesia 1.2 2.3
5335 Pelopor I Indonesia 3.5 9.8
5338 Brondo Putih T43 I Indonesia 4.8 4.9
5339 Skrivimankoti I Indonesia 7.9 9.6
5343 Sitinik 19 I Indonesia 12.0 6.9
5349 221b/BCIII/160/4 I Indonesia 4.2 2.6
5351 221/BCIV/45/3 I Indonesia 4.9 2.5
5352 221/BCIV/178/3 I Indonesia 5.6 5.5
5354 Gropak Gede 97 Jav. Indonesia 11.6 L
5355 Gropak Gede 106 Jav. Indonesia 10.6 L
5359 Bali Kambang 37 Jav. Indonesia 15.2 L
5365 Benong 130 Jav. Indonesia 6.2 L
5373 Gendjah Ratji Jav. Indonesia 8.4 L
5379 Bea Balok Loas Jav. Indonesia 8.3 L
5399 Hill Sel × RnBrnt 54V-103 I Taiwan 5.2 3.4
5400 3558 I Italy 4.6 1.2
5406 R 21 S5 J Senegal 14.5 4.4
5411 Lead I Senegal 4.7 5.1
5423 Salumpikit I Philippines 7.0 1.5
5425 Pinursigue I Philippines 3.1 1.2
5431 7/8 Rexoro × Bluebonnet I Philippines 11.3 9.1
56
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts heads b
No. (%) (%)

5454 Seraup Kechil 36 I Philippines 8.3 4.4

5456 A.C. 13-T-141 I Philippines 5.9 2.8
5459 Seraup Kechil 36 Str. 2337 I Philippines 3.0 5.4
5462 FB 26 I Philippines 3.4 9.1
5464 FW 182 I Philippines 8.6 5.9
5465 FE 37 I Philippines 3.2 0.3
5467 Kipusa I Ruanda-Urundi 4.0 3.5
5491 Mean Down I Taiwan 4.3 1.2
5492 Tien Lie I Taiwan 3.0 1.2
5496 Niao Yao I Taiwan 3.8 3.2
5500 Chianung Yu 439 I Taiwan 3.7 3.9
5505 Hsinchu 4 J Taiwan 9.1 5.2
5510 Hsinchu 53 J Taiwan 3.6 10.0
5515 Taichung 153 J Taiwan 5.8 1.8
5525 Taichung Woo-Gen 2 I Taiwan 1.7 3.5
5526 Bir-Co-Yuan-Li I Taiwan 2.8 4.9
5528 Yuan-Li I Taiwan 3.9 1.8
5529 Tainan 1 J Taiwan 2.4 2.1
5533 Kaohsiung 18 J Taiwan 5.3 1.8
5535 Kaohsiung Yu 135 J Taiwan 7.2 12.3
5537 Taitung Yu 66 J Taiwan 1.9 8.1
5545 Szechuan I Taiwan 1.8 8.0
5546 P 164 I Taiwan 5.0 9.0
5547 Luan Tao Pai I Taiwan 5.6 V
5558 PI 160893 J Taiwan 1.9 V
5560 No-iku 1716 J Taiwan 16.0 V
5564 P 149 I Taiwan 9.0 V
5566 No-iku 1767 J Taiwan 4.6 V
5568 PI 161074 I Taiwan 11.5 V
5569 La Hung Ku I Taiwan 7.9 4.1
5572 Wan Hsien Yang Chiu Ku I Taiwan 2.4 0.9
5575 Mai Ju Hsien I Taiwan 4.7 4.0
5583 Ming Shan Wan Tao Ku I Taiwan 8.0 V
5588 Chang Ta 312 × Binastian J Taiwan 6.2 1.5
5599 Kanan 2 J Taiwan 3.3 3.9
5600 Ta Taao I Taiwan 5.3 3.0
5603 PI 160894 J Taiwan 8.8 5.6
5606 Takao 46 J Taiwan 3.0 4.9
5621 San Sheh Tri I Taiwan 5.3 V
5628 Chang Ta 312 × Binastian J Taiwan 6.3 V
5629 P 166 I Taiwan 6.7 V
5646 EP sel J USA 6.5 V
5650 Zenith × Nira Rogue I USA 19.5 V
5654 Hill Med Sel 131 I USA 8.6 V
5662 Zenith × Nira Rogue J USA 11.7 V
5688 S53-6462 I USA 11.9 V
5705 Century Rogue 137 I USA 9.6 V
5737 Si Rosaki I Indonesia 3.1 V
5766 Pato de Gallinazo Y 5371 J Australia 17.6 4.0
57
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

5772 Tekaibe I Ponape Is. 11.4 2.6

5783 Prolific J Uruguay 7.6 6.1
5786 Doble Carolina R82 J Uruguay 9.8 4.7
5787 Japones Balilla J Uruguay 11.1 2.0
5795 Jhum Paddy 6 I India 15.8 9.9
5798 WRC 1 I India 6.3 2.6
5799 WRC 2 I India 6.3 2.8
5811 Baishbish I Pakistan 2.0 V
5813 BCP 1 I India 0.7 D
5822 Gabura I Pakistan 3.4 V
5823 Kra Suey I India 4.9 V
5824 Wagwag I Philippines 1.8 D
5826 Milagrosa I Philippines 6.3 V
5831 Angosor K 118 I Philippines 5.8 V
5833 Faya I Malawi 8.6 V
5838 AKP 1 I India 7.0 V
5842 Tong Sangker P55 I Cambodia 4.1 3.5
5843 Snguon Thang P205 I Cambodia 3.3 3.0
5848 R 7 Ajan I India 7.4 3.7
5852 DA 19 I Pakistan 4.1 2.2
5855 DA 5 I Pakistan 1.7 2.9
5856 DA 26 I Pakistan 1.4 D
5857 DA 13 I Pakistan 5.7 D
5870 Cadung Ket R 26 I Vietnam 3.6 D
5872 Phcar Tien P 65 I Cambodia 2.8 D
5874 Emata Pindogale A28-6 I Burma 3.4 5.1
5877 GI I Vietnam 5.8 V
5881 818-3 BR 9 I India 7.0 2.4
5895 SC 308-51 I India 5.3 2.0
5904 Morak Sepilai I India 3.4 D
5907 Adt 2 I India 2.6 D
5909 Geb 24 I India 2.9 4.3
5910 Kerr Sail Sc 94-47 I India 4.6 2.6
5911 Hs 35 I India 4.0 5.2
5912 Hbj Aman II I Pakistan 4.9 D
5916 Siam 29 I Malaya 2.7 D
5920 Vadakhan Chitteni Ptb. 20 I India 1.9 D
5924 Yodaya A 35-13 I Burma 4.2 4.1
5931 Ngasein C 30-28 I Burma 4.9 3.7
5953 Hop VA I Vietnam 10.6 3.3
5955 Hin Trang I Vietnam 6.8 3.3
5960 Tam Den 516 A I Vietnam 4.2 0.8
5962 Ru X11C I Vietnam 1.2 0,7
5974 Pudupattisamba (CO 27) I India 4.5 1.6
5992 Canoni I Philippines 8.8 3.9
6013 SLO 13 I India 1.6 1.9
6025 Co 1 I India 5.3 8.4
6026 TKM-1 I India 6.3 V
6028 Bam 1 I India 2.3 3.8
58
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

6029 Ptb 17 I India 2.8 9.1

6035 CO 20 I India 5.6 8.0
6044 Lusi 513 I Indonesia 2.4 2.3
6045 Da 18 I Pakistan 3.2 5.6
6053 R 14 Badshabhog I India 4.0 3.3
6054 R 8 Banisar I India 5.1 V
6056 Nizersail I Pakistan 5.8 7.7
6057 Shrivirnankoty 108 I Indonesia 3.6 11.2
6062 Leter 08 I Indonesia 9.5 3.9
6069 Anbaw C7 I Burma 2.5 1.3
6071 Banmadewa C10 I Burma 3.3 V
6078 RD I USA 5.7 V
6081 Bangrutheegalu (Co 28) I India 4.9 2.0
6086 Makalioka 787 I Malagasy 6.9 D
6095 Dissi N 14 I Mali 3.5 2.3
6098 Adt 25 I India 4.6 D
6099 S 61 I India 7.1 D
6101 Ptb 27 I India 2.4 D
6107 Ptb 19 I India 2.8 D
6113 Ptb 21 I India 0.6 D
6117 Perillanel 2601 4 I Ceylon 6.3 2.5
6128 lntan 2400 I Indonesia 3.5 4.1
6129 Baiang 6 I Indonesia 3.2 D
6159 Rupsail859 (Chinsurah 13) I India 7.4 D
6160 Bankura31 I India 5.6 D
6165 Y4 I India 4.1 D
6168 Akp 2 I India 8.6 6.3
6171 T 1273 I India 3.1 V
6174 M 141 I India 10.9 V
6175 Akp 4 I India 4.0 V
6176 Latisail (Dacca 17) I India 4.2 5.7
6183 Bankura 25 I India 5.8 9.5
6186 CO 2 I India 4.2 D
6187 B 1399 I India 2.8 0.8
6189 Gambiaka Kokoum I Mali 7.1 4.9
6190 Bentoubala B I Africa 7.7 6.5
6197 Sikasso H I Mali 6.4 4.6
8206 Zinya 149 I India 6.5 V
6207 Charnock (Da 6) I Pakistan 2.7 V
6209 Dholesaitha 363-726
(Da 30) I Pakistan 5.6 V
6211 R 2 Nungi 17 I India 3.8 4.2
6215 Ptb 2 I India 4.8 V
6216 TKM 6 I India 1.2 2.2
6217 Ptb 32 I India 2.1 1.7
6218 Mgl 2 I India 2.0 5.2
6220 Ptb 31 I India 5.7 2.1
6221 Adt 15 I India 1.5 1.1
6223 Tokai sembon I Japan 3.2 V
59
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts heads b
No. (%) (%)

6231 Tep Saigon 229 I Vietnam 3.6 V

6235 Gie Noi 33 B I Vietnam 5.9 4.0
6239 Bau 157 I Vietnam 5.4 V
6240 Popey K 146 I Cambodia 6.6 3.5
6241 Kapopel K 11 4 I Cambodia 1.6 1.9
6243 Da 1 I Pakistan 4.1 1.5
6244 Da 2 (Kataktara) I Pakistan 5.9 2.6
6245 Da 16 I Pakistan 6.2 5.4
6251 Ohnshitmayin C 13007-5 I Burma 2.8 2.5
6253 Dahanala 37 YM 201 4 I Ceylon 4.1 1.6
6257 Pe Bi Hun I Malaysia 5.9 9.0
6258 Sukhwel 20 I India 3.5 V
6261 Co 10 I India 15.6 V
6262 Patni 6 I India 4.4 4.8
6270 T 1145 I India 4.3 9.2
6274 Ptb 9 I India 5.9 9.0
6278 Maskaty 1315 I India 4.9 1.9
6281 Adt 3 I India 6.6 3.0
6285 K 540 I India 6.0 3.0
6288 Chinsurah 2 I India 2.1 0.8
6289 Ptb 11 I India 3.7 1.6
6290 Mtu 9 I India 2.9 L
6295 A 64 I India 5.2 0.5
6296 TKM 4 I India 3.2 3.4
6300 SLO 12 I India 0.6 1.8
6303 Asd 7 I India 4.0 2.9
6305 Jaddu 1061 I India 3.1 5.4
6317 Chai Mei I Hong Kong 1.7 2.6
6320 Hon Chim I Hong Kong 2.4 4.5
6323 CPY 19 I Ceylon 6.1 L
6326 Pachchalperumal 2462/11 I Ceylon 1.4 L
6337 B 76 I India 12.0 L
6338 Bankura 1 I India 2.4 L
6339 Bam 12 I India 5.1 L
6341 Adt 20 I India 1.6 L
6348 958 I Malagasy 3.3 6.2
6353 MO 1 I India 3.6 5.9
6362 HS 19 I India 15.6 L
6364 Hbj Aman v I Pakistan 6.2 4.2
6365 Mtu 15 I India 8.2 3.6
6368 Sinnanayan 38 YM 2208 I Ceylon 6.6 L
6370 Da 4 I Pakistan 8.6 L
6371 Da 24 I Pakistan 12.7 L
6377 Oddavalan 2449-20 I Ceylon 2.3 L
6379 Adt 19 I India 2.8 L
6380 Asd 9 I India 2.0 L
6381 Cristal 161 I Iraq 4.9 L
6388 TKM 3 I India 1.7 0.7
6393 Asd 8 I India 0.7 L
60
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

6396 CO 21 I India 0.9 L

6400 CO 22 I India 1.6 1.9
6401 Dacca 14 I India 6.6 5.6
6412 Adt 14 I India 1.5 0.7
6414 Kuk Chai I Hong Kong 2.6 2.1
6422 Da 8 I Pakistan 3.1 3.1
6423 Sornavari I Mali 4.9 L
6440 T 608 I India 2.5 L
6441 Bhadas 79 I India 5.0 L
6443 Hbj Boro II I Pakistan 3.3 L
6444 Hbj Boro IV I Pakistan 2.9 L
6445 D 204-1 I India 4.8 L
6447 Basmati T 3 I India 7.9 L
6448 Basmati 37 I India 3.4 8.5
6459 Banuba I Liberia 13.4 10.4
6462 Pratao I Brazil 6.3 4.4
6467 lac 9 I Brazil 22.0 L
6493 Gowai 50/9 I Pakistan 2.0 L
6494 Bagiamon 3949 I Pakistan 1.6 L
6496 Kalamon 77/20 I Pakistan 2.2 V
6497 Laki 495 I Pakistan 0.5 L
6498 Katia Bagder 13/20 I Pakistan 0.7 L
6500 Khama 236 I Pakistan 0.6 L
6502 Bhadoia 648 I Pakistan 0.3 L
6503 Biroin 539 I Pakistan 1.1 L
6504 Khama 49/8 I Pakistan 0.6 L
6505 Katia Bagdar 348 I Pakistan 0.9 L
6506 Laki 550 I Pakistan 0.5 L
6507 Chaplash 723/1 I Pakistan 5.3 L
6518 Fulkari 653 I Pakistan 1.2 L
6519 Bhadoia 684 I Pakistan 1.4 L
6520 Laki 115 I Pakistan 1.0 L
6522 Badal 406 I Pakistan 1.3 L
6527 Kalimekri 77/5 I Pakistan 2.8 L
6528 Laki 544 I Pakistan 0.7 L
6537 Laki 488 I Pakistan 0.7 L
6541 Bhadoia 233 I Pakistan 1.2 L
6552 Laramon 720 I Pakistan 1.5 L
6553 Laki 192 I Pakistan 1.4 L
6567 Bhadoia 293 I Pakistan 0.7 L
6571 Bhadoia 695 I Pakistan 1.1 L
6572 Laki 34/2 I Pakistan 1.4 L
6576 Laki 383 I Pakistan 1.0 L
6578 Khama 49/2 I Pakistan 1.3 L
6585 Tilbadam 679/2 I Pakistan 0.8 L
6588 Bhadoia 303 I Pakistan 0.0 L
6589 Bazail 505 I Pakistan 0.8 L
6590 Baguamon 14 I Pakistan 1.0 L
6591 Aswina 330 I Pakistan 1.0 L
61
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

6594 Kalimekri 391 I Pakistan 1.1 L

6606 Baguamon 288 I Pakistan 2.9 L
6607 Laki 462 I Pakistan 0.7 L
6611 Bagiamon 202 I Pakistan 3.5 L
6616 Hybrid 9/50 I Pakistan 3.5 L
6621 Laki 396 I Pakistan 1.0 L
6622 Laki 659 I Pakistan 0.5 L
6627 laca Branco I Port. Guinea c 3.0 L
6631 Malo Mone I Port. Territoriesc 17.0 L
6634 Bom Dia I Port. Guinea c 2.6 0.5
6654 BK 88/BR 6 I India 3.2 1.1
6655 Patnai 6 I India 2.7 1.4
6656 Zinia 31 I India 4.9 2.0
6658 Bello I Port. Territories 4.0 2.9
6662 Colombo I India 4.3 1.0
6663 Mudgo I India 4.9 4.6
6664 Girasal I India 2.5 2.1
6680 Patnai 6 I India 3.4 1.5
6682 Sukali I India 0.6 0.7
6684 Kendal Grande I Port. Territories 2.5 0.6
6692 Patni Salcete Branco I Port. Territories 4.0 6.5
6702 Karia I Fiji 2.9 1.2
6707 Japanese I Fiji 7.2 V
6715 Saraya I Fiji 3.6 L
6716 3-month variety I Fiji 4.2 3.7
6739 B 5418A3-12-4 I USA 4.7 V
6763 B 571A1-40-4 I USA 8.3 5.5
6770 B 5711A2-42-4 I USA 9.3 0.9
6783 A. 35-17 I Burma 4.9 V
6785 C 409 I Burma 2.2 3.1
6812 X. 51-123 I Burma 4.3 V
6838 CM-7-6 I Pakistan 5.2 V
6839 Palman 46 I Pakistan 7.8 L
6847 Thmar I Cambodia 3.0 3.1
6855 Maratelli J Morocco 3.6 4.1
6857 JST 58 J Morocco 17.6 2.8
6889 Tainan 19 J Taiwan 5.3 V
6897 Tainan-lku 490 J Taiwan 8.0 V
6899 Tainan-lku 492 J Taiwan 9.2 V
6910 Tainan-lku 516 J Taiwan 12.8 V
6917 Takao 18 J Taiwan 4.4 6.4
7290 I-Li-Chung J Taiwan 0.7 0.9
7293 Wan-Pai-Tsin 3 I China 3.0 3.6
7294 Neu-Mao-Tao J China 8.9 V
7299 Su-Yai 20 J China 2.3 0.9
7300 Szu-Miao I China 1.7 1.7
7301 Ta-Yang Tsin I China 2.3 1.7
7302 Yue-Tsin I China 3.2 3.1
7308 Tuan-Chung I China 3.1 5.1
62
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

7310 Peng-Nan 15 I China 3.3 1.9

7330 Urasan J Talwan 13.8 5.8
7333 Taino No. 33 I Taiwan 15.5 5.7
7350 Hukjo 97 J Korea 9.8 V
7360 Ziok Zo 16 J Korea 15.7 2.3
7362 11532 I lndia 2.8 1.1
7369 224 J Japan 15.0 1.8
7382 Upland Rice J Taiwan 7.6 2.2
7384 Minagra 1 J Peru 14.3 1.8
7409 Rikuto Norin 264 J Japan 15.2 V
7414 Ulme J Portugal 8.4 4.8
7416 Pegonil 15 J Portugal 10.7 V
7432 143 J Korea 12.4 7.0
7433 143 J Korea 14.0 3.3
7434 143 J Korea 10.3 4.5
7435 143 J Korea 9.7 2.6
7460 Agostano × (P 6 Blue-rose) J Italy 5.1 2.2
7463 Vary Lava 16 I Malagasy 10.3 V
7464 C 5281 I India 6.2 1.1
7465 C 5298 I India 2.9 0.7
7486 Upland I Panope Is. 24.8 14.0
7489 Taino 37 J Taiwan 11.6 2.5
7494 Dosan 54 J Japan 2.3 0.3
7500 Yamato Nishiki J Japan 6.0 1.6
7681 Asahi 1 J Japan 5.3 1.3
7697 Rikuto Norm 21 J Japan 7.8 V
7711 Thahamla I Ceylon 3.1 1.9
7715 Sudhubalawee I Ceylon 6.8 3.5
7787 Sam Sin Kuk I Hong Kong 10.2 2.1
7790 Panbira I Pakistan 2.6 1.1
7794 Taichung 1 I Taiwan 2.1 0.0
7898 Manifingo I Gambia 2.8 3.1
7905 HBJ 2 I Gambia 5.9 D
7908 Bommadewa I Burma 2.0 L
7918 T.C. 65 × M. Ebos 80 75/1 I India 5.7 7.1
7919 MTU 9 I India 1.1 1.4
7920 B.G. 79/22 I Guyana 5.5 L
7948 No. 147 Taichi No. 65
(CI 18630) I Taiwan 3.7 L
7949 Takao 11 J Taiwan 7.8 V
7950 Dango Nakaine J Japan 6.1 V
8042 Ogna/Pinidwa I Philippines 11.3 10.7
8058 Paray Barusinay J Philippines 25.9 L
8059 Paray Qikug Kabayuh J Philippines 4.1 L
8067 Chaja OT/Tinawon I Philippines 11.4 10.6
8069 Paray Burak Naga I Philippines 24.2 D
8112 Imbal-Lahang Jav. Philippines 12.9 D
8115 Chumajag/Tinawon I Philippines 11.6 D
8145 Balit I Philippines 11.9 D
63
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts heads b
No. (%) (%)

8166 lfugao Rice I Philippines 27.0 12.3

8167 P. Tupen qudgas Parnit Jav. Philippines 6.2 L
8173 lfugao Rice I Philippines 4.3 L
8179 O-Luen-Cheung I Taiwan 4.3 1.9
8180 Kiang-Chou-Chiu I Taiwan 6.7 7.3
8181 Garunbalay I Philippines 12.1 7.7
8184 Betong I Indonesia 2.7 L
8185 A.D.T. 4 I India 6,8 3.6
8188 Pachehai Perumal I India 5.3 1.1
8189 Pweabinni (Mymensingh) I India 2.9 L
8190 Poung Ngeun I India 11.3 3.6
8194 Ta-Mao-Tao J China 9.7 V
8203 Td 40 I Thailand 8.0 L
8212 Td 59 I Thailand 3.2 L
8217 Td 76 I Thailand 9.9 L
8218 Jw 1 I India 11.2 L
8227 70 A Som Cau I India 3.7 1.0
8229 II Dah I Vietnam 2.8 1.4
8230 241 Lun Chim I Vietnam 5.7 5.9
8231 57 Gie I Vietnam 1.6 3.0
8232 558 Giau Nghe I Vietnam 7.1 4.4
8233 R.T.S. 5 I Vietnam 3.1 1.8
8234 R.T.S. 12 I Vietnam 10.8 3.5
8237 Peh-Kuh-Tsao-Tu I Taiwan 5.6 2.3
8243 Tuan-Kwang-Hwa-Lo I Taiwan 4.2 V
8249 Gadi I Indonesia 9.4 2.0
8255 CO 70 I India 5.1 V
8259 Padi Raoekang I Indonesia 8.2 0.3
8264 Hu-Lo-Tao J China 13.3 V
8268 Pappaku J Taiwan 5.2 3.7
8276 Td 11 I Thailand 12.2 V
8281 Td 45 I Thailand 9.0 4.7
8285 Td 54 J Thailand 75 V
8286 Td 55 I Thailand 6.7 V
8287 Td 56 I Thailand 5.8 V
8289 Td 60 I Thailand 7.3 V
8293 Td 67 I Thailand 12.6 V
8294 Td 68 I Thailand 7.4 4.4
8295 Td 69 I Thailand 7.7 W
8297 Td 72 I Thailand 6.9 2.8
8300 Jw 9 I India 6.1 2.9
8321 Tilockkachari I Pakistan 3.5 V
8323 Daud-in I Pakistan 2.7 V
8324 Dhepi I Pakistan 2.2 V
8325 Chingrighusi I Pakistan 7.8 V
8330 Lxd 226 I Pakistan 4.0 V
8331 Lxd 241 I Pakistan 0.9 4.0
8333 Dm 4 I Pakistan 9.0 V
8336 Jhingasail I Pakistan 2.5 2.8
64
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

8337 JxL 277 I Pakistan 1.4 5.7

8338 Chitraj I Pakistan 4.0 2.4
8339 Rajasail I Pakistan 5.1 2.3
8342 Godalki I Pakistan 1.5 4.2
8346 Pukhi I Pakistan 4.2 3.1
8350 Pusur I Pakistan 4.6 1.1
8355 Tupa Boro I Pakistan 5.0 2.6
8357 Banajira I Pakistan 4.4 2.0
8358 Boro I Jav. Pakistan 4.2 0.6
8361 DB 3 I Pakistan 10.3 9.9
8363 DF 3 I Pakistan 7.4 1.2
8364 DF 2 I Pakistan 3.0 4.0
8365 DF 1 I Pakistan 3.0 0.4
8368 DNJ 85 I Pakistan 2.4 1.1
8370 DNJ 80 I Pakistan 5.7 1.4
8378 DNJ 52 I Pakistan 7.2 1.9
8380 DNJ 48 I Pakistan 7.5 1.6
8381 DNJ 47 I Pakistan 5.3 1.1
8382 DNJ 46 I Pakistan 5.7 1.0
8385 DNJ 43 I Pakistan 4.8 0.7
8387 DNJ 39 I Pakistan 5.0 2.3
8389 DNJ 35 I Pakistan 6.8 3.1
8392 DNJ 27 I Pakistan 3.4 0.7
8394 DNJ 24 I Pakistan 3.5 1.6
8395 DNJ 23 I Pakistan 5.0 1.2
8397 DNJ 21 I Pakistan 5.0 1.5
8398 DNJ 18 I Pakistan 9.8 2.1
8399 DNJ 14 I Pakistan 4.7 6.8
8401 DNJ 11 I Pakistan 4.5 1.7
8403 DNJ 9 I Pakistan 2.2 2.4
8404 DNJ 7 I Pakistan 5.5 4.4
8405 DNJ 2 I Pakistan 3.0 1.9
8408 DNJ 177 I Pakistan 5.8 1.9
8410 DNJ 174 I Pakistan 3.0 1.4
8411 DNJ 172 I Pakistan 6.1 4.4
8412 DNJ 171 I Pakistan 7.1 3.6
8413 DNJ 170 I Pakistan 8.8 4.1
8414 DNJ 169 I Pakistan 7.4 4.5
8415 DNJ 166 I Pakistan 9.5 3.3
8420 DNJ 155 I Pakistan 9.1 6.6
8422 DNJ 152 I Pakistan 5.5 2.8
8424 DNJ 147 I Pakistan 6.8 2.2
8425 DNJ 146 I Pakistan 9.6 5.0
8426 DNJ 142 I Pakistan 9.8 8.3
8427 DNJ 141 I Pakistan 8.8 5.8
8429 DNJ 139 I Pakistan 6.4 3.3
8433 DNJ 133 I Pakistan 3.9 4.0
8435 DNJ 131 I Pakistan 8.4 6.3
8436 DNJ 129 I Pakistan 7.4 V
65
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

8438 DNJ 127 I Pakistan 4.3 v

8439 DNJ 126 I Pakistan 5.6 V
8443 DNJ 120 I Pakistan 5.0 V
8444 DNJ 118 I Pakistan 7.0 V
8447 DNJ 115 I Pakistan 8.4 V
8448 DNJ 113 I Pakistan 9.2 V
8449 DNJ 108 I Pakistan 11.0 V
8450 DNJ 105 I Pakistan 9.7 V
8452 DNJ 102 I Pakistan 6.0 V
8453 DNJ 101 I Pakistan 6.2 3.5
8454 DNJ 97 I Pakistan 2.4 0.4
8456 DJ 118 I Pakistan 1.9 1.5
8459 DJ 115 I Pakistan 2.1 5.2
8460 DJ 108 I Pakistan 5.2 0.9
8462 DJ 102 I Pakistan 3.2 1.7
8463 DJ 101 I Pakistan 6.7 V
8464 DJ 100 I Pakistan 6.5 V
8470 DJ 76 I Pakistan 4.3 V
8471 DJ 77 I Pakistan 3.9 1.0
8477 DJ 87 I Pakistan 6.4 1.6
8479 DJ 90 I Pakistan 2.8 0.9
8480 DJ 73 I Pakistan 7.3 2.2
8481 DJ 72 I Pakistan 3.0 2.4
8484 DJ 66 I Pakistan 6.8 4.1
8485 DJ 65 I Pakistan 7.8 6.4
8488 DJ 62 I Pakistan 8.5 5.0
8489 DJ 61 I Pakistan 6.8 3.1
8490 DJ 60 I Pakistan 10.0 7.3
8491 DJ 58 I Pakistan 4.5 10.4
8493 DJ 55 I Pakistan 8.6 5.9
8494 DJ 53 I Pakistan 5.9 1.2
8497 DJ 47 I Pakistan 5.3 2.5
8500 DJ 42 I Pakistan 3.6 1.0
8511 DJ 9 I Pakistan 4.1 2.5
8513 DJ 5 I Pakistan 4.3 4.4
8523 DZ 171 I Pakistan 6.5 3.0
8525 DZ 168 I Pakistan 9.0 3.2
8531 DZ 159 I Pakistan 6.0 4.2
8543 DZ 119 I Pakistan 7.3 1.9
8548 DZ 104 I Pakistan 2.4 4.1
8550 DZ 98 I Pakistan 1.0 1.1
8553 DZ 84 I Pakistan 3.1 1.8
8559 DZ 54 I Pakistan 2.3 1.4
8563 DZ 41 I Pakistan 3.2 2.8
8565 DZ 36 I Pakistan 4.7 1.3
8566 DZ 35 I Pakistan 6.4 2.5
8567 DZ 21 I Pakistan 4.0 1.8
8568 DZ 20 I Pakistan 7.8 1.3
8573 DS 1 I Pakistan 1.0 2.0
66
IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts heads b
No. (%) (%)

8574 DK 1 I Pakistan 4.2 5.3

8577 DK 4 I Pakistan 1.0 4.6
8578 DK 8 I Pakistan 5.3 2.4
8581 DK 12 I Pakistan 4.6 2.0
8586 D. In 4 I Pakistan 6.6 3.6
8587 D. In 5 I Pakistan 3.4 3.5
8589 D. In 7 I Pakistan 4.6 5.5
8592 DL 3 I Pakistan 3.0 2.8
861 2 DD 21 I Pakistan 4.8 9.6
8620 DD 48 I Pakistan 1.2 2.0
8630 DD 68 I Pakistan 2.6 1.2
8633 DD 76 I Pakistan 2.6 1.8
8644 DD 89 I Pakistan 7.4 4.1
8638 DD 81 I Pakistan 4.0 1.3
8645 DD 91 I Pakistan 5.5 4.2
8653 DD 106 I Pakistan 3.4 1.2
8661 DD 118 I Pakistan 11.5 5.2
8664 DD 122 I Pakistan 5.3 1.1
8668 DD 128 J Pakistan 7.8 11.9
8672 DD 134 I Pakistan 5.0 2.3
8673 DD 137 I Pakistan 8.2 2.7
8678 Ctg. 408 I Pakistan 3.9 1.1
8683 Ctg. 680 I Pakistan 7.6 3.0
8688 Ctg. 1032 I Pakistan 7.6 0.4
8695 Ctg. 1784 I Pakistan 5.0 0.9
8701 Ctg. 1612 I Pakistan 6.9 1.1
8702 Ctg. 1528 I Pakistan 7.1 1.8
8705 Ctg. 1480 I Pakistan 6.4 1.6
8717 UCP 7 I Pakistan 6.5 2.5
8718 UCP 6 I Pakistan 5.4 1.3
8724 UCP 20 I Paklstan 10.0 1.0
8728 UCP 28 I Pakistan 10.3 2.2
8731 UCP 31 I Pakistan 3.4 2.8
8733 UCP 33 I Pakistan 5.1 1.7
8734 UCP 34 I Pakistan 2.6 2.1
8738 UCP 37 I Pakistan 3.3 1.1
8739 UCP 38 I Pakistan 1.4 4.0
8758 DM 11 I Pakistan 2.8 3.6
8763 DM 27 I Pakistan 0.7 1.9
8767 DM 36 I Pakistan 3.4 5.0
8771 DM 45 I Pakistan 4.7 5.3
8772 DM 46 I Pakistan 7.9 V
8773 DM 47 I Pakistan 9.1 V
8776 DM 51 I Pakistan 10.4 V
8777 DM 57 I Pakistan 2.4 V
8780 DM 62 I Pakistan 3.9 1.7
8792 UCP 89 I Pakistan 5.6 2.5
8794 UCP 122 I Pakistan 2.3 1.8
8795 UCP 127 I Pakistan 1.9 0.8
67
 IRRl Dead White
Acc. Variety Type a Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

8796 DM 77 I Pakistan 3.8 2.1

8800 UCP 137 I Pakistan 6.5 0.8
8801 UCP 188 I Pakistan 3.1 1.0
8803 DV 1 I Pakistan 6.6 1.8
8804 DV 77 I Pakistan 4.1 1.5
8805 DV 78 I Pakistan 11.0 2.3
8809 DV 9 I Pakistan 6.6 5.2
8810 DV 11 I Pakistan 4.6 2.5
8811 DV 12 I Pakistan 2.7 3.4
8812 DV 16 I Pakistan 2.2 2.2
8815 DV 24 I Pakistan 6.6 3.8
8816 DV 29 I Pakistan 5.8 1.4
8820 DV 34 I Pakistan 6.4 2.3
8825 DV 43 I Pakistan 5.4 2.6
8827 DV 46 I Pakistan 5.5 1.0
8828 DV 52 I Pakistan 7.5 1.3
8832 DV 60 I Pakistan 3.9 1.4
8838 DV 83 I Pakistan 10.3 1.7
8839 DV 85 I Pakistan 3.0 1.8
8840 DV 86 I Pakistan 5.5 3.7
8841 DV 88 I Pakistan 3.4 2.9
8857 DV 114 I Pakistan 10.4 7.6
8858 DV 118 I Pakistan 9.9 1.0
8860 DV 121 I Pakistan 8.2 4.6
8870 DV 139 I Pakistan 2.0 4.2
8878 DV 177 I Pakistan 6.2 V
8879 DV 189 I Pakistan 2.4 V
8880 DV 190 I Pakistan 5.7 V
8883 Co. 20 I India 5.1 V
8884 Ar. c. 353-148 I India 4.2 0.8
8885 Ch. 45 I India 3.4 1.2
8889 T 498-2A I India 6.0 3.4
8891 CO. 1 (W 763) I India 4.5 2.9
8896 S-624 (AC 398) I India 8.0 1.1
8898 Kaluwee I Ceylon 9.4 3.0
8900 Sudhubalawee I Ceylon 3.0 1.9
8904 Katharamana I Ceylon 11.1 3.1
8908 Sulai I Ceylon 3.2 3.5
8910 Pusmaraga I Ceylon 3.7 0.6
8917 Suduwee I Ceylon 2.3 0.6
8913 Rathkunda I Ceylon 5.0 6.3
8918 Horanamawee I Ceylon 7.8 12.7
8920 Ratawee I Ceylon 5.5 V
8921 Heenati I Ceylon 4.1 V
8922 Rathkuda I Ceylon 7.7 V
8923 Kalukuda I Ceylon 5.2 V
8925 Madathavalu I Ceylon 6.3 V
8926 Sudhuwee I Ceylon 8.4 V
8929 Hattathawee I Ceylon 3.7 2.5
68
IRRI Dead White
Acc. Variety Typea Origin hearts headsb
No. (%) (%)

8931 Tunkoralawee I Ceylon 5.8 3.9

8937 Pannetti I Ceylon 6.3 0.5
8939 Karayal I Ceylon 4.2 2.4
8940 Heenwee I Ceylon 4.7 V
8941 Tampata I Ceylon 5.0 V
8943 Murungabalawee I Ceylon 4.5 V
8944 Alagusamba I Ceylon 2.5 0.6
8945 Ottaval I Ceylon 6.8 2.0
8949 Sudumaduluwa I Ceylon 6.4 V
8950 Hatatha I Ceylon 5.5 V
8953 Devareddi I Ceylon 3.5 V
8954 Mathuluwa I Ceylon 9.2 1.9
8955 Murungakayan I Ceylon 12.6 3.2
8956 Vellailangayan I Ceylon 6.8 3.6
8982 Kottiyaran I Ceylon 4.8 2.5
8992 Periyavellai I Ceylon 4.8 V
9070 JC 149 I India 2.7 2.6
9421 Szantacheszkij 52 J Hungary 8.2 V
9069 JC 148 I India 2.9 0.6
9099 JC 14 I India 6.0 2.5
9101 JC 28 I India 5.6 2.0
9129 JW 107 I India 3.2 0.7

a
I=lndica; J=Japonica; Jav.=Javanica; H=Hybrid. b White heads were not
observed on varieties that lodged (L) or were heavily infected with tungro
virus (V) or took more than 4 months to flower (D). c
Seed source.

69