Abstract:

Induction motors are used in many industrial applications in a wide range

of operating areas because of their simple and robust structure, and low
production costs. Providing a protection system is very important in
industries. The purpose for development of this project is to provide
safety to industrial motors, lift motors, pumps etc. The main purpose of
our project is to protect an induction motors from faults such as phase
missing, over voltage , under voltage over current, phase sequence and
temperature fault. If any of the phases, out of the 3 phases is
missingoriftemperatureofthemotorduringoperationexceedsthresholdvalue
orifthevoltage exceeds/drops threshold value or current exceeds/drops
its threshold value, motor stops immediately.
Themainrelaywhichispoweredthroughasetoffourrelaysgetsdisconnectedb
ecause of one relay not being powered. And we are using a Arduino for
detection of these faults and a LCD display to show which type of fault is
occurred. Keyword: Arduino, Induction Motor, Overvoltage, Under
voltage, Over temperature.

Acknowledgements:

We would ike to thank Allah Almighty who has given us

courage, will
And
Determination
to complete the project within the specified time. We also like to
pay our gratitude to all teachers especially our lab engineers for
guiding us in solving our problems related to project hardware.
We would also like to thank our families and friends for their
continuous encouragement and moral support.

Contents
1Introduction 7
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 1.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Organization of the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2Literature Review 12
2.1Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3 Requirements Specifications 15
3.1Non-functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.1 Product
requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.1.2Organisational
requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.3External requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2Functional Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2.1 Category 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.2 Category 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4 Project Design 18
4.1Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3Design Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.1 Star-delta starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.2 Temperature protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.3 Over voltage protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.4Under voltage protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.3.5Phase failure protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.3.6Over current protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3

5 Implementation 29
5.1 Development Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.1 Star-delta starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.2Thermal protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.1.3 Over voltage protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.4Under voltage protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.1.5 Phase failure protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.1.6 Over current protection scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
 5.1.7 System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2 Key Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2.13-Phase Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.2.2Timer
switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.3Over-current relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.4Thermistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.2.5Operational amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

6 Evaluation 42
6.1Unit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.2 Function Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.3Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

7 Conclusion and Future Work 44

4

List of Figures

1.1 Project methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1Overview of the star delta starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.2Overview of the thermal protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.3Overview of the over voltage protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

4.4Overview of the under voltage protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5Overview of the phase failure protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.6 Overview of the over current protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.1Star-delta starter circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.2Thermal protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

5.3Over voltage protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.4Under voltage protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.5Phase failure protection circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.6System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.73-phase induction motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.8Timer switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.9Over-current relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.10Thermistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.11Operational amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5

List of Tables

3.1Product Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2Organizational Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 External Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4Functional Requirements Category 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5Functional Requirements Category 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6

Chapter 1

Introduction

Induction motor is one of the most important motors used in industrial

applications. The operating condition may sometime lead the machine into

different fault situations. The faults with which we are dealing are

over/under voltage/current, phase missing.

1.1Motivation:

Power system consists of many components like transformer, transmission like etc.
These components are expensive. Since we are power engineers we had our interest in
the field work. During our internship we have learnt a lot but at the same time we noticed
things happening around us. The engineering processes and how the industries were
facing their equipment’s protection issues. In our opinion, all equipment used in industries
and firms are to be protected at any cost to reduce any kind of damage whether it links to
someone’s health or wealth. We noticed that internal faults in the motors were causing
motor damage. From there we got an idea that why not we

Develop a system that will protect motors. Firstly, we faced some difficulties regarding
our idea but later on we ended up with a written prototype that how should we prevent
the abnormal conditions in motors. As time passed by we continued working and in return
we were getting
somegoodresultssothisthingencouragedustogowiththeflowwehaddevelopedatthattime at
encouraged us to continue our idea and work. And yes, we did the same.

1.2 Objective

The main objective of this project “Protection of three phase

induction motor” are shown as:

• Prevent injury and fatality

• Permit normal operation conditions

• Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions

• Maximum achievable reliability for protection at minimal

cost

• Compromise between protection cost and machine

operation value

1.3Methodology:
There are some tactics that are adopted to complete this
project, it consists of following steps.

• analysis of research study

• design of flow chart

• implementation of hardware

• design of code

• testing and troubleshooting First of all the previous

researches on this problem is analyzed to find out the
solution through which motors can be protected easily and
at low cost but to a high efficiency.

• A Flow chart of system is designed to fulfill the properties

of our designed system.

1.4 Organization of the Report

Chapter 2 covers the background material and literature review to understand the
motivation behind the importance of this project.
Chapter 3 then specifies the lists of extracted requirements for the project
development. These requirements are categorized into several groups on the basis of
their functionality. Requirements are also prioritized to explain their importance and
enable the user to sift them according to his needs.
Chapter 4 describes the design formulated for the successful execution of the suggested
techniques. The design explains the architecture of star-delta starter and different protection
schemes for the induction motor. In the end, this chapter gave detailed information for each
module, explaining their critical methods and properties required for successful execution.
Chapter 5 explains the approach taken and issues confronted while implementing the in-
tended goals. It explains the temporal stages experienced while implementing the design,
and also the key functions that needs special consideration from the viewpoint of
implementation.
The testing and evaluation of the developed hardware and software is discussed in
Chapter
6.It explains the testing procedure followed and then the various types of tests executed
on the application to confirm its proper functioning and meeting the acceptance criteria.
In the end, in Chapter 7, we briefly present the conclusions from this project and also the
possible future improvements and additions for better design/implementation and
investigation of ”protection of three phase induction motor”.
11

Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.1 Literature Review

Protection of an induction motor (IM) against possible

problems, such as
overvoltage,overcurrent,overload,overtemperature,andunder
voltage,occurring in the course of its operation is very
important, because it is used intensively in industry as an
actuator. IMs can be protected using some components,
such as timers, contactors, voltage, and current relays. This
method is known as the classical method that is very basic
and involves mechanical dynamic parts. Computer and
programmable integrated circuit(PIC) based protection
methods have eliminated most of the mechanical
components. However, the computer-based protection
method requires an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) card,
and the PIC-based protection method does not visualize the
electrical parameters measured. In this study, for IMs, a new
protection method based on a programmable logic controller
(PLC) has been introduced. In this method, all contactors,,
timers, relays, and the conversion card are eliminated.
Moreover, the voltages, the currents, the speed, and the
temperature values of the motor, and the problems occurred
in the system, are monitored and warning messages are
shown on the computer screen. Experimental results show
that the PLC-based protection method developed costsless,
provides higher accuracy as well as safe and visual
environment compared with the classical, the computer, and
the PIC-based protection systems[1].
Theresultsarepresentedofacomputerstudytodeterminevariou
soperating quantitiesofsquirrel-
cageinductionmotorsasafunctionofunbalancedvoltageandme
chanical loading utilizing an analytical technique. A similar
study with the extreme unbalance of single phasing was
reported elsewhere. The operating characteristics of various
motor protective devices are then superimposed on the
motor operating curves to evaluate the effectiveness of the
specific relay. The results of this study will aid in selecting
and setting relays to provide protection against voltage
unbalance and may possibly provide an engineering
rationale for the
Chapter 3

Requirements Specifications

3.1 Non-functional Requirements

3.1.1Product requirements

Table 3.1 presents the product requirements with their priority.

Table 3.1: Product Requirements

ID Priority Details
NR-01-001 1 Platform: Assembling of motor platform.
NR-01-003 1 Modifiability:It can be modified according to requirement.
NR-01-004 1 Reliability:It is reliable.
NR-01-005 2 Portability:Due to industrial usage it is not portable.
NR-01-006 2 Space: It requires less space.

3.1.2Organisational requirements

The organizational requirements are as tabulated in Table 3.2.

15
Table 3.2: Organizational Requirements

ID Priority Details
Delivery: The system development process and
NR-02-001 1 deliverable
documents shall conform to the process and deliverables
defined in the document CIIT-CE-02H Degree Project
Stu-
dents Handbook.
 NR-02-002 1 Standard: The standard of the final product shall be of un-
dergraduate level or above.

3.1.3External requirements

The external requirements are as tabulated in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3: External Requirements

ID Priority Details
NR-02-001 3 Security: This is a degree project having no strict security
requirements.
NR-02-002 1 Ethical: The application will not use any type of un-ethical
electronic material while project development and execu-
tion.
NR-02-003 1 Legislative: The application shall not use any private or
confidential data, or network information that may infringe
copyrights and/or confidentiality of any personnel not
di-
rectly involved in this product.
Safety: The application shall not use any private or
NR-02-004 3 confi-
dential data, or network information that may infringe
copy-
rights and/or confidentiality of any personnel not
directly
involved in this product.
16

3.2 Functional Requirements

3.2.1Category 1

The application is intended to make a system that can reduce the high inrush starting current of
a 3-phase induction motor to protect the motor and the system as given in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Functional Requirements Category 1

 ID Priority Details
FR-01-001 1 To make a starter for motor.
FR-01-002 1 Automation of motor starter.

3.2.2Category 2

The application is intended to develop a system that can provide protection to the 3-
phase induction motor for the all types of incoming faults. Following requirements should
be met under given priorities in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Functional Requirements Category 2

ID Priority Details
FR-01-001 1 Under voltage protection using comparator.
FR-01-002 1 Over voltage protection using comparator.
FR-01-003 1 Phase failure protection using comparator.
FR-01-004 1 Over current protection using over current relay.
FR-01-005 1 Thermal protection using thermistor.
17

Chapter 4

Project Design

4.1 Methodology
Our purpose is to understand the types of faults occurring in an induction motor first and
secondly design the protection schemes for the induction motor. The power circuit consists
of a three phase supply followed by three center taped transformers which covert
220VAC/12VAC. The reason for using center taped transformers is that we need 12VAC
instead of 24VAC for our further circuitry. Here we have another supply 5VDC to operate our
Arduino mega because Arduino operates at 5VDC. The input voltage of Arduino mega is 7-
12V recommended and its original range is 6-20VDC.

The next objective is to design our PCB’s for all the protection schemes like temperature
protection, over/under voltage protection, over current protection. But before that we
designed a rectifier circuit which converts 12VAC-12VDC because we have voltage sensors
which operates at DC therefore we used a rectification circuit. Here we have three rectifier
circuits/IC’s, one for each phase.

After that we made a design that all other components are linked to Arduino. We have
three voltage sensors, one for each phase. They are programmed in such a way that if our
voltage exceeds/drops the rated value the motor will be stopped.

After the completion of voltage protection schemes we designed the current protection
circuit. We have three current sensors connected to the relay module and then to the
magnetic contactor. Here magnetic contactor operates the our motor. Here we used magnetic
contactor because we can attach or detach our magnetic contactor in case we are to work on
motors. Our approach worked the same as we thought.

4.2 Architecture Overview

The working and coordination of different parts of our projects are shown in the block diagram and
flowchart figures respectively. The diagram explain the working of the different part of hardware and
whole hardware coordinated working.

4.3 Design Description

Following are the circuits contributing in the development of our project.

4.3.1 Phase sequence Protection:

Phase sequence protection enables us to protect our induction motor by

switching it off in case when our phase sequence from the supply is
disturbed. Problem of phase sequence may occur due to some internal
fault or by carelessness from the person operating it. Here to control this
fault or to overcome it we used a JK flip flop for this purpose. JK flip flop
is basically an SR flip flop with feedback which enables only one of its
two input terminals either SET or RESET to be active at any one time
thereby eliminating the invalid condition seen previously in the SR flip
flop circuit.

4.3.2Temperature protection scheme

In induction motor heat generates when it runs. In case of over loading of motor, burden
on motor increases and the temperature of motor windings increase gradually. High
temperature of motor windings after some limit is not acceptable, because it causes damage
to motor. M35 measure the temperature of the windings of motor. When temperature of
windings increases the resistance of the LM35 changes with respect to temperature. Then
voltage divider circuit is used by making combination of LM35 and resistor.
The combination is make in such a way that whenever temperature is under normal
conditions the output of thermistor and the voltage divider is in such a way that the output
of voltage divider is low and transistor acts as off switch and relay restrains. When
temperature cross the specific limit then the output of voltage divider turns on the
transistor and relay operate in this condition. This circuit is for the thermal protection of
motor against overloading. Overloading causes temperature rise in motor windings. This
circuit will prevent motor windings from burning.

4.3.3Over voltage protection scheme

Over voltage could be dangerous for any electrical equipment so, the over voltage protection is
provided to protect the electronic components. An over voltage situation can be occur due to the
external faults in the distribution lines. When the voltage exceed the specific limit it is termed as over
voltage which is unsafe for motor. In this circuit first of all there is step down transformer. After that
this step down voltage is converted from AC to DC by using bridge rectifier. Then a voltage regulator
is used to get a fixed output. Now there is a voltage divider circuit including zener diode and voltage
sensors. The voltage sensors are the main components of the over voltage protection scheme. The
internal voltage sensors of Arduino can measure up to 0-5V but these voltage sensors can measure
voltage up to 25V. .

4.3.4Under voltage protection scheme

 This circuit is used for the protection of 3-phase induction motor from low voltages. The
low voltages are dangerous for motor. When motor runs in under voltage condition, it draws
more current to keep its rated value. It means that to keep power constant (P=VI) when
voltage will be low, automatically motor will draw more current to meet load conditions. In that
case high current will pass through motor, that will be more than the rated value and it will
damage
26

the motor windings. So, to protect motor from damage, under voltage protection is used. The
whole circuit works just like solid state relay. Transformer converts 220 volts to lower 12 volts
and then alternating current is converted to direct current using rectifier. Capacitors are used
to make direct current smooth. Capacitor removes noise and makes direct current smooth so
that least variations should occur in the output of rectifier.
Then amplifier is used to compare two voltages one is reference and other one is varying.
When varying is changed with respect to reference correspondingly output is generated.
There are two inputs of operational amplifier inverting and non-inverting. On non-
inverting input of operational amplifier, a reference voltage is applied by using zener diode.
On inverting input voltage divider is used by making combination of resistors. Whenever
voltage on inverting pin decreases from reference voltage operational amplifier generates
voltage on output that switches on the transistor. Furthermore, transistor drives relay
connected to it, and relay cuts of the connection of motor from main supply. And when voltage
is normal, operational amplifiers output is low and transistor remains off and relay also
restrains. All this is done by the voltage sensors connected across each phase of our three
phase supply.

4.3.5Phase failure protection scheme

Phase failure is used to protect 3 phase induction motor from single phasing. Single phasing
means when one of the phase is out. In single phasing condition the load on other two phases increase
that is dangerous for motor. It will burn the windings of motor. Electronic circuit used to implement
phase failure protection includes a transformer to convert alternating current from 220 volts to 12 volts.
Then rectifier converts alternating to direct current. Capacitor makes output of rectifier smooth.
Amplifier receives rectified voltage at non-inverting pin and inverting pin is applied a fixed reference
voltage. When phase is present or when voltage at non-inverting pin is high as compared to reference
voltage, operational amplifier high voltage at output. Then a NOT gate is used to invert the output of
amplifier. The NOT gate will generate zero output and relay restrain in the condition when phase is
present. When there is no phase, the voltage at non-inverting pin is zero and operational amplifier
generates zero or low voltage at output. The NOT gate inverts the output of operational amplifier and
operates the relay.

4.3.6Over current protection scheme

To provide over-current protection we will use an over-current sensor. We used ACS712

current sensor for this purpose. This sensor attains its pickup value when the magnitude of
the current increases by a certain limit. This scheme
27

provides protection against overloading. When the load on a motor increases it draws
more than its rated current to maintain its rated speed. This high current may cause
temperature rise in the winding of the motor that can damage the motor winding. This
scheme also provides protection from the short circuit that includes earth faults and
winding faults. Short circuit current is up to 5 to 20 percent of the full load current. So, it
is necessary to minimize this current to protect our system. Over current protection is also
necessary for the insulation of the conductor to prevent short circuit.
28

Current sensor:
Generally a current sensor is a device that detects an electric current in a medium
and generates a signal proportional to that current and that generated signal can
be used to measure the current through current sensing devices for example
Ammeter or this signal can be stored for future analysis in an electric circuit.
When an electric current flows through a wire or in a circuit , voltage drop occurs.
Also a magnetic field is generated surrounding the current carrying conductor.

Voltage sensor:
voltage sensor is a device that coverts the voltage measured between two points
of an electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional to that voltage.
Resistance point pressure is the working principle of this module. The input
voltage of the terminals can be reduced five times the original voltage. And the
maximum Arduino input voltage(analogue) is 5V. so it should not be more than
5Vx5=25V. And for 3.3V the input voltage shouldn’t be more than 3.3Vx5=16.5V.
Because an Arduino AVR chip has 10 bit AD so resolution of this module
simulation is zero. 00489 V (5 V / 1023), and the input voltage of this
simulated module should be more than 0.00489Vx5=0.02445V.

Temperature sensor:

LM 35 is a precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output

voltage is nearly proportional to the Degree Celsius of temperature. It does
not require any external calibration circuitry. The sensitivity of LM35 is 10
mV/degree Celsius. As temperature increases, output voltage also
increases. E.g. 250 mV means 25°C. So if the output of LM35 is 220mv/0.22V
the temperature will be 22°C. So if room temperature is 32°C then the output of
LM35 will be 320mv i.e. 0.32V.

Chapter 5

Implementation

The implementation of this project has been done in various stages. Every stage has
consisted of the development of one of the protection schemes for the 3-phase induction
motor.

5.1 Development Stages

Following were the discrete phases we have experienced incrementally to realize

our product in the given time:

4.3.1 Phase sequence Protection:

Phase sequence protection enables us to protect our induction motor by

switching it off in case when our phase sequence from the supply is
disturbed. Problem of phase sequence may occur due to some internal
fault or by carelessness from the person operating it. Here to control this
fault or to overcome it we used a JK flip flop for this purpose. JK flip flop
is basically an SR flip flop with feedback which enables only one of its
two input terminals either SET or RESET to be active at any one time
thereby eliminating the invalid condition seen previously in the SR flip
flop circuit.

4.3.2Temperature protection scheme

In induction motor heat generates when it runs. In case of over loading of motor, burden
on motor increases and the temperature of motor windings increase gradually. High
temperature of motor windings after some limit is not acceptable, because it causes damage
to motor. M35 measure the temperature of the windings of motor. When temperature of
windings increases the resistance of the LM35 changes with respect to temperature. Then
voltage divider circuit is used by making combination of LM35 and resistor.
The combination is make in such a way that whenever temperature is under normal
conditions the output of thermistor and the voltage divider is in such a way that the output
of voltage divider is low and transistor acts as off switch and relay restrains. When
temperature cross the specific limit then the output of voltage divider turns on the
transistor and relay operate in this condition. This circuit is for the thermal protection of
motor against overloading. Overloading causes temperature rise in motor windings. This
circuit will prevent motor windings from burning.

4.3.3Over voltage protection scheme

Over voltage could be dangerous for any electrical equipment so, the over voltage protection is
provided to protect the electronic components. An over voltage situation can be occur due to the
external faults in the distribution lines. When the voltage exceed the specific limit it is termed as over
voltage which is unsafe for motor. In this circuit first of all there is step down transformer. After that
this step down voltage is converted from AC to DC by using bridge rectifier. Then a voltage regulator
is used to get a fixed output. Now there is a voltage divider circuit including zener diode and voltage
sensors. The voltage sensors are the main components of the over voltage protection scheme. The
internal voltage sensors of Arduino can measure up to 0-5V but these voltage sensors can measure
voltage up to 25V. .

4.3.4Under voltage protection scheme

 This circuit is used for the protection of 3-phase induction motor from low voltages. The
low voltages are dangerous for motor. When motor runs in under voltage condition, it draws
more current to keep its rated value. It means that to keep power constant (P=VI) when
voltage will be low, automatically motor will draw more current to meet load conditions. In that
case high current will pass through motor, that will be more than the rated value and it will
damage
26

the motor windings. So, to protect motor from damage, under voltage protection is used. The
whole circuit works just like solid state relay. Transformer converts 220 volts to lower 12 volts
and then alternating current is converted to direct current using rectifier. Capacitors are used
to make direct current smooth. Capacitor removes noise and makes direct current smooth so
that least variations should occur in the output of rectifier.
Then amplifier is used to compare two voltages one is reference and other one is varying.
When varying is changed with respect to reference correspondingly output is generated.
There are two inputs of operational amplifier inverting and non-inverting. On non-
inverting input of operational amplifier, a reference voltage is applied by using zener diode.
On inverting input voltage divider is used by making combination of resistors. Whenever
voltage on inverting pin decreases from reference voltage operational amplifier generates
voltage on output that switches on the transistor. Furthermore, transistor drives relay
connected to it, and relay cuts of the connection of motor from main supply. And when voltage
is normal, operational amplifiers output is low and transistor remains off and relay also
restrains. All this is done by the voltage sensors connected across each phase of our three
phase supply.

4.3.5Phase failure protection scheme

Phase failure is used to protect 3 phase induction motor from single phasing. Single phasing
means when one of the phase is out. In single phasing condition the load on other two phases increase
that is dangerous for motor. It will burn the windings of motor. Electronic circuit used to implement
phase failure protection includes a transformer to convert alternating current from 220 volts to 12 volts.
Then rectifier converts alternating to direct current. Capacitor makes output of rectifier smooth.
Amplifier receives rectified voltage at non-inverting pin and inverting pin is applied a fixed reference
voltage. When phase is present or when voltage at non-inverting pin is high as compared to reference
voltage, operational amplifier high voltage at output. Then a NOT gate is used to invert the output of
amplifier. The NOT gate will generate zero output and relay restrain in the condition when phase is
present. When there is no phase, the voltage at non-inverting pin is zero and operational amplifier
generates zero or low voltage at output. The NOT gate inverts the output of operational amplifier and
operates the relay.

4.3.6Over current protection scheme

To provide over-current protection we will use an over-current sensor. We used ACS712

current sensor for this purpose. This sensor attains its pickup value when the magnitude of
the current increases by a certain limit. This scheme
27

provides protection against overloading. When the load on a motor increases it draws
more than its rated current to maintain its rated speed. This high current may cause
temperature rise in the winding of the motor that can damage the motor winding. This
scheme also provides protection from the short circuit that includes earth faults and
winding faults. Short circuit current is up to 5 to 20 percent of the full load current. So, it
is necessary to minimize this current to protect our system. Over current protection is also
necessary for the insulation of the conductor to prevent short circuit.

5.1.7System Integration

The next step is to emerge different modules include phase sequence protection module,
thermal protection scheme, over voltage protection scheme, under voltage protection
scheme, phase failure protection scheme and over current protection scheme together in one
unit. We have
34

connected the trip coils of all the relays in series so that if any type of fault occurs, our 3-
phase induction motor will be shut down safely.
Figure 5.6: System Integration

5.2 Key Components

Following are the key components of our project that need special attention from
developers viewpoint.

5.2.13-Phase Induction Motor

Induction motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechan- ical
energy. Three phase induction motors are the most common type of motors found in almost all
industries and in domestic households too. Its working principle depends on the Faradays
35

law of electromagnetic induction. It has two parts, a stator and a rotor having no electrical connection
between them. The stator consists of three-phase copper windings that are overlapped on one another
at 120 degree phase shift and fitted into insulated slotted laminations. The rotor of motor consists of
aluminum or copper bars which are shorted on both ends of the cylindrical rotor. Whenever a three-
phase supply is given to the three-phase stator windings, a rotating magnetic field is produced in it
having 120 degree displacement and rotating at a synchronous speed. This changing magnetic field
induces a current in the rotor conductors according to the Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Now according to Lenz law due to the induced current, a mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors
resulting in the production of torque and hence the motor starts to move in the same direction of the
rotating magnetic field.
Specifications:
HP : 2
Phase : 3
Voltage : 220/440 V
Current : 3.4 A
Frequency : 50Hz
RPM : 1400
Terminals : 6

LCD 20*4:
An alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a device that is used to
display characters on it. It is a flat panel display, electronic visual display
that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.20*4 means
that 20 characters can be displayed in each of the 4 rows of the 20*4
LCD, thus a total of 80 characters can be displayed at any instance of
time.

Voltage Sensor Module:

A
voltage sensor is a device that coverts the voltage measured between two points
of an electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional to that voltage.
Resistance point pressure is the working principle of this module. The input
voltage of the terminals can be reduced five times the original voltage. And the
maximum Arduino input voltage(analogue) is 5V. so it should not be more than
5Vx5=25V. And for 3.3V the input voltage shouldn’t be more than 3.3Vx5=16.5V.
Because an Arduino AVR chip has 10 bit AD so resolution of this module
simulation is zero. 00489 V (5 V / 1023), and the input voltage of this
simulated module should be more than 0.00489Vx5=0.02445V.

ACS 712 Current Sensor:

Generally a current sensor is a device that detects an electric current in a medium

and generates a signal proportional to that current and that generated signal can
be used to measure the current through current sensing devices for example
Ammeter or this signal can be stored for future analysis in an electric circuit.
When an electric current flows through a wire or in a circuit , voltage drop occurs.
Also a magnetic field is generated surrounding the current carrying conductor.
Typically ACS consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall sensor circuit with a
copper conduction path located near the surface of the die. Applied current
flowing through this copper conduction path generates a magnetic field which is
sensed by the integrated Hall IC and converted into a proportional voltage. Device
accuracy is optimized through the close proximity of the magnetic signal to the
Hall transducer. A precise, proportional voltage is provided by the low-offset,
chopper-stabilized BiCMOS Hall IC, which is programmed for accuracy after
packaging. The output of the device has a positive slope (>VIOUT(Q)) when an
increasing current flows through the primary copper conduction path (from pins 1
and 2, to pins 3 and 4), which is the path used for current sensing. The internal
resistance of this conductive path is 1.2 mΩ typical, providing low power loss. The
thickness of the copper conductor allows survival of the device at up to 5×
overcurrent conditions. The terminals of the conductive path are electrically
isolated from the sensor leads (pins 5 through 8). This allows the ACS712 current
sensor to be used in applications requiring electrical isolation without the use of
opto-isolators or other costly isolation techniques. The ACS712 is provided in a
small, surface mount SOIC8 package. The lead frame is plated with 100% matte
tin, which is compatible with standard lead (Pb) free printed circuit board
assembly processes. Internally, the device is Pb-free, except for flip-chip high-
temperature Pb-based solder balls, currently exempt from RoHS. The device is
fully calibrated prior to shipment from the factory.
I2C Module:
The I2C communication bus is very popular and broadly used by many
electronic devices because it can be easily implemented in many electronic
designs which require communication between a master and multiple slave
devices or even multiple master devices. The easy implementations comes
with the fact that only two wires are required for communication between up
to almost 128 (112) devices when using 7 bits addressing and up to almost
1024 (1008) devices when using 10 bits addressing.

The two wires, or lines are called Serial Clock (or SCL) and Serial Data (or
SDA). The SCL line is the clock signal which synchronize the data transfer
between the devices on the I2C bus and it’s generated by the master
device. The other line is the SDA line which carries the data.

The two lines are “open-drain” which means that pull up resistors needs to
be attached to them so that the lines are high because the devices on the
I2C bus are active low. Commonly used values for the resistors are from 2K for
higher speeds at about 400 kbps, to 10K for lower speed at about 100 kbps.

LM35 Temperature Sensor:

LM 35 is a precision integrated circuit temperature sensor whose output
voltage is nearly proportional to the Degree Celsius of temperature. It does
not require any external calibration circuitry. The sensitivity of LM35 is 10
mV/degree Celsius. As temperature increases, output voltage also
increases. E.g. 250 mV means 25°C. So if the output of LM35 is 220mv/0.22V
the temperature will be 22°C. So if room temperature is 32°C then the output of
LM35 will be 320mv i.e. 0.32V.
 It is a 3-terminal sensor used to measure surrounding temperature ranging
from -55 °C to 150 °C. LM35 gives temperature output which is more
precise than thermistor output.

It has three pins:

VCC: Supply Voltage (4V – 30V)

Out: It gives analog output voltage which is proportional to the temperature (in degree
Celsius).

GND: Ground

Note that If you are interested in getting reading in degree Fahrenheit you can use
LM34 temperature sensor. It is same as LM35 except its electrical output is
proportional to Degree Fahrenheit. It has same pin configuration and same voltage
range as LM35.

UA741 OP-amp:

UA 741 is basically a general purpose operational amplifier. This amplifier is

considered to be ideal for the voltage follower applications because latch-up
operations are no there in its case and it moreover it has High Common Mode
Input Voltage Range (HCMIVR). UA-741 is a high performance operational
amplifier made up of single silicon chip. UA 741 is stable without using external
components, due to the internal frequency compensation and this device is safe
from the short circuiting. In order to cancel the effect of offset voltages we can
use a small valued potentiometer/resistor. UA-741 can operate in a temperature
ranging from 0 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees Celsius. This device has several
different features including latch-up free operation, large common mode input
voltage ranges, short circuit protection, large differential voltage ranges,
capability of nulling offset voltages. UA 741 has a lot applications e.g. Digital
Versatile Disk (DVD) recorders, audio mixers, DVD players etc.

Magnetic contactor:

When a relay is used to switch a large amount of electrical power through its contacts,
it is designated by a special name: contactor. Contactors typically have multiple
contacts, and those contacts are usually (but not always) normally-open, so that
power to the load is shut off when the coil is de-energized. Perhaps the most common
industrial use for contactors is the control of electric motors. Magnetic contactor is not
a protection device. It does not protect a circuit under any circumstances like the
circuit breaker does. The purpose of magnetic contactor in a circuit is switching. This
switching might associated with high power handling, frequent operations etc. With
magnetic contactor we can operate motor of any rating from a distance. There are
magnetic contactor of kilo ampere range in the market. Magnetic contactor is a
switchgear device like a relay but it has the higher current capacity and hence
has some extra use in power circuits. Magnetic contactor is the robust version
of relay. Relay handles small power for its weak contacts, but magnetic
contactor can handle high power.
Magnetic contactor has three parts.

1.power coil,

2.Auxiliary coil,

3.Spring mechanism.

The power coil carry high current and auxiliary contactor receives signal to make the contactor
open or close or send the status of the contactor(on or off) to external systems like PLC, SCDA.
The spring mechanism provides mechanical force to make the contact on or off.

Relay module:

A relay is an electrically operated switch that can be turned on or

off, letting the current go through or not, and can be controlled with low
voltages, like the 5V provided by the Arduino pins. The relay has two different
types of electrical contacts inside – normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC). The one
you use will depend on whether you want the 5V signal to turn the switch on or turn the
switch off. The 120-240V supply current enters the relay at the common (C) terminal in both
configurations. To use the normally open contacts, use the NO terminal. To use the
normally closed contacts, use the NC terminal.

When the relay isn’t working that means the motor is in ON condition it’s
normally closed contacts are in connection with the common pin.

When the relay is in working condition that means the motor is OFF it’s
normally open contacts are in connection with the common pin.

In the normally open configuration, when the relay receives a HIGH signal the
120-240V switch closes and allows current to flow from the C terminal to the NO terminal. A
LOW signal deactivates the relay and stops the current. So if you want the HIGH signal to
turn ON the relay, use the normally open terminal.

In the normally closed configuration, a HIGH signal opens the switch and
interrupts the 120-240V current. A LOW signal closes the switch and allows current to flow
from the C terminal to the NC terminal. Therefore, if you want the HIGH signal to turn
OFF the 120-240V current, use the normally closed terminal.

Transformer:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
through mutual (electromagnetic induction) and without change in frequency. Here we used
three center taped 220VAC-12VAC step down transformers, one transformer for each phase.

Arduino mega:
Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on Atmega2560. It comes
with more memory space and I/O pins as compared to other boards available in
the market. There are 54 digital I/O pins and 16 analog pins incorporated on the
board that make this device unique and stand out from others. Out of 54 digital
I/O, 15 are used for PWM (pulse width modulation). A crystal oscillator of 16MHz
frequency is added on the board. Arduino Mega is specially designed for the
projects requiring complex circuitry and more memory space. Most of the
electronic projects can be done pretty well by other boards available in the
market which make Arduino Mega uncommon for regular projects. However,
there are some projects that are solely done by Arduino Mega like making of 3D
printers or controlling more than one motors, because of its ability to store more
instructions in the code memory and a number of I/O digital and analog pins.
Arduino Mega is comparatively larger than other boards available in the market.
It comes 4-inch length and 2.1-inch width. However, USB port and power jack
are slightly extended from the given dimensions.

Bridge rectifier:
Bridge is a type of electrical circuit. Bridge rectifier is a type of rectifier in which diodes were
arranged in the form of a bridge. This provides full wave rectification and is of low cost. So it
is used in many applications. In bridge rectifier four diodes are used. These are connected as
shown in the circuit diagram. The four diodes are connected in the form of a bridge to the
transformer and the load. Bride rectifiers are classified into several types based on these factors:
type of supply, controlling capability, bride circuit’s configurations, etc. Bridge rectifiers are
mainly classified into single and three phase rectifiers. Both these types are further classified
into uncontrolled, half controlled and full controlled rectifiers.

Capacitor 100mF:

Electrolytic decoupling capacitors 100uF/25V. These capacitors are great transient/surge

suppressors. Attach one between the power and ground of our project to ensure smooth power
delivery. High quality radial electrolytic capacitors.

LM393 Comparator:
LM-393 has two internal operational amplifiers. These are internally frequency
compensated. These are specifically designed to perform their tasks using a single
power supply sources. LM-393 can also perform its operations properly by using
split power supply. The current drain supply does not depend upon the magnitude
of the power supply.

One of the most amazing feature of LM 393 is that ground is included in its common
mode input voltage. Moreover, LM 393 has a lot of features e.g. wide voltage
supply ranges, a very small current drain supply, low input offset current, low input
bias current, output voltage compatible with Transistor t Logic. LM 393 can be used
at several different places in real life. Its applications include industrial applications,
battery powered systems, analog to digital converters, limit comparators, time
delay generators etc.

74LS76 flip flop:

The JK flip flop is basically a gated SR flip-flop with the addition of a clock input
circuitry that prevents the illegal or invalid output condition that can occur when
both inputs S and R are equal to logic level “1”. Due to this additional clocked
input, a JK flip-flop has four possible input combinations, “logic 1”, “logic 0”, “no
change” and “toggle”. The symbol for a JK flip flop is similar to that of an SR Bi
stable Latch as seen in the previous tutorial except for the addition of a clock
input. Then the JK flip-flop is basically an SR flip flop with feedback which
enables only one of its two input terminals, either SET or RESET to be active
at any one time thereby eliminating the invalid condition seen previously in the
SR flip flop circuit.
Chapter 6

Evaluation

We have focussed on thorough testing through-out the design and implementation phase.
While testing the modules we have focused on our desired output, that all modules work prop-
erly, and the relay operate only in fault conditions and restrain in normal conditions.

6.1 Unit Testing

Each module in the application was tested while being developed to confirm its adherence
to the related requirements. This testing was done separately for each module.
Phase sequence protection was first tested. Using an oscilloscope we first checked
for our red, yellow and blue (RYB) of the three phase supply. After connecting RYB if we
change the sequence or it is interrupted by some other problem then our programmed
protection was working properly.
The testing of temperature protection module was implemented by placing LM35 in
the windings of motor. When the temperature of the windings was raised above the
specific limit, the relay connected with this module automatically operated and
disconnected the supply of motor.
The module of phase failure was tested separately for each phase. In case of each
phase the output of the module was checked. When the supply of phase was
disconnected from module, the trip command was generated to operate the relay and
hence the supply of the motor was disconnected.
In over current protection module, over current relays were used. When the value of
current raised the specified value, the over current relay automatically disconnected the
supply from motor. So, our over current protection module was working properly.
In over voltage protection module, testing was done separately for each phase. The
circuit
42

was set on a specific limit of high voltage. The circuit was given voltages higher than the
set specific limit. In this case the provided voltage was raised from the specified limit, so
it operated the relay resulting in the disconnection of motor from supply.
In under voltage protection module, testing was done separately for each phase. The
circuit was set on a specific limit of voltage lower than normal value. The circuit was given
voltages lower than the set specific limit. In this case the provided voltage was out of the limit,
so it automatically operated the relay resulting in the disconnection of motor from supply.

6.2 Function Testing

In this stage all the modules were integrated in a single unit. After connecting them all,
testing was done. All conditions were checked for each module. The relays of all the
modules were also connected in a series connection. Whenever a malfunction occurred
on any of the module the corresponding relay operated. As all the relays were in series,
so when any of the relay operated it resulted in the disconnection of supply from motor.

6.3 Results

After thorough testing of the system, we proceeded for investigation of our implemented
technique. We observed that every module was working properly and was giving its accurate
output. There was no malfunction and the coordination between the modules was perfect.
43
 Chapter 7

Conclusion and Future Work

In this project, we have implemented the phase sequence protection scheme for induction
motor in which we have reduced the starting inrush current and voltage disturbance on the
supply line. Along with the starter different protection schemes were implemented including
thermal, over voltage, under voltage, over current and phase failure protection schemes to
protect the motor and the system from all the possible incoming faults. We have successfully
developed a system that include all these features in a single unit in an economical and more
reliable way.
For more efficiency and accuracy these starters can be implemented using electronic
components like thyristor and SCR. These starters can be used for the smooth starting
of induction motor. For the improved accuracy of the protection schemes, algorithm based
or microprocessor based relays can be used in the future.
44

Bibliography

[1]F. E. Wills, “Control system for ac induction motor,” 1984.

[2]S. E. Zocholl, “Method and apparatus for providing thermal protection for large motors
based on accurate calculations of slip dependent rotor resistance,” 1990.

[3]C.-Y. Lee, “Effects of unbalanced voltage on the operation performance of a three-

phase induction motor,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 202–208, 1999.

[4]J. Penman, H. Sedding, B. Lloyd, and W. Fink, “Detection and location of interturn short
circuits in the stator windings of operating motors,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conver-
sion, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 652–658, 1994.
[5]R. Maier, “Protection of squirrel cage induction motor utilizing instantaneous power and
phase information,” in Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1990., Conference
Record of the 1990 IEEE. IEEE, 1990, pp. 263–267.

[6]H. Goh, M. Looi, and B. Kok, “Comparison between direct-on-line, star-delta and auto-
transformer induction motor starting method in terms of power quality,” in Proceedings of
the international multiconference of engineers and computer scientists, vol. 2, 2009,
pp. 18–20.

[7]I. Cadirci, M. Ermis, E. Nalcacl, B. Ertan, and M. Rahman, “A solid state direct on line starter
for medium voltage induction motors with minimized current and torque pulsations,” IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 402–412,1999.

[8]I. Y. Rabinovich, “Star-delta many levels starter for an ac induction motor,” 2013.
45

Appendix A: List of Components

3-phase induction motor

Contactors

Push on/off button

Timer

Solid state relays

Operational amplifier

Resistors

Capacitors

Voltage regulators

Step down transformer

Bridge rectifier

Zener diode

Transistor
Inverter IC

Over current relay

Thermistor

Diode

Variable resistor
46

Appendix B: List of Abbreviations

DOL : Direct on-line
AC : Alternating current
DC : Direct current
IC : Integrated circuit
SCR : Silicon controlled rectifier
PTC : Positive temperature coefficient
NTC : Negative temperature coefficient
HP : Horse power
RPM : Revolutions per minute