Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Class Summary
MY JOB INTERVIEW
Mi Entrevista de Trabajo
 I had applied to this company numerous times before
they finally decided to give me an interview.
 Remember:
 Use the past perfect for an action that happened
before another past action.
 Use the past perfect for the first past action and
the past simple for the second past action.
 During my interview I asked them why they hadn’t
contacted me sooner. They said that I didn’t have
enough experience.
 Say + a sentence
 I asked them why they had decided to contact me
now and they told me that they realized they should
have interviewed me regardless of my lack of experience.
 Tell + a person
 Use should + present perfect for regrets
 Había postulado a esta empresa varias veces antes de que
finalmente decidieran hacerme una entrevista. / Durante mi
entrevista les pregunté por qué no me habían contactado
antes. Ellos dijeron que yo no tenía la suficiente experiencia /
Les pregunté por qué habían decidido contactarme ahora
y me dijeron que se dieron cuenta de que deberían haberme
entrevistado a pesar de mi falta de experiencia.
 In fact, the hiring manager even said, “We have
realized that experience isn’t everything. Talent,
passion, and hard work are qualities we also value.”
 Use say when including direct speech within
quotation marks.
 He then continued to say, “We had the perfect position
for you last year. If only we had interviewed you!”
 If only = a very strong regret
 If only + past perfect
 I told them that while I wished they had contacted me
last year, I was happy to be there then, and fortunately
for me, they offered me the job!
 De hecho, el gerente de contrataciones incluso dijo “nos
hemos dado cuenta de que la experiencia no lo es todo.
Talento, pasión y trabajo duro son características que
también valoramos.” / Luego continuó y dijo, “teníamos el
puesto perfecto para ti el año pasado. ¡Si solo te hubiésemos
entrevistado!” / Les dije que aunque hubiese deseado que
me contactaran el año pasado, estaba feliz de estar ahí en
ese momento, y afortunadamente para mí, ¡me ofrecieron
el trabajo!
Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Class Summary

REVIEWING A PRESENTATION
Revisando una Presentación

Tell me what happened during yesterday’s meeting!

Jim was so angry with Kevin.

Why?

Jim told Kevin that he was tired of doing all the work.
He said, “You’re a lazy manager who does nothing!”

Oh I wish I had been there to see it!

Then Kevin said that Jim hadn’t done anything

worthwhile for the company in years. They were
screaming for at least ten minutes!

Wow! Gosh I can’t believe I missed this! I shouldn’t

have scheduled a conference call at that time.

It got really intense. Someone had called security,

but by the time they arrived, Kevin had already left.

 ¡Cuéntame lo que pasó durante la reunión de ayer! / Jim estaba tan enojado con Kevin. / ¿Por qué? / Jim le dijo a Kevin que
estaba cansado de hacer todo el trabajo. El dijo, “¡Tú eres un jefe flojo que no hace nada!” / ¡Oh, ojalá hubiese estado ahí para
verlo! / Luego Kevin dijo que Jim no ha hecho nada que valga la pena por la compañía en años. ¡Estuvieron gritando por al
menos diez minutos! / ¡Wow! ¡No puedo creer que me perdiera esto! No debería haber agendado una conferencia telefónica
en ese momento. / Se puso súper intenso. Alguien había llamado a seguridad, pero cuando llegaron, Kevin ya se había ido.
Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Key Tables

Direct and Reported Speech LANGUAGE BUILDER

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Use direct speech when someone is talking directly Use reported speech when you retell information.
to someone else.

Present Simple I have to stay at work. Past Simple I told John that I had to stay
at work.

Present Continuous I’m cooking dinner. Past Continuous He said that he was cooking dinner.

Present Perfect I’ve planned a surprise. Past Perfect He told me that he had planned
a surprise.

Past Simple We were a bit sick. Past Perfect I said that we had been a bit sick.

Will I will call you. Would He said that he would call me.

Can/Could/Should/ She can come home at 8. Could/Should/ I said that she could come home
Might/Ought to Might/Ought to at 8.

When something stays I like playing tennis. Just the subject and She said that she likes playing
true in the past and in object pronouns tennis.
the present, the verb change.
tense doesn't change.

Changes with Direct and Reported Speech LANGUAGE BUILDER

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Pronouns “When do you think you will get married?” Grandma asked me when we thought we
Grandma asked. would get married.
“When are you going home?” Jill asked Marian. Jill asked her when she was going home.

Possessive Adjectives “You should call your sister,” my mom told me. My mom told me that I should call my sister.
“We need to sell our car,” Tom and Alice said. Tom and Alice said they needed to sell
their car.

Time Phrases “The invitations were sent today,” I said. I told him the invitations were sent that day.
“We can have the party here,” Alex told me. Alex told me that we could have the
“The party is tomorrow,” said Matt. party there.
Matt said that the party was the next day.

 Remember
The changes in time phrases, pronouns and possessive adjectives depend on the context. Think carefully about:
a) who is speaking b) about whom.
Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Key Tables

Passive Voice LANGUAGE BUILDER

Passive Voice = Object + To Be + Past Participle Active Voice

Present Simple
Object + is/are/am + past participle The company is considered the best I consider the company the best
place to work. place to work.

Present Continuous
Object + is/are/am being + past participle Classes are being offered at lunchtime. He is offering classes at lunchtime.

Past Simple
Object + was/were + past participle The first soccer league was England created the first
created in England. soccer league.

Present Perfect
Object + has been/have been + The Superbowl has been The USA has held the Superbowl
past participle held every year since 1967. every year since 1967.

Past Continuous
Object + was being/were being + Google was being developed under Larry Page and Sergey Brian were
past participle a different name. developing Google under a different
name.

Present Perfect
Object + had been + past participle Company-wide layoffs had been They had considered company-wide
considered a possibility. layoffs a possibility.

Will
Object + will be + past participle Maybe construction workers will Maybe robots will replace
be replaced by robots. construction workers.

Be Going To
Object + is/are/am going to be + It’s likely that our electricity is going It’s likely that renewable sources
past participle to be supplied by renewable sources. are going to supply our electricity.

 Remember
 The active voice emphasizes the person who does the action or the subject of the sentence. The passive voice
emphasizes the action rather than who performs it.

 If the person or subject is unknown, not very important, or the action is more important, then we use the passive voice.
In passive sentences we use the word by to show who does the action.

 The passive voice is more common in formal and academic writing.

Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Key Tables

Expressing Past Wishes and Regret LANGUAGE BUILDER

Wish If Only

Use the verb wish to express regret. Use the phrase if only to express a very strong regret.

Subject + wish + subject + past perfect If only + subject + past perfect

 I wish I had gotten more qualifications. If only I had taken my dad's advice.
She wishes she had gone to university. If only she had studied more.

 I wish I hadn’t started working. If only she hadn’t started working.

She wishes she hadn’t focused on the short-term. If only I hadn’t given up my studies.

 Remember
I/you/we/they = wish; He/she = wishes

Expressing Regret with Should and Ought To LANGUAGE BUILDER

Should Ought To

Subject + should have + past participle Subject + ought to have + past participle

 She should have gone to university. I ought to have taken my dad’s advice.

 She shouldn’t have started working. She oughtn’t to have started working.

 Should she have gone to university?

 Remember
 Should and ought to are the same for all persons: I should, she should, etc; We ought to, he ought to, etc.

 Contractions: shouldn’t = should not; oughtn’t = ought not

 You can’t ask a questions using ought to: Ought she to have started working?

 Shouldn’t have is more common than oughtn’t to have.

Class Notes / Level 5, Unit 6 / Key Tables

Second Conditional vs. Third Conditional LANGUAGE BUILDER

Second Conditional Third Conditional

Hypothetical situations about the present Hypothetical situations about the past

if + subject + past simple + subject + would + verb if + subject + past perfect + subject + would +
present perfect

If I had more time, I would play soccer with my friends. If I had had more time, I would have finished high school.

If I had more time in general, I’d see my girlfriend more. I would have taken your grandmother out on more dates
if I’d had time.

If you didn’t work so late, you wouldn’t be so tired. If you hadn’t worked so late last night, you wouldn’t
have been so tired in the morning.

 Remember
 The form is the same for all persons: If I had more time, I would play; If he had more time, he would play, etc.

 I’d = I would; he’d = he would; they’d = they would, etc.

 The if clause can start the conditional, or it can go in the second half of the sentence: If she’d had more time,
she would have gone on vacation. She would have gone on vacation if she’d had more time.