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Chapter Contents
2
Chapter 11
Analysis of Variance
3
Chapter 11
Analysis of Variance
4
Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
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Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
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Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
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Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
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Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
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Chapter 11
LO1 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
Figure 11.3
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Chapter 11
LO6 11.1 Overview of ANOVA
LO6: Explain the assumptions of ANOVA and why they are important.
ANOVA Assumptions
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Chapter 11
11.1 Overview of ANOVA
ANOVA Calculations
• Software (e.g., Excel, MegaStat, MINITAB, SPSS) is used to
analyze data.
• Large samples increase the power of the test,
but power also depends on the degree of variation in Y.
• Lowest power would be in a small sample with high variation in Y.
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
13
Table 11.1
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
Data Format
• Sample sizes within each treatment do not need to be equal (i.e.,
balanced).
• The total number of observations is equal to n = n1 + n2 + … + nc
Hypothesis to Be Tested
• H0: m1 = m2 = … = mc
H1: Not all the means are equal
• ANOVA tests all means simultaneously and so does not inflate the
type I error.
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
yij = m + Aj + eij
j = 1, 2, …, c and i = 1, 2, …, n
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
16
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
Group Means
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
19
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO2
(Completely Randomized Design)
20
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO3
(Completely Randomized Design)
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO3
(Completely Randomized Design)
22
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO3
(Completely Randomized Design)
Test Statistic
• The F distribution describes the ratio of two variances.
• The F statistic is the ratio of the variance due to treatments (MSA)
to the variance due to error (MSE).
23
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO3
(Completely Randomized Design)
Test Statistic
• When F is near zero, then there is little difference among
treatments and we would not expect to reject the hypothesis of
equal treatment means.
Decision Rule
24
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO5
(Completely Randomized Design)
LO5: Use a table or Excel to find critical values for the F distribution.
25
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
(Completely Randomized Design)
Example: Carton Packing.
Is the variation among stations within the range attributable to
chance, or do these samples indicate actual differences in the
means?
26
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
(Completely Randomized Design)
Example: Carton Packing.
As a preliminary step, we plot the data to check for any time
pattern and just to visualize the data. We see some potential
differences in means, but no obvious time pattern (otherwise we
would have to consider observation order as a second factor).
Figure 11.6
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Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
(Completely Randomized Design)
Example: Carton Packing.
28
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO5
(Completely Randomized Design)
LO5: Use a table or Excel to find critical values for the F distribution.
29
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
LO4
(Completely Randomized Design)
30
Chapter 11
11.2 One-Factor ANOVA
(Completely Randomized Design)
31
Chapter 11
LO7 11.3 Multiple Comparison Tests
LO7: Understand and perform Tukey's test for paired means.
Tukey’s Test
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Chapter 11
LO7 11.3 Multiple Comparison Tests
Tukey’s Test
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Chapter 11
LO7 11.3 Multiple Comparison Tests
Tukey’s Test
• Tukey’s is a two-tailed test for equality of paired means from c
groups compared simultaneously.
• The hypotheses are:
H0: mj = mk
H1: mj ≠ mk
Decision Rule
35
Chapter 11
LO8 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
ANOVA Assumptions
36
Chapter 11
LO8 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
Hartley’s Test
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Chapter 11
LO8 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
Hartley’s Test
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Chapter 11
LO8 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
Hartley’s Test
• Assuming equal
group sizes,
critical values of
Fmax are found
using degrees
of freedom
Numerator df1 = c
Denominator
df2 = n/c - 1
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Chapter 11
LO6 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
LO6: Explain the assumptions of ANOVA and why they are important.
Levene’s Test
40
Chapter 11
LO6 11.4 Tests for Homogeneity of Variances
Levene’s Test
41