Lecture 1 - Reinforced Concrete - Introduction

INTRODUCTION:
Engineering
Structures
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 512
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
• ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
• DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL
• PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
• IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

CONCRETE
* is a stonelike material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned
mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to
harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structured.
* can be obtained by appropriate adjustment of the proportions of the
constituent materials.
- special cements (high early strength cement)
- special aggregates (lightweight or heavyweight aggregate)
- admixtures (plasticizer, air – entraining agents, silica fumes, fly
ash)
- curing method (steam curing)

INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE
* Depends on the proportions of the mix, thoroughness with which the

various constituents are intermixed and on the condition of the humidity
and temperature
* like that of a stone, its compressive strength is high which makes it

suitable for members primarily subjected to compression such as
columns and arches.
* it is a relatively brittle material whose tensile strength is small

compared with its compressive strength.

INTRODUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE
* Is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.

INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
It has considerable compressive strength as compared to most other
materials.
Great resistance to the actions of fire and water and in fact, is the
best structural material available for situations where water is present.
Rigid.
Low – maintenance material.
Long service life

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
Economical material for footings, basement walls, piers and similar
applications.
Ability to be cast in extraordinary shapes.
Inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel and water)
Lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
Low tensile strength and hence subjected to cracking which is unsightly and
may allow water penetration.
Forming and shoring
Relatively low strength per unit of weight or volume. The compressive strength
of concrete is about 5-10% that of steel, while its unit density is about 30%
that of steel.
Time – Dependent volume changes. Concrete undergoes drying

shrinkage, which if restrained may cause deflections or cracking.
Furthermore, deflections tend to increase with time possibly
doubling, due to creep under sustained loads.

INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND

STRUCTURAL STEEL
Should reinforced concrete or structural steel be used?
Selection of Structural Materials
- Height and span of the structure
- Material Market
- Foundation Conditions
for poor foundation condition, lighter structural steel is desirable
- Local Building Codes
building code in a particular location may be favorable to one
material over the other
- Architectural Considerations
INTRODUCTION
COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL
• Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times that of the
usual concrete used.
• The two materials bond together (due to chemical adhesion, the natural roughness
of the bars and the closely spaced rib – shaped deformations rolled on the bar surfaces)
and will act as a unit in resisting forces.
• Concrete provides excellent protection against corrosion or in fire of extraordinary

intensity for reinforcing steel.
• Coefficients of thermal expansion are quite close; 0.0000065 and 0.0000055 per unit
length per degree Fahrenheit for steel and concrete respectively.

INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Compressive Strength, fc’
Ordinary application – 3,000 – 4,000 psi
Prestressed construction – 5,000 – 6,000 psi
Columns for lower stories of high – rise buildings – 9,000 – 10,000 psi
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

corresponds to very small instantaneous strains which is appropriate in
analysis of structure for seismic and impact loads
Poisson’s Ratio – the ratio of lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening

of concrete cylinder when subjected to compressive loads
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Shrinkage
continues for many years but 90% occurs on its first year
Creep
“plastic flow”
additional deformation after the initial deformation.
Tensile Strength
varies from about 8 to 15% of its compressive strength
Shear Strength
have yielded values from 1/3 to 4/5 of the ultimate compressive
strength
INTRODUCTION
IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Producing company is identified with a letter

Bar size number is given next
Another letter to identify the type of steel (S for billet, R rail steel, A for axle
and W for low alloy
The grade of the bars is shown either with numbers or with continuous lines
DESIGN PROCESS
CE 512

DESIGN PROCESS
• DESIGN CODES
• LOADS
• OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
• MAJOR PHASES OF DESIGN PROCESS
• LIMIT STATES

DESIGN PROCESS
DESIGN CODE
National Structural Code of the Philippines, NSCP
American Concrete Institute’s (ACI) Building Code Requirement for

Structural Concrete
PCA Notes of ACI
American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE

DESIGN PROCESS
LOADS
DEAD LOADS (DL)

are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.
ex. frames, walls, floors, ceiling, stairways, roofs and plumbing
LIVE LOADS (LL)

loads that can change in magnitude and position.
ex. occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads,
overhead service cranes, equipment operating loads...

DESIGN PROCESS
LOADS
TYPES OF LIVE LOADS
• Traffic Loads (for Bridges) – series of concentrated loads caused by

trucks or train wheels
• Impact Loads – vibration of moving or movable loads
• Longitudinal Loads – longitudinal forces developed from the sudden
stopping of moving large bodies.
• Miscellaneous Loads
 Soil Pressures – exertion of lateral earth pressure on walls or
upward pressure on foundation
 Hydrostatic Pressure (H) – water pressures on dam, inertia
forces of large bodies of water during earthquakes and uplift
pressures on tanks and basement structures
DESIGN PROCESS
LOADS
ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS
Rain (RL) – may cause ponding on flat roofs
Wind Loads (W)
Seismic Loads (E)

DESIGN PROCESS
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
Appropriateness
arrangement of spaces, spans ceiling heights, access and traffic flow
must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its
environment and be aesthetically pleasing.
Economy
overall cost should not exceed the client’s budget
Structural Adequacy
strong enough to support all anticipated loadings
must not deflect, tilt, vibrate or crack in a manner that impairs its
usefulness
Maintainability
- low maintenance in a simple fashion
DESIGN PROCESS
MAJOR PHASES OF DESIGN PROCESS

Definition of the Client’s Needs and Priorities
* functional requirements
* aesthetic requirements
* budgetary requirement
Development of Concept of Project

* preliminary cost estimates
* preliminary member sizes
Design of Individual Systems

* structural analysis
* proportioning or member design and maintainability of the final structure
* construction drawings and specifications
DESIGN PROCESS
LIMIT STATES
Ultimate Limit States
structural collapse of part or all of the structure
* loss of equilibrium – tipping or sliding

* rupture
* progressive collapse
* formation of a plastic mechanism – reinforcement yields to form
plastic hinges to make the structure unstable
* instability – deformation of the structure / buckling
* fatigue – fractures of members due to repeated stress cycles of
service loads may cause collapse.
DESIGN PROCESS
LIMIT STATES
Serviceability Limit States

disruption of the functional use of the structure but not collapse per se.
* excessive deflections
* excessive crack width – leads to leakage , corrosion of the
reinforcement and gradual deterioration of the concrete
* undesirable vibrations

DESIGN PROCESS
LIMIT STATES
Special Limit State

damage or failure due to abnormal conditions or abnormal loadings,
i.e.
* extreme earthquake
* fire, explosion, vehicular collision
* corrosion or deterioration
* physical or chemical instability

DESIGN AND
ANALYSIS OF
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
CE 512

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
• DESIGN METHOD
• BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
• CONCRETE STAGES
• FLEXURAL MOMENT
• BALANCED, TENSION AND COMPRESSION SECTION
• DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION

STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
DESIGN METHOD
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN, USD

- sometimes called strength design
1. Makes use of a more rational approach than does WSD
2. More realistic consideration of safety is used.
3. Provides more economical designs

DESIGN METHOD
WORKING STRESS DESIGN, WSD
- sometimes called allowable stress design or straight – line design
1. AASHTO permits WSD or USD for the design of reinforced concrete for
highway bridges
2. For proportioning fluid – containing structures with the result that there is
appreciable less cracking and consequent leakage.
3. For calculating the moment of inertia to be used for deflection
calculations
4. Design of prestressed concrete members is based not only on strength
design but also on elastic stress calculations at service load conditions.

ADVANTAGES OF STRENGTH DESIGN
1. Takes into account the nonlinear shape of the stress – strain diagram.
2. Consistent theory is used throughout the design process.
3. More realistic factor of safety is used.
4. Have a more uniform safety factor against collapse throughout.
5. Permits more flexible design

FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending which are plane before

bending remain plane after bending.
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the
same level.
The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from

the strains using stress – strain curves for concrete and steel.
Sections Tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength

calculations

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS IN FLEXURE THEORY
Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches a

limiting value.
Compressive stress – strain relationship for concrete may be assumed to

be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic or any other shape.

UNCRACKED CONCRETE STAGE
concrete stage where the entire cross section of the beam resists
bending with compression on one side and tension on the other
side.

CONCRETE CRACKED – ELASTIC STRESSES STAGE

BEAM FAILURE – ULTIMATE STRENGTH STAGE

ULTIMATE OR NOMINAL FLEXURAL MOMENT
1. Small moments less than Mcr with beam

section resist bending, strains are small and is
nearly vertical and almost a straight line
2. With moment greater than Mcr, slope of the
curve decreases since the beam is no longer
as stiff as it was in the initial stage before the
concrete cracked.
3. At yield point, the beam has; small additional
moment capacity and load which requires to
substantially increase rotation and deflection.

ELASTIC STRESSES – CONCRETE CRACKED

Modular Ratio, n
- the ratio of the steel modulus of elasticity to the concrete modulus
Transformed Area
the area of the steel is
replaced with an
equivalent area of fictitious
concrete area


Cracked Transformed Section


Moment of the tension area is equal to the moment of the compression
area
𝑘𝑑 2
𝑏 − 𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 = 0
2
The total compression and tension force are
𝑓𝑐
𝐶 = 𝑏𝑘𝑑
2
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
Taking moment about C
𝑀 = 𝑇𝑗𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
𝑀
𝑓𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠 𝑗𝑑

taking moment about T
𝑓𝑐
𝑀 = 𝐶𝑗𝑑 = 𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑 2
2
2𝑀
𝑓𝑐 =
𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑 2
Considering the reinforcement ratio as
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
Substituting 𝐴𝑠 in the first equation
𝑘 = 𝜌𝑛 2 + 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘
𝑗 =1−
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
3 ASCOT

EXAMPLE 1:
A rectangular beam has the dimension 𝑏 = 10 𝑖𝑛, ℎ = 25 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑑 = 23 𝑖𝑛
and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars so that 𝐴𝑠 = 2.37 𝑖𝑛2 . The
concrete cylinder strength 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and the tensile strength in
bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of steel
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment
𝑀𝑛 = 45 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.


EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular beam has the dimension 𝑏 = 10 𝑖𝑛, ℎ = 25 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑑 = 23 𝑖𝑛
and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars so that 𝐴𝑠 = 2.37 𝑖𝑛2 . The
concrete cylinder strength 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and the tensile strength in
bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of steel
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment
𝑀𝑛 = 90 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠.

BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS

AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR BRITTLE SECTIONS
balanced steel ratio
the tensile steel will theoretically yield at the time the extreme
compression concrete fibers attain a strain equal to 0.003.
compression controlled or brittle section

the compression strain reaches 0.003 before the steel yields
tension controlled section

members whose computed tensile strains are equal to or greater
than 0.0050 at the same time the concrete strain is 0.003

Tension Failure
Reinforcement yields
before concrete
crushes (reaches its
limiting compressive
strain)
Beam is said to be
under - reinforced

• UNDERREINFORCED BEAM
• Initiated by yielding of the steel, tension failure is gradual
• Distress is obvious from observing the large deflections and
widening of cracks associated with yielding of the steel
reinforcement, and measures can be taken to avoid total
collapse.
• Possess substantial strength based on strain-hardening of the
reinforcing steel.


Compression Failure
Concrete crushes
before steel yields.
Beam is said to be
over - reinforced

• OVERREINFORCED BEAM
• at flexure failure:
𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑑−𝑐
∈𝑠 =∈𝑢
𝑐


Balanced Failure
Concrete crushes
and steel yields
simultaneously.
Beam has balanced -

reinforcement

BALANCED STRAIN CONDITION
The steel strain is exactly equal to ∈𝑦 when the strain in the concrete
simultaneously reaches the crushing strain of ∈𝑢 = 0.003
∈𝑢
𝑐= 𝑑
∈𝑢 +∈𝑦
𝑓𝑐′ ∈𝑢
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 ∈𝑢 +∈𝑦


VARIATION OF STRENGTH OF
REDUCTION FACTOR WITH
NET TENSILE STRAIN


NET TENSILE STRAIN
c/d RATIO

DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSION
Compressive stresses vary from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum

value at or near the extreme fiber.

Whitney replaced the curve stress block with an equivalent rectangular

block of intensity 0.85fc’ and a = β1c.

For 17 ≤ 𝒇𝒄′ ≤ 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
For 28 < 𝒇𝒄′ < 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒇𝒄′ − 𝟐𝟖
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝟕
For 𝒇𝒄′ ≥ 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
1. Compute total tensile force T = Asfy.

2. Equate total compression force, C = 0.85fc’ab to Asfy and solve for a.
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
using 𝐴𝑠 𝑎= 𝑎=
𝜌= 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑑
3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C


4. Determine Mn, which equals T or C times the distance between their
centers of gravity
𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2
5. Determine Mu, which is equal to Mn multiplied by strength reduction

factor, φ
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢
6. Substitute, “a”
𝜌𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 1 −
1.7𝑓𝑐′
7. Replacing As with ρbd and Ru = Mu/φbd2; solving for ρ
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

Lecture 1 - Reinforced Concrete - Introduction

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INTRODUCTION:

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

* Depends on the proportions of the mix, thoroughness with which the

* like that of a stone, its compressive strength is high which makes it

* it is a relatively brittle material whose tensile strength is small

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

Low – maintenance material.

Long service life

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

Ability to be cast in extraordinary shapes.

Inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel and water)

Lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AS A

Forming and shoring

Time – Dependent volume changes. Concrete undergoes drying

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

COMPARISON OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND

COMPATIBILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

• Concrete provides excellent protection against corrosion or in fire of extraordinary

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity

Poisson’s Ratio – the ratio of lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening

PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

IDENTIFYING MARKS ON REINFORCING BARS

Producing company is identified with a letter

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

National Structural Code of the Philippines, NSCP

American Concrete Institute’s (ACI) Building Code Requirement for

PCA Notes of ACI

American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEAD LOADS (DL)

LIVE LOADS (LL)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• Traffic Loads (for Bridges) – series of concentrated loads caused by

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS

Rain (RL) – may cause ponding on flat roofs

Wind Loads (W)

Seismic Loads (E)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT