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Any material with specific gravity less than 1000 has a chance of floating in water.
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
There is enough air above the earth to create a pressure at sea level amounting to
1.013 × 105 𝑃𝑎 = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚. This pressure pushes inwards on our bodies just like pressure
of the object in water. The higher you go the atmospheric pressure decreases, hence less
pressure that pushes your body inward. Review CYU 1, 2,
The relation between pressure and the depth of the water (liquid) is established. Read
section 11.3
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑃2 𝐴 − ( 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝑚𝑔) = 0
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑚
but 𝜌= and 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝑉
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌𝐴ℎ
𝑃2 𝐴 = 𝑃1 𝐴 + 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌ℎ𝑔
If the pressure P1 is known at the higher level, the larger P2 at the deeper end (level) can
be observed to be more by 𝜌ℎ𝑔.
CYU 4 – 7
The gauge pressure is defined as the difference between the atmospheric pressure and
the container pressure (absolute pressure ) where the container pressure is higher than
the atmospheric pressure i.e.
𝑃2(𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒) −𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
How high would the water rise in a closed inverted column at the atmospheric pressure
of 1 atm? ( Ans 10.3 m.)
Pascal principle.
State the principle
Do example 7
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐹1
𝐹2 = × 𝐴2
𝐴1
𝐹1 = 𝑃1 𝐴1 ……………….. (1)
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 − 𝜌ℎ𝑔
Archimedes’ Principle
In trying to push the object in liquid, the liquid pushes back with a force called Buoyant
force.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌ℎ𝑔𝐴= 𝜌𝑔𝑉
If an object is immersed in liquid, the weight of the displaced fluid gives the buoyant
force. Archimedes principle – state it.
When the buoyant force (weight of the fluid displaced) is greater than the weight of the
object immersed , then the object will float.
Example 9
The buoyant force of liquid displaced equal to the weight of the object by Archimedes
Principle
h = 0.17 m
N.B. Any solid object will float in in liquid if the density of the material is less or equal to
the density of the liquid.
Example
𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
= 90%
𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑
Tutorial discussion
How high would the water rise in a closed inverted column at the atmospheric pressure
of 1 atm? ( Ans 10.3 m.)