Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)

Compiled by:
Dr P R Venkatesh
Associate Professor
Room No 2, Ground Floor
Mechanical Department
RVCE, Bangalore-59
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)
UNIT 1
Review of stress, strain & Elastic Constants: Stress,
Strain, relationship among elastic constants,
Volumetric strain. Thermal stresses and strains
(compound bars not included). Numerical problems
Two Dimensional Stress System: Introduction, Stress
components on inclined planes, Principal Stresses,
Principal planes, Mohr’s circle of stress Numerical
problems Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)
UNIT 2
Bending moment and shear force in beams : Introduction, Types of beams,
Loads and Reactions, Shear forces and bending moments, Rate of loading,
Sign conventions, Relationship between shear force and bending moments,
Shear force and bending moment diagrams subjected to concentrated loads,
uniform distributed load (UDL) for different types of beams.(UVL not
included)
Bending stress in beams: Introduction, Assumptions in simple bending
theory, Derivation of Bernoulli’s equation, Modulus of rupture, Section
modulus, Flexural rigidity, Bending stress distribution in beams of various
sections, Beam of uniform strength (No numerical on beam of uniform
strength) Shear stresses in beams: Expression for horizontal shear stress in
beam, Shear stress diagram for simple rectangular and I section and T
sections only. Numerical problems.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)
UNIT 3
Deflection of determinate Beams: Introduction, Definitions
of slope, Deflection, Elastic curve, Derivation of differential
equation of flexure, Sign convention, Double integration
method, Slope and deflection using Macaulay’s method for
prismatic beams and overhanging beams subjected to point
loads, UDL and couple. Numerical problems.
Thick and thin cylinders: Stresses in thin cylinders, Changes
in dimensions of cylinder(diameter, length and volume),
Thick cylinders subjected to internal and external pressures
(Lame’s equation), (Compound cylinders not included).
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (16ME33)
UNIT 4

Torsion of shafts: Assumptions in theory of pure torsion, Torsion

equations, Torsional rigidity and modulus of rupture, Power
transmitted, Comparison of solid and hollow circular shafts.
Numerical problems.
UNIT 5

Analysis of columns and struts: Introduction, Euler’s theory on

columns, Effective length, Slenderness ratio, Short and long
columns, Radius of gyration, Buckling load, Assumptions,
Derivation of Euler’s Buckling load for different end conditions,
Limitations of Euler’s theory, Rankine’s formula. Numerical
problems.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 STRESS
Stress in a member is defined as the intensity of
internally distributed forces that resist the external
forces acting on that element.
• The unit commonly used is Mega Pascal
(MN/m2) or 106N/m2 which is numerically equal
to N/mm2.
1 Pascal = 1N/m2
1 Kpa (Kilo Pascal) = 1000 N/m2
1 Bar = 100 Kpa =105 N/m2
1MPa (Mega Pascal) = 106 N/m2=1 N/mm2
1GPa (Giga Pascal) =109 N/m2=103 N/mm2
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Rectangular cross section member under axial tension

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 1:
A link shown in fig is required to transmit a tensile
load of 60 KN. Determine the stresses induced at
sections 1-1 & 2-2.
 


50 mm
 

90 mm
60

 30
Section 1-1  mm
 
Section 2-2

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
  


50 mm
 

90 mm
60

 30
Section 1-1  mm
 
Section 2-2
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 2:
A steel rod of circular cross section and length 200
mm is subjected to a compressive load of 40 KN. If
the safe stress in rod material is 80 MPa,
determine;
(i) Diameter of the rod
(ii) Contraction of the rod
Take the modulus of elasticity of the material as
207 GPa.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
(i) Diameter of the rod
F
Compressive stress in the rod  
A
F 4 F 4  40  103
   80 
d 2
 d 2
 d2
4
 Diameter of the rod d  25.23 mm
(ii) Contraction in length of the rod
F l

A E
4 F l 4  40 103  200
 =  0.0773 mm
  d  E  DrP R25.23
2 2
Dept,
Venkatesh, Mech 207 RVCE, 10
3
Bangalore
 Unit 1- Chapter 1
Elastic Constants
There are four elastic constants for a material; they
are:

(a) Young's modulus of elasticity (E)

(b) Rigidity or shear modulus of elasticity ( C or G)

(c) Bulk modulus of elasticity (K)

 1
(d) Poisson's ratio   or  or 
 m
 Elastic Constants
(a) Young's modulus of elasticity (E):

For all elastic materials the ratio of stress to strain

is a constant within the limit of proportionality & is
called ‘Young's modulus of elasticity’

Stress 
E = 2
( N / mm )
strain 

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Elastic Constants
(b) Rigidity or shear modulus of elasticity ( C or G):

For all elastic materials, the ratio of shear stress to

shear strain is a constant within the limit of
proportionality & is called 'Rigidity or Shear
modulus of elasticity'
Shear stress 
G = ( N / mm 2 )
Shear strain 

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Bangalore
 Elastic Constants
(c) Bulk modulus of elasticity (K):
For all elastic materials the ratio of stress of equal intensity
applied along all the three mutually perpendicular
directions (spherical or hydrostatic stress) to the
corresponding volumetric strain is a constant within the
limit of proportionality & is called 'Bulk Modulus'.
Spherical stress 
K = ( N / mm2 ) where;
Volumetric strain  v
Change in volume dV
v  
Original DrVolume V
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Elastic Constants
 1
(d) Poisson’s ratio (K):   or  or 
 m
For all elastic materials, the ratio of lateral strain to
the direct (linear) strain produced by a direct load
is a constant within the limit of proportionality & is
called 'Poisson's ratio'.
Lateral strain  lat
 = ( Dimensionless )
Linear strain  linear

For most of the engineering materials, Poison’s ratio lies between

0.25 and 0.35. Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Generalized Hooke’s law
Generalized Hooke’s law states that “when a body is
subjected to normal stresses along the coordinate axes,
the strains along those directions can be found by using
Hooke’s law & superposition principle”.
Consider a prismatic body subjected to normal stresses  x ,  y &  z
y
as shown in fig.
z
y

x x
x
z
z
y
 y
y
z
z
x x x x x

z
x x y

z

y

y z 
x
Total strain in x- direction  x     , where   Poisson's ratio
E  E E 
y   
Total strain in y- direction  y   x  z 
E  E E 
x y 
z
Total strain in z- direction  z    
E  E E 
 Change in volume dV
v  
Original Volume V
Consider an element of sides l , b & h along x, y & z directions respectively.
Let it be subjected to stresses  x ,  y &  z along the co ordinate axes.
The initial volume of the element V  l  b  h. Taking log both sides,
log V  log l  log b  log h Differentiating the equation we get,
dV dl db dh
   where dl , db & dh are deformations in x, y & z directions
V l b h
& dV is the change in volume.
  v   x   y   z i.e. the volumetric strain is the sum of the strains in the
x, y & z directions.
x y z  y x z  z x y 
But  x    ,  y       & z    
E  E E  E  E E  E  E E 
( x   y   z )(1  2 )
 Volumetric strain  v 
E
3σ(1 - 2  )
If σ x = σ y = σ z = σ, εv =
E
Relation between Young’s modulus (E) & Rigidity modulus (G)
Consider a square element ABCD of unit thickness with face AD rigidly fixed
& subjected to shear force F on the face BC, which causes deformation as shown.
F
Shear stress on face BC  
BC 1
F
Tensile force on diagonal AC  Compressive force on diagonal BD  0
= 2F
sin 45
2F 2F F
 Tensile stress on AC = compr stress on BD      
AC 1 2BC 1 BC 1
F C
B B' C' B C



P





 





45°



A D A
D
 F C
B B' C' B C



P













45°



A D A
D

Deformation PC ' CC 'sin 450 CC '

Strain in the diagonal AC,  AC    
Original length AC 2CD 2  CD
Shear deformation CC ' 
Shear strain on face CD   tan      AC 
Original length CD 2
  τ
Using Hooke's law for shear loading, G  or    ε AC = (i)
 G 2G
Also, using Hooke's law for tensile loading, strain along diagonal AC is;
       τ
 AC    As    ,  AC      or ε AC = 1 +   (ii)
E  E  E E E
 
From (i ) & (ii ),  1    or E = 2G(1 +  )
2G E
Relation between Young’s modulus (E) & Bulk modulus (K)


 

Consider a cubical element subjected to equal tensile stresses on along x, y & z axes.
Such a condition is known as spherical or hydrostatic state of stress.
Spherical stress 
By definition of bulk modulus, K  
Volumetric strain  v
( x   y   z ) 3
But, volumetric strain  v  1  2    1  2  
E E
 E
K    E = 3K(1 - 2μ)
1  2  3 1  2 
3
E
 Relation between E, G & K
We know that E  2G (1   ) (i ) & E  3K (1  2  ) (ii)

Equating the RHS of (i) & (ii), 2G (1   )  3K (1  2  )

or (2G  2G  )  (3K  6 K  )

(3K  2G )
  (2G  6 K )  (3K  2G ) or  
(2G  6 K )

 (3K  2G ) 
Substituting for  in eqn (i), E  2G 1  
 (2G  6 K ) 

 2G  6 K  (3K  2G )   9K 
Taking LCM , E  2G   = 2G  
 (2G  6 K )   2 (G  3 K ) 

 9KG 
E= 
 3K + G 
Prob 1:
When a 12 mm diameter specimen is subjected to a
tensile force of 20 KN, a deformation of 0.3 mm is
observed over a gauge length of 150 mm. Reduction
in diameter is 0.008 mm. Determine;
(i) Young’s modulus (or Elastic modulus)
(ii) Poisson’s ratio
(iii) Rigidity modulus (or Shear modulus)
(iv) Bulk modulus
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Solution to Prob 1:
Data : d  12mm, P  20 KN ,  l  0.3 mm, l  150 mm,  d  0.008 mm
(i) Young's modulus :
0.3
Linear strain in the rod  lin   0.002
150
20 103
Axial stress in the rod    177 N / mm 2

 122
4
 177
 Elastic modulus E=   88500 N / mm 2
 lin 0.002
d 0.008
(ii) Poisson's ratio (  ) : Lateral strain  lat    6.67  104
d 12
 lat 6.67 104
=   0.33
 lin 0.002
E 88500
(iii) Modulus of rigidity (G) : G    33271N / mm 2
2(1   ) 2(1  0.33)
E 88500
(iv) Bulk Modulus (K) : G    86765N / mm 2
3(1  2  ) 3(1  2  0.33)
Prob 2:

The diameter of a specimen is found to

reduce by 0.004 mm when it is subjected to a
tensile force of 19 KN. Initial diameter of the
specimen is 20 mm. Taking the modulus of
rigidity for the material of specimen as 40
GPa, determine the values of young’s
modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Solution to Prob 2:
Data : d  20 mm, P  19 KN ,  d  0.004 mm, G  40 GPa
19 103
Solution : Axial stress in the rod    60.5 N / mm 2

 202
4
 60.5
 Elastic modulus E=   lin 
 lin E
d 0.004
Lateral strain  lat    2 10 4
d 20
 lat 2 104
Poisson's ratio  = =   E  3.31× 10 -6 E
 lin 60.5
E E
Modulus of rigidity G   40  10 
3

2(1   ) 2(1  3.3110 6 E )

(80 103  0.265 E )  E  Elastic modulus E = 108.8  10 3 N / mm 2
Poisson ' s ratio   3.3110-6 E  3.3110-6 108.8 103  0.36
Prob 3:
Prove that the volumetric strain in a round
(cylindrical) bar is sum of longitudinal strain &
twice the lateral strain.
A specimen of 20 mm diameter and 200 mm
gauge length undergoes an increase in length of
0.066 mm & reduction in diameter of 0.002 mm,
when subjected to tensile force. Determine the
change in volume of the specimen.
 Solution to Prob 2:
Data : d  20 mm, l  200 mm,  l  0.066 mm,  d  0.002 mm

Solution : Volume of specimen V   d2 l Taking log both sides,
4
 
log e V  log e    2 log e d  log e l Using partial differentiation,
4
V d l
2   εv = 2εd + εl
V d l

Change in volume : dV =  v  V  (2 d   l )  d2 l
4
d 0.002  l 0.066
Here,  d    1 104 &  l    3.3  10 4
d 20 l 200
4 4 
 dV = (2 10  3.3 10 )   20 2  200  8.17 mm 3
4
Prob 4:
A rectangular block of size 200 mmx80 mmx20 mm
is subjected to forces as shown in fig. Determine;
(i) Change in dimensions and (ii) Change in volume.
Take E=200 GPa & .
180 KN
300 KN

250KN

20 mm

0 mm
8
200 mm
Solution to Prob 4:
Data : l  200 mm, b  80 mm, h  20 mm, E  200 GPa,   0.3
Solution :
Stresses in x, y & z directions :
250 103
x   156.25 MPa
80  20
180 103
y   11.25 MPa
200  80
300 103
z   75 MPa 180 KN
300 KN
200  20
y 250KN

20 mm

x mm
80
200 mm
z
 Solution to Prob 4:
Strains in x, y & z directions :
1 1
x   x   ( y   z )   156.25  0.3( 11.25  75)   6.86 × 10 -4

E 2  105
 Elongation in length,  l =  x  l  6.86 10-4  200  0.13728 mm
1 1
y   y   ( x   z )     11.25  0.3(156.25  75)    4.03 × 10 -4

E 2  105
 Elongation in height,  h =  y  h  4.03 10-4  20  0.0081 mm
1 1
z   z   ( x   y )    75  0.3(156.25  11.25)   1.58 × 10 -4

E 2  105
 Elongation in breadth  b =  z  b  1.58  10-4  80  0.0126 mm

Change in volume : dV   v  V = ( x   y   z )  V
 dV  (6.86  4.03  1.58)10 4  (200  80  20)  141.1 mm 3
Prob 5:
A 70 mm long block has cross section of 50mm x
10 mm. The block is subjected to forces 60 KN
(tensile) on 50mm x 10mm face and 110 KN
(compressive) on the 70mm x 10mm face.
Determine the force to be applied on 70 mm x 50
mm face such that there is no change in volume
of the block. Take E=200 GPa & Poisson’s ratio as
0.3.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Solution to Prob 2: P
y

x
60 KN

10
110 KN 50
z
70

Assuming P to be tensile, the stress along y axis is  y (tensile)

60 103 110 103
Also from fig,  x = = 120 MPa ,  z = = - 157 MPa
50 10 70  10
For no change in volume, volumetric strain  v =0   x   y   z  0
  y z    x   y   z
i.e
x

E
1  2   0  1  2   0
120   y  157   2  0.3(120   y  157)  0
 y  37 MPa  Force P to be applied =37  (70  50)  129.5 KN
 THERMAL STRESSES
• A body undergoes deformation leading to
increase (or decrease) in dimensions when its
temperature is increased (or decreased).
• No stresses are induced if such a body is
allowed to expand or contract freely.
• However if the deformation is constrained,
thermal stresses are induced.
• We can consider three cases of a body
subjected to change in temperature.
• (i) Free expansion (ii) Complete restraint (iii)
Partial restraint
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(i) Free Expansion: Consider a bar of length L, whose
temperature is increased by DT. Then the free
deformation in its length is given by;
 L    DT  L where  is coefficient of thermal expansion
which is a constant for a given material. It has a unit / o C
which can be defined as the strain induced for a unit change
in temperature.
L
L+ L

Free expansion

No thermal stresses are induced in this case.

(ii) Complete restraint : If a body is completely
restrained by supports and free expansion is not allowed
when subjected to change in temperature, compressive
stresses are developed in the member.
 

L
L+ L
Complet e restrai nt

L
Restrained deformation  L=    DT  L
E
Thermal stress     DT  E
(iii) Partial restraint : If a body is allowed to expand
partially due a clearance or due to yielding of supports,
when subjected to change in temperature, compressive
stresses are developed in the member due to the
deformation in excess of the clearance ‘c’
c
 

L
L+ L
Partial restraint

L
Restrained deformation  ( L - c)   (  DT  L  c)
E
 c
Thermal stress      DT   E
 L
Prob 1: A copper bar of length 160 mm is placed
on a rigid support in vertical position as
0.1 mm shown. Determine;
(i) Increase in temperature required for
the bar to touch the upper support.
160 mm
(ii) Increase in temperature required to
induce compressive stress of 100 MPa.
(iii) Stress induced in the bar when
temperature is increased by 900C &
support yields by 0.12 mm. Take
Ec=120 GPa and c=18x10-6/0C.
Solution to Prob 1:
(i) Increase in temperature required to close the gap of 0.1 mm
0.1 mm
0.1
Free expansion = .DT .L  0.1  DT  6
 34.7 o
C
18 10 160

160 mm
(ii) Temperature rise to induce a compressive stress of 100 MPa

This is a partial restraint case.

L
Deformation prevented  ( .DT.L  c) 
E
100 160
 (18 106  DT 160)  0.1=  ΔT = 810
C
120 10 3

(iii) Stress induced in the bar when ΔT = 90 0 C & support yields by 0.12 mm
This is partial restraint case in which clearance is increased futher by 0.12 mm

L  160
  .DT.L  (0.1  0.12)   (18 10 6  90 160)  0.22  σ = 29.4MPa
E 120 103
Prob 2:
A steel rod is 20 m long at 200 C. Find the
expansion of the rod when the temperature is
raised to 650C. Find the temperature stress
produced when;
(i) Expansion of the rod is prevented
(ii) When the rod is permitted to expand by 5.8
mm.
Take Es=200 GPa and s=12x10-6/0 C
Solution to Prob 2:

(i) Free expansion of the rod :

Free expansion   .DT .L  12 106  (65  20)  20 103  10.8 mm

(ii) Temperature stress induced for complete restraint :

   .DT .E  12 106  (65  20)  2 105 

 = 108 N / mm 2
(ii) Temperature stress induced for partial restraint : (c  5.8 mm)

 c  5.8 
    .DT   E  12 10  (65  20) 
6
  2  10 5

 L  20000 

 = 50 N / mm 2
Prob 3:
A steel ring is to be fitted onto a wooden wheel of
2 m diameter by increasing its temperature.
Maximum stress induced in the steel ring should
not exceed 120 MPa when it is cooled after it is
fitted onto the wheel. Determine the initial
diameter of the ring and increase in temperature
required. Take Es=200 GPa and s=12x10-6/0 C.
Solution to Prob 3:
Data : D  2m,   120 MPa,  s  12 106 , Es  200 GPa
(i) Temperature change required : (Complete restraint)
As the heated ring is not allowed to contract to original dia
after cooling, it is a complete restraint condition.
   .DT .E  120  12 106  DT  2 105  ΔT = 50 0 C
(ii) Initial diameter of steel ring :
Let d be the initial diameter of the steel ring,
Hence original length of ring =  d
D = final diamter  Final length of ring =  D
Free expansion of ring   ( D  d )    DT   d
6  2000 
i.e. (2000 - d )  12 10  50  d    1  12 10 6  50
 d 
Initial diamter of the steel ring d = 1998.8 mm
 Unit 1-Chapter 2
Two dimensional stress System
 Two dimensional stress (Plane Stress) system
• A plane stress system involves an element in a structural
member being subjected to stresses in a single plane.
• An element may be subjected to plane stress in only one
direction, or two mutually perpendicular directions, with or
without shear stress.
• Sometimes, it may be important to find the stresses on an
inclined or oblique plane and determine the planes carrying
maximum normal & shear stress.
• Such calculations are helpful to ascertain the failure of machine
components and carry out safe design based on the maximum
stresses induced.
 Sign conventions for plane stress system
y  yx  xy
_  xy _
+ + x

Positive normal stress negative normal stress

Positive shear Negative shear
stress stress

• A tensile stress is considered as positive normal stress & a

compressive stress is considered as negative stress.

• A shear stress which produces a counterclockwise couple on the

vertical face of the element is considered as positive where as the
one which produces a clockwise couple on vertical face is
considered as negative.
 Stresses on an inclined plane in a general stress system
• Consider a two dimensional stress system with shear acting on an
element ABCD of unit thickness as shown in fig. Let an oblique plane
BE whose normal makes an angle q with the +ve x-axis be subjected to
normal stress q & shear stress q.
• It is possible to determine the values of the normal & shear stress on
the inclined plane in terms of the direct & shear stresses by resolving
them along & perpendicular to the inclined plane.
y
 yx
B
C
q  xy
x q x
 xy q
A  D
 yx
y
 Stresses on an inclined plane in a general stress system
y
 yx 
B q
C
q  xy x q
x q
q x
 xy q q
A  D  
 yx  yx
y y

Element Portion AEB

The area of face AB  AB 1, area of face AE  AE 1

area of face BE  BE 1 ( thickness of element is unity)
 the force due to stress  x   x  AB, force due to stress  y   y  AE
force due to stress  xy   xy  AB, force due to stress  yx   yx  AE
The normal force on inclined plane BE   q  BE
The shear force down the inclined plane BE   q  BE
  x .AB
q
 .AE cos q
x q
q y
q  x .AB sinq  .AE q
 x .ABcos q y
q
   .AE sinq
y
 yx
y  xy .AB cos q  yx .AE
.AC
 xy .AB q q
 yx .AE sinq
 yx .AE cos q
 xy .AB sinq

Resolution of forces along the inclined plane & normal to it

For equilibrium of portion AEB, the algebraic sum of forces normal to

the plane & parallel to inclined plane BE must be zero.
Considering the equilibrium of forces normal to the inclined plane;
 q  BE   x AB cos q   y AE sin q   yx AE cos q   xy AB sin q  0
 AB   AE   AE   AB 
 q   x   cos q   y   sin q   yx   cos q   xy   sin q
 BE   BE   BE   BE 
 AB AE
From the fig,  cos q ,  sin q Substituting,
BE BE
 q   x cos 2 q   y sin 2 q   yx sin q cos q   xy cos q sin q
 1  cos 2q   1  cos 2q  sin 2q
Put cos 2 q    ,sin 2
q    ,sin q cos q  ,  yx = xy
 2   2  2
Normal stress on the oblique plane becomes;
 σx + σ y   σx - σ y 
σq =  +   cos2θ + τ xy sin2θ (i)
 2   2 
Also, the algebraic sum of forces parallel to inclined plane BE must be zero.
i.e.   BE   x AB sin q   y AE cos q   yx AE sin q   xy AB cos q  0
x .AB  .AE cos q
 y

q  .AE
y q
x q  x .AB sinq
q  x .ABcos q

  .AE sinq
y
 
 yx  xy .AB cos q  yx .AE
.AC
y  xy .AB q
q
 yx .AE sinq
 xy .AB sinq  yx .AE cos q
  AB   AE   AE   AB 
 q   x   sin q   y   cos q   yx   sin q   xy   cos q
 BE   BE   BE   BE 
AB AE
From the fig,  cos q ,  sin q Substituting,
BE BE
 q   x cos q sin q   y sin q cos q   yx sin 2 q   xy cos 2 q
or  q   x cos q sin q   y sin q cos q   xy (cos 2 q  sin 2 q ) (  yx = xy )
sin 2q
Put ( cos q  sin q )  cos 2q , sin q cos q 
2 2

2
Shear stress on the oblique plane becomes;
 σx - σ y 
q =   sin2q  τ xy cos2θ (ii)
 2 
Principal stresses & Principal Planes :
Maximum & minimum normal stresses induced in a body are known as
Principal stresses.
The maximum normal stress is known as major principal stress (σ 1 ) &
the minimum normal stress is known as minor principal stress (σ 2 ).
The planes subjected to maximum or minimum normal stress will not
carry any shear stress & are known as principal planes.
Hence the orientation of the principal planes can be found by equating
shear stress to zero & then the principal stresses may be found out.
 σx - σ y  2 xy
i.e.  q =   sin2q  τ xy cos2θ  0  tan 2q 
 2   x  y
1  2 xy
q p1  tan 
1
 & q p 2  (q p1  90 )
0

2   
 x 
y

 The principal planes are orthogonal.

 ( x   y ) 2  4 xy2
2  xy
2q

From the triangle,

2 xy ( x   y )
sin 2q1.2   , cos 2q1,2  
( x   y ) 2  4 xy2 ( x   y ) 2  4 xy2
Substituting in equation of the normal stress, we get principal stresses;
x  y  x  y
 1,2   cos 2q p1,2   xy sin 2q p1,2
2 2
x  y    x  y  ( x   y ) 2 xy
 1,2      xy
 2   2  ( x   y )  4 xy
2 2
( x   y ) 2  4 xy2
2
 σx + σ y   σx - σ y 
σ 1,2 =  ±   + τ 2
xy
 2   2 
Maximum & minimum shear stress & their planes :
Maximum (  1 ) & minimum (  2 ) shear stresses induced in a body may be
found by differentiating eqn of shear stress on inclined plane to zero.
d q d   x -  y  
i.e. =   sin 2q   xy cos 2q   0
dq dq  2  
  x - y  ( x   y )
  2 cos 2q   xy 2sin 2q  0 or tan 2q  
 2  2 xy
1  ( x   y ) 
q 1  tan  
1
 & q 2  (q 1  900 )
2  2  
 xy 
 The planes of max shear stress are orthogonal &
also are at 45 0 to principal planes.
i.e Difference between q 1 & q p1 = 45 0 , q 2 & q p 2  45 0
 ( x   y ) 2  4 xy2

2q

From the triangle,

( x   y ) 2 xy
sin 2q 1.2   , cos 2q1,2  
( x   y )  4
2 2
xy ( x   y ) 2  4 xy2
Substituting in equation of the shear stress, we get max & min shear stresses;
 x  y
 1,2  sin 2q 1,2   xy c os 2q 1,2
2
 x  y ( x   y ) 2 xy
 1,2     xy
2 ( x   y )  4
2 2
xy ( x   y ) 2  4 xy2
2
 σx - σ y 
 1,2 =±   + τ 2
xy
 2 
Relationship between max shear stress & max normal stress
We know that ;

x  y 
2
 σx - σ y 
1      + τ xy
2
(i )
 2   2 

  y
2
  σx - σ y 
2   x     + τ xy
2
(ii )
 2   2 
2
 σx - σ y 
(i )  (ii ) gives ( 1   2 )  2   + τ 2
xy
 2 
2
 σx - σ y 
It is already proved that τ 1,2    + τ 2
xy
 2 
2
 σx - σ y 
( 1   2 )  2   + τ xy  2  ( 1,2 )
2

 2 
σ -σ 
τ 1,2 = ±  1 2 
 2 
 Max shear stress is equal to half the difference between the principal stresses.
Prob 1
A point in a strained material is subjected to loads as shown in
fig. Determine;

(i) Normal & tangential stresses on the oblique plane

(ii) Major & minor principal stresses & their planes.

(iii) Maximum & minimum shear stresses & their planes.

45 Mpa
0
40
85 Mpa

60 Mpa
 45 Mpa
0
40
85 Mpa

60 Mpa

By convention,  x  85MPa,  y  60MPa,  xy  45Mpa, q  400

(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (40 0 )
  x  y    x  y 
q     cos 2q   xy sin 2q
 2   2 
 85  60   85  60 
= 
   cos80 0
 45sin 80 0
 σ n = -19.2 MPa
 2   2 
  x  y 
q    sin 2q   xy cos 2q
 2 
 85  (60) 
=  sin 80 0
 ( 45cos 80 0
)  τ n = 79.2MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses

x  y    x  y 
2

 1,2        xy
2

 2   2 

 85  60   85  (60) 
2

      45 2

 2   2 
 σ 1 = 97.8MPa and σ 2 = -72.8MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  ( 45) 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    15.9 0
& 74.10

2    2  85  60 
 x y 
 θ p1 = -15.9 0 (Or 344 0 ) and θ p2 = 74.10
(iii) Max & Min shear stresses

  x  y 
2
 85  60 
2

 1,2       xy
2
     45 2

 2   2 
  1 = 85.33 MPa and  2 = -85.33 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  (85  60) 
q 1
 tan    tan  
2  2 xy  2  (45) 
 2
1,2

 θ 1 = 29.10 and θ 2 = 119.10
Prob 2
A point in an elastic material is subjected to the direct tensile
stress of 80 MPa along x-axis and 60 MPa along y-axis. The
maximum principal stress in the material is limited to 100 MPa
tensile. Determine;

(i) The magnitude of shear stress xy

(ii) Maximum shear stress induced

(iii) Normal & tangential stress on an inclined plane of 400

w.r.t vertical measured in ccw direction.
(i) Magnitude of shear stress :
Given  1  100 MPa,  x  80 MPa,  y  60 MPa,

x  y   x  y 
2

But  1        xy
2

 2   2 

 80  60   80  60 
2

 100=        xy
2
 τ xy = 28.3MPa
 2   2 
(ii) Maximum shear stress induced :

  x  y 
2
 80  60 
2

 1,2       xy
2
    28.32
 30MPa
 2   2 
(iii) Normal & shear stress on a plane inclined at q = 40 0 :
 80  60   80  60 
q   
   cos80 0
 28.3sin 80 0
 σ = 99.6MPa
 2   2 
 80  60 
q    sin 80 0
 28.3cos 80 0
 τ = 4.934MPa
 2 
Prob 3
A point in a machine member is subjected to pure shear of magnitude 60
MPa. Determine;
(i) Principal stresses & their orientations.
(ii) Maximum & minimum shear stress induced & their planes.
(iii) Normal & tangential stress on an inclined plane of 400 w.r.t vertical
measured in ccw direction.
Also sketch the planes showing the stresses.

 yx
60 MPa
 xy
400
Here,  x  0,  y  0 MPa,  xy  60 Mpa, q  400
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (40 0 )
  x  y    x  y 
q   
   cos 2q   xy sin 2q  0  0  60sin 80 0
 σq = 59 MPa
 2   2 
  x  y 
q    sin 2q   xy cos 2 q  0  (60 c os 80 0
)  τq = -10.42 MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

x  y    x  y 
2

 1,2         xy
2
=0  0   xy   xy  ±60 MPa
2

 2   2 
 σ 1 = 60 MPa and σ 2 = -60 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  60  1
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    tan 1
  45 0
& 135 0

2    2  0  0  2
 x y 
 θ p1 = 45 0 and θ p2 = 135 0
 (iii)Max & Min shear stresses
  x  y 
2

 1,2       xy
2
  0  60 2
 ± 60Mpa
 2 
  1 = 60 MPa and  2 = -60 MPa
(iii)Planes of Max & Min shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  0  0
q 1
 tan    tan    0 & 90 0
1,2
2  2  2  2  (60) 
 xy 
 θ 1 = 0 0 and θ 2 = 90 0

 




.


 Pa q  =90 0

Pa

40v   q 1 =0 0
 
0
40v q p2 =135
q p1 =45 0

Prob 4
A point in a strained material is subjected to
stresses as shown in fig. Determine the principal
stresses, maximum shear stress and their
orientations.
40 MPa
60 060 MPa

60 MPa 60 0

40 MPa
 Resolving the 60 MPa stress  to face & parallel to it;
σ x = 60× sin60 = 52 MPa &  xy = 60×cos60 = 30 MPa.
0 0

40 MPa
40 MPa
30 MPa
60 060 MPa

52 MPa 52 MPa
60 MPa 60 0
30 MPa
40 MPa
40 MPa
(i) Principal stresses & their planes :

x  y    x  y 
2
 52  40   52  40 
2

 1,2        xy
2
      30 2

 2   2   2   2 
 1  (46  30.6)  76.6 MPa &  2  (46  30.6)  15.4 MPa
1 1  2  30 
qp  tan    q  39.35 0
and q  (90 0
 39.35 0
)  129.35 0

 52  40 
p1 p2
1,2
2
(i) Maximum shear stresses & their planes :
 1   2   76.6  15.4 
 τ max =    =   = 30.6MPa
 2   2 
1 1  (52  40) 
q1,2  tan  
 1q  -5.65 0
and q2  (90 0
 5.65 0
)  84.35 0

2  2  30 
 Mohr’s circle method for 2D stress system
• German engineer Otto Mohr (in 1882) introduced a simple
graphical approach in which the normal & shear stresses
acting on an arbitrary inclined plane can be represented as
points on a circle.
• The circle representation of stress system can be developed
by the derived equations for the normal & shear stresses on
an inclined plane.
• The sign convention of shear stress for Mohr’s circle
method is opposite to that of the analytical method. i.e. the
shear stress which produces a ccw couple on vertical face of
element is considered negative & vice versa.
 Equation of Mohr's circle
Stresses on an inclined plane whose normal makes q with x-axis are;
  x  y    x  y 
q     cos 2q   xy sin 2q . Rearranging the terms;
 2   2 
x  y    x  y 
q     cos 2q   xy sin 2q (i).
 2   2 
  x  y 
Also  q    sin 2q   xy cos 2q (ii )
 2 
Squaring & adding LHS & RHS of (i) & (ii),
2 2 2
  x  y     x   y     x   y  
 q       q    cos 2q   xy sin 2q     sin 2q   xy cos 2q 
2

  2    2    2  
2
  x  y     x  y 
2

Simplifying we get ,  q      2
q      2
xy
  2    2 
2
 σx + σ y   σx - σ y 
 + τ xy = τ 1,2 = R ,
2 2 2
Putting   = C, 
 2   2 
we get equation of Mohr's circle as; (σθ - C)2 + τ θ2 = R 2
 y
 yx
B
C In the Mohr's circle diagram;
q  xy
q x OA   x , AX= xy , OB   y , BY= yx , OD   1 , OE   2
q
OF  OG   1,2 , OH   q , PH   q
G(
2
P ( q ,q )

Y (  y , yx )

2q 
2q
2 q p2
E B H C A D 
O
y
2q p1
x
2
1 2q 

X (  x , xy )

F(
1
 Construction of Mohr's circle
Consider an element subjected to general 2D stress system as shown in fig.

(i) From origin 'O' mark the stresses ( x , xy ) & ( y , yx ) by points X & Y.

(ii) Join the points X & Y & with length of XY as diameter, draw a circle

with C as center to cut the horizontal from O at D & E.

(iii) The distances OD & OE give the major & minor principal stresses,

& the angles measured from XY & OD & OE in ccw direction give 2q p1,2

(iv) The radius of circle gives max shear stress & the angle measured from XY

to CF & CG in ccw direction gives 2q 1,2

(v) To obtain normal & shear stress on any oblique plane , measure the angle 2q

in the ccw direction and mark point P on the circle whose coordinates ( q , q )

give the normal & shear stresses on that plane.

Prob 1: An element is subjected to stresses as shown in fig. Using
Mohr’s circle determine;
(i) Normal & shear stress on a plane whose normal is inclined at
300 plane of stress in y direction.
(ii) Magnitude & orientation of principal stresses.
(iii) Magnitude & orientation of max shear stresses.
Also validate the answers using analytical method.
47 MPa 47 MPa

63 MPa 63 MPa




110 MPa 110 MPa
 G 
Y(47,63)
 P ( q ,q )

2q
2 q p2 2q 
E B C A H D 
O x
y
2
2q p1
1

2q 

X(110,-63)
F 

Data : OA   x  110MPa, OB   y  47 MPa, AX= xy  63MPa, BY= yx  63MPa, 2q  1200

From the Mohr's circle diagram;
OD   1  148.94MPa, OE   2  8.06MPa, 2q p1  63.430 , 2q p 2  243.430
CF  CG   1,2  70.44MPa, 2q 1  26.57 0 , 2q 2  153.430
OH   q  117.3MPa, PH   q  58.8MPa
Analytical Solution :
Here,  x  110 MPa,  y  47 MPa,  xy  63Mpa, q  600
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (120 0 )
 110  47   110  47 
q   
   cos120 0
 63sin120 0
 σq = 117.3 MPa
 2   2 
 110  47 
q    s in120 0
 63cos 120 0
 27.28  ( 31.5)  τq = 58.78 MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

 110  47   110  47 
2

 1,2        632
=78.5  70.44
 2   2 
 σ 1 = 148.94 MPa and σ 2 = 8.06 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  63 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    31.710
& 121.7 0

2    2  110  47 
 x y 
 θ p1 = 31.71 (or 2θ p1 = 63.4 0 ) and θ p2 = 121.7 0 (or 2θ p2 = 243.4 0 )
(iv) Max shear stresses :

 110  47 
2

 1,2      63 =  70.44   1 = +70.44 MPa and  2 = -70.44 MPa

2

 2 
(iii) Planes of Max & Min shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  (110  47) 
q 1
 tan    tan     13.28 0
& 76.72 0
1,2
2  2   2  2  63 
 xy 
 θ 1 = -13.28 0 (or 2θ 1 = -26.56 0 ) and θ 2 = 76.72 0 (or 2θ 2 = -153.44 0 )

 


.


. Pa

Pa

60 0 
 0
q p2 =121.7 0
q p1 =31.7 0
q  =76.71

q 1 =13.28 0




Prob 2: An element in a strained material is subjected to
tensile stresses 100 N/mm2 & 70 N/mm2 along two mutually
perpendicular directions. It is also subjected to shear stress
of magnitude 50 N/mm2.Using Mohr’s circle method,
Determine;
(i) Normal & shear stress on a plane inclined at 1200 to the
plane of 100 MPa stress.
(ii) Magnitude & orientation of principal stresses.
(iii) Magnitude & orientation of max shear stresses.
Also validate the answers using analytical method.
70 MPa 70 MPa

50 MPa 50 MPa

0°
12

12
0°
100 MPa 100 MPa

 F
Y (100,-50)

2q

P 2q 

E H 2q p2 A D 
B
O 2 y C

x

p1
1 2q

2q 

X (100,-50)
G
  G
Y (100,50)

2q

P 2q 

E H 2q p2 A D 
B
O 2 y C

x

p1
2q
1

2q 

X (100,-50)
F

Data :
OA   x  100MPa, OB   y  70 MPa, AX= xy  50 MPa, BY= yx  50 MPa, 2q  2400
From the Mohr's circle diagram;
OD   1  137.2 MPa, OE   2  32.8MPa, 2q p1  73.30 , 2q p 2  253.30
CF  CG   1,2  52.2MPa, 2q 1  16.7 0 , 2q 2  163.30
OH   q  34.2MPa, PH   q  12.01MPa,
Analytical Solution :
Here,  x  100 MPa,  y  70 MPa,  xy  50 Mpa, q  120 0
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (120 0 )
 100  70   100  70 
q   
   cos 240 0
 50sin 240 0
 σq = 34.2 MPa
 2   2 
 100  70 
q    s in 240 0
 50cos 240 0
 0  (60 cos 80 0
)  τq = 12.01MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

 100  70   100  70 
2

 1,2        50 2
=85  52.2
 2   2 
 σ 1 = 137.2 MPa and σ 2 = 32.8 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  50 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    36.7 0
& 126.7 0

2    2  100  70 
 x y 
 θ p1 = 36.7 0 and θ p2 = 126.7 0
(iv) Max shear stresses

 100  70 
2

 1,2      50 =  52.2   1 = +52.2 MPa and  2 = -52.2 MPa

2

 2 
(iii) Planes of Max & Min shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  30 
q 1
 tan    tan    8.35 0
& 81.7 0
1,2
2  2   2  2  50 
 xy 
 θ 1 = -8.35 0 and θ 2 = 81.7 0
 

. Pa
120v 

Pa

0
 q p2 =126.7

0
q p1 =36.7 0
q  =81.65
 .
 0 
q 1 =8.35




Prob 3: A point in a machine member is subjected to stresses as
shown in fig. Determine;
(i) Normal & shear stress on a plane inclined at 600 to the plane
of 60 MPa stress.
(ii) Magnitude & orientation of principal stresses.
(iii) Magnitude & orientation of max shear stresses.
Also validate the answers using analytical method.
100MPa 100MPa
B B
C C

60MPa o 60MPa
60
o
60

40MPa 40MPa

Given diagram Equivalent diagram

 F( 
1


P ( q ,q )
X(60,40)

2q 2q 

2q p2 2q p1
E B H C O A D 
y x

2q 
2 1

Y(-100,-40)

G(
2
 F( 
1


P ( q ,q )
X(60,40)

2q 2q 

2q p2 2q p1
E B H C O A D 
y x

2q 
2 1

Y(-100,-40)

G(
2
Data :
OA   x  60MPa, OB   y  100 MPa, AX= xy  40 MPa, BY= yx  40 MPa, 2q  120 0
From the Mohr's circle diagram;
OD   1  69.44 MPa, OE   2  109.44 MPa, 2q p1  26.57 0 , 2q p 2  153.430
CF  CG   1,2  89.44 MPa, 2q 1  63.430 , 2q 2  243.430
OH   q  94.64 MPa, PH   q  49.28MPa
Analytical Solution :
Here,  x  60 MPa,  y  100 MPa,  xy  40 Mpa, q  600
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (60 0 )
 60  100   60  ( 100) 
q   
   cos120 0
 ( 40sin120 0
)  σq = -94.64 MPa
 2   2 
 60  ( 100) 
q    sin120 0
 ( 40cos 120 0
)  τq = 49.28 MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

 60  (100)   60  ( 100) 
2

 1,2        40 2
=  20  89.44
 2   2 
 σ 1 = 69.44 MPa and σ 2 = -109.44 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  ( 40) 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    13.30
& 76.710

2    2  60  ( 100 ) 
 x y 
 θ p1 = -13.30 (or 2θ p1  26.57 0 ) and θ p2 = 76.710 (or 2θ p2  153.430 )
(iv) Max shear stresses :

 600  (100) 
2

 1,2      40 2
=  89.44   1 = +89.44 MPa and  2 = -89.44 MPa
 2 
(iii) Planes of Max Shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  160 
q 1
 tan    tan    31.720 & 127.720
1,2
2  2 xy  2  2  (40) 
 
 θ 1 = 31.72 0 (or 2θ 1  63.430 ) and θ 2 = 121.72 0 (or 2θ 2  243.430 )
 

q p2 =76.71 0
 
q p1 =13.30  q  =121.720
q 1 =31.72 0




Prob 4: An element in a strained material is subjected to stresses
shown in fig. Using Mohr’s circle method, Determine;
(i) Normal & shear stress on a plane whose normal is inclined at
350 w.r.t x-axis.
(ii) Magnitude & orientation of principal stresses.
(iii) Magnitude & orientation of max shear stresses.
Also validate the answers using analytical method.

0 105 MPa
35

50 MPa
 F
Mohr’s circle P

X(105, 50)

2q =70 0
q
2q 
2q p2

2q p1
 H C  D 
E
q
2q  x
2 1

Y(0,-50)

G
 F
P

X(105, 50)

2q =70 0
q
2q 
2q p2

2q p1
 H C  D 
E
q
2q  x
2 1

Y(0,-50)

G
Data :
OA   x  105MPa,  y  0 MPa, AX= xy  50 MPa, OY= yx  50 MPa, 2q  700
From the Mohr's circle diagram;
OD   1  125MPa, OE   2  20MPa, 2q p1  43.60 , 2q p 2  134.60
CF  CG   1,2  72.5MPa, 2q 1  46.40 , 2q 2  226.40
OH   q  23.47 MPa, PH   q  66.43MPa
Analytical Solution :
Here,  x  105MPa,  y  0 MPa,  xy  50 Mpa, q  350
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (35 0 )
 105  0   105  0 
q   
   cos 70 0
 (  50sin 70 0
)  σq = 23.47 MPa
 2   2 
 105  0 
q    sin 7 0 0
 (  50cos 70 0
)  τq = 66.43 MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

 105  0   105  0 
2

 1,2        50 2
=52.5  72.5
 2   2 
 σ 1 = 125 MPa and σ 2 = -20 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  ( 50) 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan     21.8 0
& 68. 2 0

2    2  105  0 
 x y 
 θ p1 = -21.8 0 (or 2θ p1  43.60 ) and θ p2 = 68.2 0 (or 2θ p2  136.40 )
(iv) Max shear stresses :

 105  0 
2

 1,2      50 2
=  72.5   1 = +72.5 MPa and  2 = -72.5 MPa
 2 
(iii) Planes of Max Shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  105 
q 1
 tan    tan    31.720 & 113.20
1,2
2  2 xy  2  2  ( 50) 
 
 θ 1 = 23.2 0 (or 2θ 1  46.40 ) and θ 2 = 113.2 0 (or 2θ 2  226.40 )

 

q p2 =68.2 0
 
q p1 =21.8 0
 q  =113.2 0
q 1 =23.2 0




Prob 5: A point in a machine member is subjected to pure shear
of 45 Mpa. Using Mohr’s circle method, Determine;
(i) Normal & shear stress on a plane whose normal is inclined at
1100 w.r.t x-axis.
(ii) Magnitude & orientation of principal stresses.
(iii) Magnitude & orientation of max shear stresses.
Also validate the answers using analytical method.

45 MPa
0
110
 Mohr’s circle Data :

Y(0,45)  x  0,  y  0, OX= xy  45MPa,


F OY= yx  45 MPa, 2q  2200
P
From the Mohr's circle diagram;
0
2q =220
q 2q  OD   1  45MPa,
H O D  OE   2  45MPa,
E
q
2q p1 2q p1  900 , 2q p 2  2700
2 1
OF  OG   1,2  45MPa,

2q 1  00 , 2q 2  1800

G
X(0,-45) OH   q  28.93MPa,

PH   q  34.47 MPa
Analytical Solution :
Here,  x  0 MPa,  y  0 MPa,  xy  45Mpa, q  1100
(i) Normal & Tangential stresses on the oblique plane (35 0 )
00  00
q   
   cos 70 0
 (45sin 220 0
)  σq = -28.92 MPa
 2   2 
00
q    sin 220 0
 (45cos 220 0
)  τq = 34.47 MPa
 2 
(ii) Max & Min principal stresses :

00  00
2

 1,2        45 2
=0  45
 2   2 
 σ 1 = 45 MPa and σ 2 = -45 MPa
(iii) Planes of Max & Min principal stresses
1  2 xy  1 1  2  (45) 
q p1,2 1
 tan    tan    tan 1
  45 0
& 135 0

2    2  0  0 
 x y 
 θ p1 = 45 0 (or 2θ p1  900 ) and θ p2 = 135 0 (or 2θ p2  2700 )
(iv) Max shear stresses :

 00
2

 1,2      45 2
=  45   1 = +45 MPa and  2 = -45 MPa
 2 
(iii) Planes of Max Shear stresses
1  ( x   y )  1 1  0  0
q 1
 tan    tan    0 & 900
1,2
2  2 xy  2  2  45 
 
 θ 1 = 0 0 (or 2θ 1  00 ) and θ 2 = 90 0 (or 2θ 2  1800 )

 


q  =90 0
  q 1 =0 0
 
0
q p2 =135
q p1 =45 0
