Waterway Design #1 Dr.

Eng Febri Zukhruf

Design Process #1

(Source: Waterway Guidelines, 2011)

A
 A
Design Process #2

B C D

B C D
Waterway Class
Waterway Class
• Describe transport network structure of waterway
• Imply the vision of waterway
• Consider the current condition of geometry and traffic (if any).
CEMT classification #1
• Firstly proposed by dividing waterways into five classes, depending on
their horizontal dimensions.
• The system was based on the dimensions of five types of vessel that
were common in Western Europe at the time.
• Recently, the classification takes account of East European waterways,
which generally have slightly smaller dimensions than similar
waterways in Western Europe.

(Source: Waterway Guidelines, 2011)

CEMT classification #2
Kelas Alur Pelayaran
kedalaman sungai (m) lebar sungai (m) tinggi ruang bebas (m)
Kelas 1 > 10 > 250 15
Kelas 2 5 - 10 100 - 250 10 – 15
Kelas 3 <5 < 100 < 10
Reference Vessel
Reference Vessel
• There are three types of cargo-carrying commercial vessels: motor cargo
vessels, pushed convoys and coupled units.
• The reference vessel is the largest vessel that can smoothly and safely
navigate the waterway.
• This vessel determines the transport engineering design of the waterway
and the associated engineering structures.
• The structural design is determined by the most stringent requirement or
combination of requirements associated with the reference motor cargo
vessel, pushed convoy or coupled unit.
• The choice of reference vessel is based primarily on horizontal
dimensions, with the beam as the most important factor.
 • are equipped with a motor drive and
Motor Cargo cargo hold.
Vessel (Self- • can be subdivided into dry cargo vessels,
propelled motor tankers, container and Ro-Ro
vessels.
vessels)
Motor Cargo Vessel (Self-propelled vessels)
Motor Cargo Vessel (Self-propelled vessels)
Motor cargo vessels
(Reference Vessel)
Characteristics of reference motor cargo vessels
 • Pushed convoys consist of a pusher (motorised
Pushed vessel used for pushing) and one or more non-
motorised pushed lighters or pushed barges
convoys that are firmly attached to the pushing unit.
Pusher
Barge
Push Barge
Push barges
 • a motor cargo vessel is used for propelling the
formation or convoy instead of a pusher.
Pushed- • A coupled formation consists of one motor
cargo vessel with one to two lighters or barges
coupled coupled on its sides, whereas a pushed-coupled
convoy has one to two lighters or barges
convoy coupled to the motor cargo vessel on its sides
with additional lighters or barges placed in front
of it.
Coupling
units
Pushed convoys
Coupled Unit
Pushed convoys

“The combination of a
push boat and a
number of push barges
is known as a push
convoy “
 Waterways classes:
• Connective waterways: connect the
major navigation areas
Recreational • Access waterways: provide access to
individual navigation areas
navigation • ZM routes: waterways are accessible
to sailing and motor boats
• M routes: waterways that are
accessible only to motor boats or to
(Based on recreational touring on
sailing boats with their mast lowered
Dutch waterways )
Recreational navigation
(Based on recreational touring on Dutch waterways )
Recreational navigation
(Based on European standards)
Recreational navigation
(Based on Charter navigation)
Oceangoing vessels on inland waters

• able to travel inland despite restrictions on height and draught

 Indonesia Context

Jukung

Ketek

Speedboat
Bus Air Tugboat

Tongkang Indonesia Context

 Angkutan Sungai di P. Kalimantan, Sumatera dan
Papua (Departemen Perhubungan, 2007)

No. Tipe Kapal LOA (m) Beam (m) Draft (m) Kecepatan Kapasitas Angkut
1 Ketek 4–9 1,0 – 1,5 0,5 – 1,2 m - 4 – 12 orang
2 Getek 7 – 17 1,5 – 3,5 0,5 – 1,2 m 6 – 10 knot 10 – 30 orang
3 Logboat 11,30 1,8 0,5 - -
4 Speedboat 4,38 – 10,75 1,65 – 2,4 0,60 – 1,25 40 km/jam 12 – 20 orang
5 Bus air 29,06 7,5 m 2,04 9 – 12 knot 200 org+100 t brg
6 Jukung 20-24 3,31 – 6,5 0,8-1,1 - 30 – 80 ton + 10 org
7 Truk air 17,6 5,9 1,5 - 30. ton + 2 ABK
8 Kapal tunda 16,3 5,1 1,0 - -
9 Tongkang s.d. 50,67 17,1 3,0 2-11 knot -
Waterway Profile
Waterway Profile

Profiles for commercial navigation Profiles for recreational navigation

normal profile for two-lane traffic high-volume profile

narrow profile for two-lane traffic normal profile for two-lane traffic
single-lane profile normal profile
narrow profile
 Normal profile
(for commercial navigation)
On waterways with a maximum traffic volume of 15,000 to 30,000
commercial vessels a year, the following level of traffic handling
should be possible:
• two laden reference vessels travelling in opposite directions should
be able to pass each other with little or no need to reduce speed
• one laden reference vessel should be able to carefully overtake
another (in other words, with a slight reduction in speed)
• a laden reference vessel should be able to pass an unladen reference
vessel travelling in the opposite direction in a strong side wind
 Narrow profile
(for commercial navigation)
Where the volume of traffic is 5,000 to 15,000 vessels a year. The
narrow profile should be regarded as a traffic engineering minimum
that is only just acceptable for waterways where it is possible that two
reference vessels travelling in opposite directions will meet:
• reduction in speed required when two laden reference vessels travelling in
opposite directions meet
• incidental overtaking of laden reference vessels by unladen reference
vessels, whereby the laden vessel must sharply reduce its speed
• reduction in speed when laden reference vessels meet unladen reference
vessels travelling in the opposite direction in a strong side wind
 Single-lane profile
(for commercial navigation)
• In exceptional cases a profile may be applied over a short section of
waterway that does not allow two reference vessels to pass each
other.
• The section in question must be no longer than two kilometers, and
the volume of traffic low, i.e. no more than 5000 reference vessels a
year.
• Such profiles are generally used in areas where little space is
available, such as urban connectors
High-volume profile
(for recreational navigation)
• The high-volume profile is applicable when the volume of traffic is
between 30,000 and 50,000 passing recreational craft a year.
• If the number of passing vessels exceeds 50,000 a year, further
investigation of the dimensions of the cross-section will be required.
Normal profile
(for recreational navigation)
• The normal profile is the nautically optimum cross-section for the
waterway, which can smoothly and safely handle up to 30,000 passing
recreational craft a year.
• This is the minimum standard that must be adopted for new
waterways.
.
Narrow profile
(for recreational navigation)
• The narrow profile is the nautical minimum standard for two-lane
recreational navigation. It is used on waterways with a traffic volume
of fewer than 5000 passing recreational craft per year.
• Waterway sections that carry mixed shipping –
and this applies to virtually all waterways –
should adhere to the design rules applying to
waterway sections with only commercial
navigation. Profile for
• This is an efficient use of the space available, all mixed
the more so since the peak months for
recreational navigation, July and August, do not shipping
coincide with the busiest period for commercial
navigation.
Summary of Profile Choice (Commercial)
Summary of Profile Choice (Recreational)
Tugas-FZ-2
• Pemerintah berencana menyelenggarakan suatu prasarana
transportasi air (PTA) untuk kebutuhan angkutan barang dan
penumpang (jika ada). Jika diketahui jenis kapal yang akan melintasi
PTA tersebut (terlampir), serta estimasi frekuensinya. Elaborasi dan
tetapkan kelas, vessel reference, dan profil lalu lintas dari PTA
tersebut, dengan mengkonsiderasikan pula kondisi/karakteristik
sungai yang ada.
• 1 tahun = 300 hari
Dikumpulkan via portal e learning (word/pdf-based) maksimal 1 April 2019
@23.55
Thank You…
Hydraulic parameters
• Reference water levels
✓Reference high water level
✓Reference low water level
• Longitudinal current
• Cross current
• Water abstraction
• Wave reflection
Reference water levels
(Hydraulic parameters )
• Variations in water level and longitudinal and cross currents can occur in
both rivers and canals. These have implications for the dimensions of the
waterway.
• It is very important to choose the correct reference high and low water
levels relative to the headroom and waterway profile, taking account of
possible future developments like subsidence or raised water levels.
• The reference high and lower water levels (MHW and MLW) are of
particular importance for the design of the waterway, these being the
levels between which the full functionality of the waterway is available to
shipping.
Longitudinal current
(Hydraulic parameters )
• Generally speaking, the longitudinal current must not exceed 0.5 m/s
on average over the cross-section .
• Vessels travelling downstream generally need more width on bends
where there is longitudinal current, while vessels travelling upstream
need less.
• If the longitudinal current exceeds 0.5 m/s then more investigation is
needed for commercial navigation.
Cross current
(Hydraulic parameters )
• Cross current for commercial navigation
Cross current is permissible if Q ≤ 50 m3/s and vc≤ 0.3 m/s (please
refer the guideline for others condition)
• Cross current for recreational navigation
Cross currents are permissible if vc≤ 0,3 m/s and the cross current
feld is no longer than 0.5.Lenght
Water abstraction &Wave reflection
(Hydraulic parameters )
• Water abstraction from a waterway produces less disruption of the
currents, and therefore less obstruction, than drainage flow, so values
1.5 times higher can be used for vc, provided the flow is evenly
distributed over the opening.

• Ships’ waves are reflected on waterways with vertical bank

protection, particularly sheet piling. This creates waves that are
particularly disruptive for recreational craft, and can lead to
unpleasant or even dangerous situations.
• Water Resources is the term we use to refer to the quantity of water
available for people and the environment. Abstraction is the removal
of that water, permanently or temporarily, from rivers, lakes, canals,
reservoirs or from underground strata. We need to make sure that
abstraction is sustainable and does not damage the environment. We
control how much, where and when water is abstracted through our
licensing system.