8 STS Climate Change

GLOBAL WARMING
and
CLIMATE CHANGE
BRYAN LLOYD P. BRETAÑA
Faculty
Department of Biological Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
University of Southern Mindanao
Science, Technology and Society_BLPBretana2018
http://www.uzdevumi.lv/p/anglu-valoda/10-12-klase/nature-environment-and-global-issues-3160/re-efe7e605-7331-4be0-9dea-3d2c2944d454
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=641&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=MSCRW6WeLNPf9QPtpKTACg&q=polar+bear+on+little+ice&oq=polar+bear+on+little+ice&gs_l=img.3...190107.194967.0.1
95116.24.22.0.2.2.0.210.2528.0j13j2.15.0....0...1c.1.64.img..7.12.1803...0j35i39k1j0i67k1j0i5i30k1j0i8i30k1j0i24k1.0.Z1rwSnQcUp8#imgrc=wwzy2vFh0EYR8M:
https://mashable.com/2015/09/08/starving-polar-bear-photo/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjHwOmctabdAhXOfCsKHR5iCwgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%
2F%2Fact.ran.org%2Fdonate&psig=AOvVaw14zrIUB7auKIgyiyIg92oF&ust=1536324527267498; https://act.ran.org/donate
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-causes-forest-fires.html
https://www.thedodo.com/indonesia-forest-fires-1446086756.html
Positive proof of global warming!!!!
http://www.climatechangefacts.info/HumorClimateChange.htm
Climate
Change
What is global warming?
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUK
EwjBuYP3vKbdAhXLSH0KHQncDBkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2Fstu
diosoriginals-josh-freydkis-globey-world-on-fire-l0HlMURBbyUqF0XQI&psig=AOvVaw3CRA9BR-bAVz6-
OB4pz-0_&ust=1536326641682464
https://www.cropking.com/catalog/greenhouses
https://finfeed.com/small-caps/technology/roots-commercial-greenhouse-pilot-a-flourishing-success/
How does greenhouse work?

Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)

is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
The greenhouse effect

How Global Warming Works
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

What’s the difference

between “global
warming” and “climate
change”?
Difference
GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE
is the increase of the is a broader term that
Earth’s average surface refers to long-term
temperature due to a changes in climate,
build-up of greenhouse including average
gases in the atmosphere. temperature and
precipitation.
Effects of Global Warming

Rising Sea Level Increased Temperature
Habitat Damage and

Species Affected Changes in Water Supply
The Climate is Changing National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
• Temperatures are rising

• Sea levels are rising
• The ocean is acidifying
• Climate change is reflected in Temperature rise, indicated by
water cycle changes and in color (red=higher rate of increase).
Earth’s surface temperature has
extreme weather risen ~1.3˚ C since 1850.
Image courtesy of the Joint Institute for the Study of the
Atmosphere & Ocean, U. of Washington.
What’s the proof that

global warming is
taking place?
Portage Glacier
Alaska
1914 2004
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

Colorado River
Arizona
June 2002 Dec 2003

Why is global
warming
happening?
Burning of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from
Pollution from coal,
coal, natural gas,
natural gas,
and oiland oil
When did global

warming start?
Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

CO2 and Temperature

1000 Years of CO2 and

Global Warming
Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere) CO2 Concentrations
Degree Celsius Increase
Parts Per Million
1800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1000
1200
1400
1600
2000
Year Year
Impacts of
Climate
Change
National Academy of Sciences
Ecological Impacts
Living things are intimately connected to their

physical surroundings.
Ecosystems are affected by changes in:
• temperature – salinity (saltiness)
• rainfall/moisture – activities & distribution of other species
• pH – …many other factors
Ecological Impacts National Academy of Sciences

As a result of climate change, species and

ecosystems are experiencing changes in:
• ranges – cycling of water and nutrients
• timing of biological activity
– the risk of disturbance from
• growth rates fire, insects, and invasive
• relative abundance of species species
Timing of Biological National Academy of Sciences

Activity
Some seasonal biological

activities are happening 15-20
days earlier than several
decades ago:
European pied
• Trees blooming earlier
flycatcher chicks
• Migrating birds arriving earlier
are now born later
• Butterflies emerging earlier than the
caterpillars they
Changes in timing differ from eat.
species to species, so
ecological interactions are
disrupted. Images used under the
terms of the GNU Free
Documentation License.
Global Changes,
Local Impacts
Although climate change is global, the ecological

impacts are often local.
What’s happening in your backyard?

Impacts in the Pacific National Academy of Sciences

Coastline
Shifting Ranges of Checkerspot Butterflies

• Edith’s checkerspot: range has shifted northward and to higher elevations
over 40+ years
• Quino checkerspot: first endangered species for which climate change is
officially listed as a threat and as a factor in the plan for its recovery
Image courtesy of Dr. Gordon Pratt, www.quinocheckerspot.com.

Impacts in the Pacific National Academy of Sciences

Coastline
California Wine Industry: Unwelcome Changes?

• Climate change affects managed ecosystems like vineyards and farms
just as it affects natural ecosystems
• Future warming unlikely to help wine growers in California’s premium
wine regions: some areas projected to become “marginal” by 2100
Impacts in Alaska and
the Arctic
Effects on Ice-Dependent Animals

• Year-round sea ice shrinking: walruses and other animals
challenged to find platforms for nursing and resting
• Polar bears facing difficult hunting conditions: seals now
surfacing in open ocean instead of holes in ice
the Arctic
Changing Food Chains

• Increased shrub growth presenting
a threat to caribou (wild reindeer)
• Shrubs crowding out lichens (a key
winter food for caribou)
• Shrubs collect snow, causing deep
snowdrifts: deep snow makes it hard for
caribou to reach lichens hidden beneath
the Arctic
Feedback Loops: Arctic Warming Faster

• The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet
• As sea ice and seasonal snow cover melts, previously reflective white
surfaces converted to darker surfaces (to ocean water or vegetation)
• Thawing permafrost releases carbon dioxide and methane into the
atmosphere, increasing greenhouse gases
Rate of warming,
indicated by colors
(red=higher rate).
Image created with data from the Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Impacts in Western
Mountains
Wildfire, Drought, and Insects: Complex Interactions

Climate change increases the risk of fire in areas where decades of total fire
suppression have resulted in buildup of dead fuels.
Wildfire increasing in frequency, size, season length:
• Longer, more intense summer droughts stressing trees
• Stressed trees are more susceptible to attacking beetles, which leave standing dead
fuels in their wake
A wildfire in Bitterroot National

Forest, Montana.
Image courtesy of John McColgan, USDA Forest Service.

Impacts in Western Mountains

Effects on The American Pika

• Climbing to higher elevations in
response to warming
• Many populations now isolated on
“mountaintop islands”
Pika images courtesy of J. R. Douglass, Yellowstone

National Park; Aerial image courtesy NASA.
Impacts in Southwestern National Academy of Sciences
Deserts
Wildfire and Invasive Species

• Nonnative grasses becoming established
in deserts:
• Red brome (in the Mojave)
• Buffelgrass (in the Sonoran)
• Grasses transform desert into
flammable grassland: fire-adapted
grasses re-establish quickly, pushing out
native species like Saguaro cactus
• Spread of grasses not directly a result of
climate change, but warming may allow
them to further spread in the desert and
extend to higher elevations.
Image courtesy T. Esque, USGS.

Impacts in Southwestern National Academy of Sciences

Deserts
The Piñon Pine: Past a Tipping Point

• Drought in 2000-2003 stressed a large swath of piñons, leaving them
susceptible to infestation by pine bark beetles
• This example shows how a stressful event can trigger dramatic ecological
change when an ecosystem is subject to many interacting stresses
2002 2004
Images courtesy D. Allen, USGS.

Impacts in the Southeast National Academy of Sciences

Sea-level Rise
• Fragments barrier islands, reconfigures
shorelines
• May leave certain ecosystems struggling
to adapt—in particular those adapted
to the conditions between land and sea
• Landward movement of mangroves and
marshes may be inhibited by human
development

Coral Reefs: Multiple Changes

• Climate change is compounding other
factors affecting reefs (coastal
development, pollution, overfishing)
• Heat stress causes coral bleaching:
corals expel symbiotic algae, leaving
white “bones” behind (deadly to coral
if long-lasting)
• Ocean acidification affects marine
organisms’ ability to build shells and
skeletons: likely to slow or stop the
growth of coral by 2100
Coral bleaching

Northward Movement of Tropical Species

• Bird and butterfly watchers across the Southeast looking out
for new species; some former seasonal migrants now staying
year-round
The rufous
hummingbird has
become a year-
round resident in
Alabama.
Image courtesy Dean E. Briggins,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Fisheries National Research Council
• Cod: affected by water temperature

• Habitat may become restricted to cooler
pockets (<54˚F for adults, <46˚F for
young)
• Lobsters: affected by oxygen levels
• Warmer water holds less oxygen: oxygen
becomes insufficient for lobsters >79˚F
• In north, warming may improve lobster
habitat
• Oysters: Deadly parasite Perkinsus
marinus moving northward
Impacts in Tropical and
Temperate Communities
Harley et al. 2006

How does climate

change affect
health?
Climate change undermines the

environmental determinants of
health
Without effective responses, climate change will compromise:
• Water quality and quantity: Contributing to a doubling of people living in
water-stressed basins by 2050.
• Food security: In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture
may halve by 2020.
• Control of infectious disease: Increasing population at risk of malaria in
Africa by 170 million by 2030, and at risk of dengue by 2 billion by 2080s.
• Protection from disasters: Increasing exposure to coastal flooding by a
factor of 10, and land area in extreme drought by a factor of 10-30.
Source: World Health Organization

Climate change connects to many

health outcomes
Some expected impacts will be beneficial but most will
be adverse. Expectations are mainly for changes in
frequency or severity of familiar health risks
Health effects
Modulating
influences
•Temperature-related illness and death
Human
exposures
•Extreme weather- related health
Regional weather •Contamination
effects
CLIMATE changes pathways •Air pollution-related health effects
CHANGE •Transmission
•Heat waves
dynamics
•Water and food-borne diseases
•Extreme weather •Agroecosystems, •Vector-borne and rodent- borne
•Temperature hydrology
diseases
•Precipitation •Socioeconomics,
demographics •Effects of food and water shortages
•Effects of population displacement

Based on Patz et al. (2000)
Some of the largest disease burdens

are climate-sensitive
- Each year:
- Undernutrition kills 3.5 million.
- Diarrhoea kills 2.2 million.
- Malaria kills 900,000.
- - Extreme weather events kill 60,000.
WHO estimates that the climate change
that has occurred since the 1970s
already kills over 140,00 per year.

Climate Change in
the Philippines
Snapshot of Greenhouse
emissions
Source: CAIT, WRI 2008

Climate Change Impacts in

the Philippines
•Vulnerability, Risks and Threats
•Climate Variability
> precipitation, temperature, and sea level
changes
•Sector Impacts
> agriculture, forestry and lands
> coastal areas, fisheries and marine resources
> water resources
> health
Vulnerability, Risks and Threats

• High vulnerability to
natural disasters
• Expect: more frequent
occurrence of El Niño and
La Niña events
• The poor at risk: high

poverty incidence; most
poor in natural hazard
prone areas or dependent
of natural resources at risk
Climate Variability
IPCC 4 First National
Communication
Temperature ↑0.2º
C per decade ↑2-3º C with doubling
GHG @ 2000 level ↑0.1ºC CO2
Precipitation ↑ high altitudes  Depending on location:

↓sub-tropical region ↑100%; ↑50%; or ↓
Sea Level ↑0.19-0.59 m (1990-2100) 100 cm with doubling CO2

will innundate 129k ha
Impact on agriculture,
forestry, and land
• Land degradation
reduces productivity,
and changes in land-use
in turn increase
emissions
• 1990-2000: 3.3% rice
production lost as a
consequence of
typhoons, floods,
drought.
• El Nino (97-98)
resulted in ↓6.6%
GDP in agriculture
production
Impact on agriculture,
forestry, and land
• Land degradation reduces
productivity, and changes in
land-use in turn increase
emissions
• Degraded land causes
migration to less productive
land
• Loss of subsistence-based
livelihoods: 35% of labor force
depends on sector
• 55.9% of CO2 emissions from
land use & forestry (2000)
• Loss of biodiversity due to
habitat destruction
Impact on coastal areas,

fisheries and marine resources
Sea level rise puts at risk
coastal activities (e.g.,
aquaculture) &
infrastructure
• 60% of the population
depends on marine resources
• Coral reefs contribute about
$1.4 billion per year and
accounted for 10 to 15
percent of total annual fish
yield
• Only 5-10% of mangroves and
coral reefs in excellent
condition
Impact on coastal areas,

fisheries and marine resources
•Sea level rise puts at risk
coastal activities (e.g.,
aquaculture) &
infrastructure
• Decrease of up to 46% in
live coral cover after the
1997-98 bleaching event;
highly bleached areas
coincided with areas of
poverty and dense
populations
• Loss of biodiversity due to
habitat destruction thus
affecting fisheries
Impact on water resources

• SLR increases
salinity/undrinkability of
water (evident in nearly 28
percent of coastal
municipalities in Luzon, 20
percent in the Visayas, and
almost 29 percent in
Mindanao)
• Lead to ↑ 17% in wet
season streamflow & ↓
35% in dry season
streamflow in Pantabangan-
Carranglan watershed
(Lasco et al 2006).
The Philippines’ response

so far to climate change
issues
•Policy and legal initiative
•Organizational
Partnerships with
International
Organizations
•Mitigation initiatives
•Adaptation initiatives
Response: Policy and legal
• Philippine Strategy for Sustainable

Development (1991)
• Rio Earth Summit and Philippine
Agenda 21 (1992)
• UNFCCC ratification (1994)
• First National Communication on
Climate Change (2000)
• Kyoto Protocol ratification (2003)
• Bio-Fuel Act (2006)
Global
Warming:
Shifting Gears
Billions of Metric Tons Carbon
Goal:
Reductions in
2007
CO2 Per Year
Carbon Tons Carbon Our Goal
Produce electricity
efficiently
Use electricity
efficiently
Vehicle efficiency
of Metric
Solar and Wind

Power
Gigaton
Biofuels
Billions
Carbon capture
Reductions and storage
2007 in CO2
Per Year
What’s being done now to

reduce our emissions?
Wind Power Solar Power Fuel-Efficiency

What can you do to help
solve the problem?

Faculty
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV

when you’re not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or

curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs

What’s the Compact
Incandescent difference? Fluorescent
500 lbs.
of coal
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided

•$30 saved
Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on
your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in the car.
Plant a tree. Recycle.

Faculty
Maraming salamat po!

8 STS Climate Change

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8 STS Climate Change

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GLOBAL WARMING

Positive proof of global warming!!!!

What is global warming?

How does greenhouse work?

This energy (heat)

The greenhouse effect

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

What’s the difference

Effects of Global Warming

Habitat Damage and

The Climate is Changing National Academy of Sciences

• Temperatures are rising

What’s the proof that

Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

June 2002 Dec 2003

Burning of Fossil Fuels

When did global

Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

CO2 and Temperature

1000 Years of CO2 and

Parts Per Million

Living things are intimately connected to their

Ecological Impacts National Academy of Sciences

As a result of climate change, species and

Timing of Biological National Academy of Sciences

Some seasonal biological

National Academy of Sciences

Although climate change is global, the ecological

What’s happening in your backyard?

Impacts in the Pacific National Academy of Sciences

Shifting Ranges of Checkerspot Butterflies

Image courtesy of Dr. Gordon Pratt, www.quinocheckerspot.com.

Impacts in the Pacific National Academy of Sciences

California Wine Industry: Unwelcome Changes?

National Academy of Sciences

Effects on Ice-Dependent Animals

National Academy of Sciences

Changing Food Chains

Feedback Loops: Arctic Warming Faster

National Academy of Sciences

Wildfire, Drought, and Insects: Complex Interactions

A wildfire in Bitterroot National

Image courtesy of John McColgan, USDA Forest Service.

National Academy of Sciences

Impacts in Western Mountains

Effects on The American Pika

Pika images courtesy of J. R. Douglass, Yellowstone

Impacts in Southwestern National Academy of Sciences

Wildfire and Invasive Species

Image courtesy T. Esque, USGS.

Impacts in Southwestern National Academy of Sciences

The Piñon Pine: Past a Tipping Point

Images courtesy D. Allen, USGS.

Impacts in the Southeast National Academy of Sciences

Impacts in the Southeast National Academy of Sciences

Coral Reefs: Multiple Changes

Impacts in the Southeast National Academy of Sciences

Northward Movement of Tropical Species

Image courtesy Dean E. Briggins,

Impacts in the Southeast National Academy of Sciences

Fisheries National Research Council

• Cod: affected by water temperature

Harley et al. 2006