4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values PDF

4.
1 (continued) – Maximum and Minimum Values
E. Kim
MTH 207
1
Leftover question from last time
Why is 9.9 = 10?
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
Subtract the two equations:
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
10x − x = 99.9 − 9.9
2
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
10x − x = 99.9 − 9.9 = 90
2
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
10x − x = 99.9 − 9.9 = 90
9x = 90
2
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
10x − x = 99.9 − 9.9 = 90
9x = 90
x = 10
2
Why is 9.9 = 10?
x = 9.9
10x = 99.9
10x − x = 99.9 − 9.9 = 90
9x = 90
x = 10
A second explanation, using Section 11.2

∞
X 9
9.9 = is a geometric series (see pg. 706)
10n
n=1
2
Review
f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]
20
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
3
Review
(−1, 37)
20
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
3
Review
(−1, 37)
20
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
3
Review
(−1, 37)
20
(1, 5)
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
3
Review
(−1, 37)
20
(1, 5)
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)
20
(1, 5)
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)
20
(1, 5)
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
local min
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)
20
(1, 5)local max
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
local min
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)

not local max
20
(1, 5)local max
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
local min
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)

not local max
global max 20
at endpoint (1, 5)local max
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
local min
(3, −27)
3
Review
(−1, 37) (4, 32)

not local max
global max 20
at endpoint (1, 5)local max
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
local min
(3, −27)
global min not at endpoint
3
Review: Extreme Value Theorem
Extreme Value Theorem

If f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then:
I f has an absolute maximum f (c) for some c in [a, b], and
I f has an absolute minimum f (d) for some d in [a, b].
Absolute max is also called global max. Absolute min is also called
global min.
Review: Extreme Value Theorem
Extreme Value Theorem

If f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then:
I f has an absolute maximum f (c) for some c in [a, b], and
I f has an absolute minimum f (d) for some d in [a, b].
Absolute max is also called global max. Absolute min is also called
global min.
Initial Question
Where are the local minimums and maximums?
4
−5 5
−5
−5 5
−5
−5 5
−5
Local minimums and maximums: we should look for c where

f 0 (c) = 0.
−5 5
−5
6
−5 5
−5
6
−5 5
−5
Not local minimums or maximums
6
−5 5
−5
Not local minimums or maximums

Sometimes, c where f 0 (c) = 0 does NOT correspond to a local
minimum or maximum.
6
Look at where f 0 (c) = 0
Fermat’s Theorem
If f has a local minimum or local maximum at c and if f 0 (c) exists,
then f 0 (c) = 0.
Look at where f 0 (c) = 0
Fermat’s Theorem
If f has a local minimum or local maximum at c and if f 0 (c) exists,
then f 0 (c) = 0.
Moral: Some of the local minimums and local maximums will be

found by setting the derivative equal to zero, then solving for x.
7
−5 5
−5
8
−5 5
−5
8
−5 5
0
Local min where f (c) doesn’t exist
−5
8
−5 5
0
Local min where f (c) doesn’t exist
−5
c values where f 0 (c) does not exist may correspond to a local

minimum or maximum.
8
There are two types of x-values where local minimums and local
maximums can occur:
1. f 0 (c) = 0, though sometimes this does NOT give a local
min/max
2. f 0 (c) doesn’t exist
9
maximums can occur:
min/max
Definition
The number c is a critical number of the function f (x) if either
f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.
9
maximums can occur:
min/max
Definition
The number c is a critical number of the function f (x) if either
f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist.
Why look at critical numbers?

Theorem 7
If f has a local maximum or minimum at c then c is a critical
number of f
Example 1
Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9
10
Example 1

I f (x) is differentiable everywhere
10
Example 1

I Find c such that f 0 (c) = 0.
10
Example 1

f 0 (x) = x2 − x − 6
Example 1

f 0 (x) = x2 − x − 6
Set f 0 (x) equal to zero:
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Example 1

f 0 (x) = x2 − x − 6
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Factor:
(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0
Example 1

f 0 (x) = x2 − x − 6
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Factor:
(x + 2)(x − 3) = 0
Critical numbers are −2 and 3.
Example 2
From a picture of the graph, where are the critical numbers of
f (x) = 15 |x − 4| · |x + 2| · |x + 4| − 3?
−5 5
−5
11
Example 2
f (x) = 15 |x − 4| · |x + 2| · |x + 4| − 3?
−5 5
−5
Two critical points where f 0 (c) = 0
11
Example 2
f (x) = 15 |x − 4| · |x + 2| · |x + 4| − 3?
−5 5
−5
Two critical points where f 0 (c) = 0

Three critical points where f 0 (c) doesn’t exist
11
Recall
global max 20
at endpoint
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
Absolute minimum or maximum can occur at the endpoints!!
12
Recall
global max 20
at endpoint
−1 1 2 3 4
−20
Absolute minimum or maximum can occur at the endpoints!!

If we only looked at critical numbers, we could miss absolute
min/max at endpoints, so we’ll always check the endpoints
12
Closed Interval Method
A three-step process to find absolute maximum and minimum
Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

want to find absolute max and/or absolute min.
1
Where is f not differentiable? Where is f 0 (x) = 0?

1. Find the critical numbers1 of f in the interval (a, b).
1

I Find the y-value at each critical number.
1

2. Go to each endpoint, namely a and b
1

I Find the y-value at each endpoint.
1

I Find the y-value at each endpoint.
3. Compare the y-values of Steps 1 and 2.
I The largest of the y-values is the absolute maximum.
I The smallest of the y-values is the absolute minimum.
1
2
Example: f (x) = e−x on the interval [−2, 1]
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of f (x) on the interval
[−2, 1].
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
I f is differentiable everywhere
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
I Set equal to zero −2xe−x = 0. Only solution is x = 0.
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
2
I x = 0 is the only critical point. y-value is y = e−0 = 1
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
2
2
I Check endpoint a = −2. y-value is y = e−(−2) = e−4
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
2
2
2
I Check endpoint b = 1. y-value is y = e−(1) = e−1
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
2
2
2
The largest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is 1,

so 1 is the absolute maximum (which occurred at x = 0).
14
2
[−2, 1].
I Critical points?
2
I f 0 (x) = −2xe−x
2
2
2
2

The smallest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is e−4 ,

so e−4 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −2).
14
2
The smallest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is e−4 ,
so e−4 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −2).
−2 2
−2
15
Example: f (x) = 2 − |x − 1| on the interval [−2, 3]
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I f is not differentiable at 1.
I Critical points?
I Everywhere f 0 is defined, it is not zero.
I Critical points?
I x = 1 is the only critical point. y-value is y = 2
I Critical points?
I Check endpoint a = −2. y-value is y = 2 − | − 2 − 1| = −1
I Critical points?
I Check endpoint b = 3. y-value is y = 2 − |3 − 1| = 0
I Critical points?
The largest of the numbers 2, −1, and 0 is 2,

I Critical points?

The smallest of the numbers 2, −1, and 0 is −1,

so −1 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −2).
The smallest of the numbers 2, −1, and −1 is −1,
so −1 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −2).
−2 2
−2
17
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I Check endpoint a = −1. y-value is y = 2 − | − 1 − 1| = 0
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
The largest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 2,

I Critical points?

The smallest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 0,

so 0 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −1, 3).
The smallest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 0,
so 0 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = −1, 3).
−2 2
−2
19
Example: f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 1 on the interval [−1, 4]
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I Set equal to zero 3x(x − 2) = 0. Solutions x = 0, x = 2.
20
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I 0 and 2 are the critical points.
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I At x = 2 is y = −3
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I At x = 2 is y = −3
I Check endpoint a = −1. y-value is y = −3
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I At x = 2 is y = −3
I Check endpoint b = 4. y-value is y = 17
20
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I At x = 2 is y = −3
Of 1, −3, −3, 17, largest is 17,

20
I Critical points?
I f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x
I At x = 0 is y = 1
I At x = 2 is y = −3
Of 1, −3, −3, 17, largest is 17,

Of 1, −3, −3, 17, smallest is −3,
so −3 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = 2 and
x = −1).
20
Of 1, −3, −3, 17, largest is 17,
Of 1, −3, −3, 17, smallest is −3,
so −3 is the absolute minimum (which occurred at x = 2 and
x = −1).
−2 −2 2
21

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4.

1 (continued) – Maximum and Minimum Values

A second explanation, using Section 11.2

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

f (x) = 3x4 − 16x3 + 18x2 on the interval [−1, 4]

(−1, 37) (4, 32)

Extreme Value Theorem

Extreme Value Theorem

Local minimums and maximums: we should look for c where

Not local minimums or maximums

Not local minimums or maximums

Moral: Some of the local minimums and local maximums will be

c values where f 0 (c) does not exist may correspond to a local

Why look at critical numbers?

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Set f 0 (x) equal to zero:

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Set f 0 (x) equal to zero:

Find the critical numbers of f (x) = 13 x3 − 21 x2 − 6x + 9

Set f 0 (x) equal to zero:

Two critical points where f 0 (c) = 0

Two critical points where f 0 (c) = 0

Absolute minimum or maximum can occur at the endpoints!!

Absolute minimum or maximum can occur at the endpoints!!

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

Given a continuous function f (x) on a closed interval [a, b], we

The largest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is 1,

The largest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is 1,

The smallest of the numbers 1, e−4 , and e−1 is e−4 ,

The largest of the numbers 2, −1, and 0 is 2,

The largest of the numbers 2, −1, and 0 is 2,

The smallest of the numbers 2, −1, and 0 is −1,

The largest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 2,

The largest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 2,

The smallest of the numbers 2, 0, and 0 is 0,

Of 1, −3, −3, 17, largest is 17,

Of 1, −3, −3, 17, largest is 17,

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