Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1. Visible Light
Visible light is the portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum between the frequencies of 3.8 10 l 4 Hz and
7.5 10 l4 Hz. Hence,
’ ~f I 7 . 5 ~ 1 0 (Hz)
3 . 8 ~ 1 0I ’~
2. Speed of Light
The speed of light is a scalar quantity, having only
magnitude but no direction. The following basic
relationship exists for all electromagneticwaves, and
relates the frequency, wavelength, and the speed of the
waves. It is,
c= ;If
where
c = speed of light, 3 .OO x 10’ ( d s )
f= frequency (Hz)
;I= wavelength (m)
3. Light as a Particle
In quantum theory, particles of light are given the
name “photons.” A photon has energy defined by
the equation,
330 LIGHT
Photometry
where
E = energy (J)
h = Planck's constant, h = 6.62 x (J.s)
f = frequency (Hz)
iZ = wavelength (m)
c = speed of light, 3.00 x lo8 ( d s )
4. Luminous Intensity
Luminous intensity refers to the amount of luminous
flux emitted into a solid angle of space in a specified
direction:
r2E,
I, =
cos e
~
where
I , = luminous intensity (cd)
r= distance between the source and
the surface (m)
E,= illuminance (lux)
5. Luminous Flux
Luminous flux is a measure of the energy emitted by a
light source in all directions:
where
@ "= luminous flux (lm)
LIGHT 33 1
Photometry
6. Luminous Energy
Luminous energy is photometrically weighted radiant
energy:
Q, = %t
where
Q,,= luminous energy (lms)
CD "= luminous flux (lm)
t= time (s)
7. Illuminance
Illuminance is the luminous flux collected by a unit of a
surface:
where
Ev=illuminance (lx)
332 LIGHT
Photometry
8. Luminance
Luminance is the luminous intensity emitted by the
surface area of one square meter of the light source. The
luminance value indicates glare and discomfort when we
look at a lighting source. The following figure shows the
concept:
where
LV= luminance (cdm2)
IV= luminous intensity (cd)
S = area of the source surface perpendicular to
the given direction (m2)
LIGHT 333
Reflection, Refraction, Polarization
9. Laws of Reflection
hicjdent ray ~~~~l Reflected ray
8 r = angle of reflection
10. Refraction
Incident
,1,
ray POI arizai ray
334 LIGHT
Reflection, Refraction, Polarization
a) Law of refraction
When a ray of light passes at an angle from a medium of
less optical density to a denser medium, the light ray is
bent toward the normal.
When a ray of a light passes, at an angle, from a denser
medium to one less dense, the light is bent away from
the normal. Hence,
sine,
-
-
~-
n2
sine, nl
where
v, = speed of light in a medium 1, ( d s )
v2= speed of light in a medium 2, ( d s )
nl = refractive index of the medium 1,
n2= refractive index of the medium 2,
c = speed of light in vacuum ( d s )
LIGHT 335
Reflection, Refraction, Polarization
11. Polarization
An electromagnetic or other transverse wave is polarized
whenever the disturbance lacks cylindrical symmetry
about the ray direction.
When the reflection is at 90' to the refraction, the
transverse component of the electric field lies along the
path of the reflection.
This would make the wave longitudinal, so clearly there
is no transverse component in the reflection.
The incident angle at which this happens is called the
polarizing angle or Brewster's angle:
tan@, =-
n2
nl
where
BB= Brewster's angle (')
n,= refractive index of the incident medium
336 LIGHT
Geometrical Optics
-9Object
do
- 1tn age
1 1
-=-+-; 1 4 -
- di
f do di ho d
where
f= focal length of mirror
do = distance of object from mirror
d = distance of image from mirror
hi= image height
ho = object height
1 1 1
-=-++=(n-l
f dj do
where
f= focal length
F, F’ = focuses
4 , r2= radii of curvatures
n = refractive index
hi = image height
ho= object height
m= magnification factor
do = object distance from lens center
di = image distance from lens center