Types ofd speech

Speaker- the source of information or message

Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions

Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands

Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver

Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message

Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication

Channel (Medium). It refers to the way the message is sent. In public speaking the medium is vibrations
in the air between speaker and listener, set in motion by the speaker’s voice. The message could also be
written in any language, put into some code known to both speaker and listener, tape-recorded or
videotaped, put into sign language, translated into Braille, or even sent by smoke signal.

It includes all messages, verbal or nonverbal, sent by the listener to the speaker.

(1) the occasion during which communication occurs, the occasion refers to the reason why people
assembled; it could be serious or festive, planned or spontaneous, relaxed and informal, traditional or
formal and (2) the physical setting or site where communication occurs; it includes the size of the room,
the number of audience, the facilities present, the light etc.

These are barriers to effective communication.

The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.

Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some
topics may be completely ‘off-limits’ or taboo.

Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.

Differences in perception and viewpoint.

Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.

Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal cues, gestures,
posture and general body language can make communication less effective.

Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.

Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear
what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.

Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in
which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and
between different social settings.