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Chapter 2
2.1 (b)
2.2 (b)
2.3 (c)
2.4 (d)
2.5 (a)
2.6 (c)
2.7 (a)
2.8 (d)
2.9 (a)
2.10 (a)
2.11 (c)
2.12 (d)
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Exemplar Problems–Physics
2.20 1015
2.21 Mass spectrograph
RE 1
2.25 (a ) θ = = rad 1o
60R E 60
Dearth
=4
Dmoon
rsun
(c) = 400
rmoon
Dsun Dmoon
∴ =
rsun rmoon
Dsun
∴ = 400
Dmoon
D earth D
But = 4 ∴ sun = 100 .
Dmoon Dearth
2.26 An atomic clock is the most precise time measuring device because
atomic oscillations are repeated with a precision of 1s in 1013 s.
2.27 3 × 1016 s
2.28 0.01 mm
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2.29 θ = ( π Rs 2 / R e s 2 )( π Rm 2 / R em 2 )
Rs R
= es
Rm Rem
2.30 105 kg
2.31 (a) Angle or solid angle
(b) Relative density, etc.
(c) Planck’s constant, universal gravitational constant, etc.
(d) Raynold number
l 3.14
2.32 θ= l = r θ l = 31 × cm = 16.3 cm
r 6
– 2
2.33 4 × 10 steradian
–1
2.34 Dimensional formula of ω =T
–1
Dimensional formula of k = L
2.35 (a) Precision is given by the least count of the instrument.
39.6
Period = = 1.98 s
20
Max. observed error = (1.995 –1.980)s = 0.015s.
2 –2
2.36 Since energy has dimensions of ML T , 1J in new units becomes
γ 2 / αβ2 J. Hence 5 J becomes 5γ 2 / αβ2 .
ρr 4
2.37 The dimensional part in the expression is . Therefore, the
ηl
dimensions of the right hand side comes out to be
[ML–1 T –2 ][L4 ] [L3 ]
= , which is volume upon time. Hence, the
[ML–1 T –1 ][L] [T]
formula is dimensionally correct.
= 0.235 0.24
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E → ML2 T –2
l → ML2 T –1
G → L3 M –1 T –2
2
Hence, P = E l m–5 G–2 will have dimensions:
[ 2 –2 ][M 2 L4 T –2 ][ M2 T 4 ]
[ P ] = ML T
[ M5 ][L6 ]
= M0 L0 T 0
Thus, P is dimensionless.
x y
∴ [ Lo Mo T1 ] = [ L3/2 Mo T o ][ L1Mo T -2 ] [ L1Mo T o ]
3
For L, 0 = + x + y
2
1
For T, 1 = 0 − 2x x = −
2
3 1
Therefore, 0 = − + y y = −1
2 2
k r3
Thus, T = k r 3 / 2 g −1/ 2 R −1 =
R g
2.42 (a) Because oleic acid dissolves in alcohol but does not disssolve
in water.
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1 1 1
(c) mL × = mL
20 20 400
(d) By means of a burette and measuring cylinder and measuring
the number of drops.
(e) If n drops of the solution make 1 mL, the volume of oleic acid
in one drop will be (1/400)n mL.
1A.U.
∴ 1 parsec =
1arc sec
1 deg = 3600 arc sec
π
∴ 1 arcsec = 3600 × 180 radians
Dmars 1 Dearth 1
(c) = , = [from Answer 2.25 (c)]
Dearth 2 Dsun 400
D 1
∴ mars = .
Dsun 800
2.44 (a) Since 1 u = 1.67 × 10–27 kg, its energy equivalent is 1.67×10–27 c2
in SI units. When converted to eV and MeV, it turns out to be
1 u ≡ 931.5 MeV.
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Chapter 3
3.1 (b)
3.2 (a)
3.3 (b)
3.4 (c)
3.5 (b)
3.6 (c)
3.13
3.16 v = g/b
0 t
-g
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Answers
ground, and when the impulsive force acts and produces a large
acceleration.
3.18 (a) x = 0, v = γ x o
2(y − yo ) 2×9m
t = → = 1.8 ≈ 1.34 seconds.
g 10 m/s2
3.21 Both are free falling. Hence, there is no acceleration of one w.r.t.
another. Therefore, relative speed remains constant (=40 m/s ).
a
3.22 v = (-vo/xo) x + vo, a = (vo/xo)2 x - vo2/xo
∆t ≈ d / v = 28 µ s ≈ 30 µ s
∆P 4.7 × 10−3
(d) F = = ≈ 168N ≈ 1.7 × 102 N.
∆t 28 × 10−6
(e) Area of cross-section = π d 2 / 4 ≈ 0.8m 2 .
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With average separation of 5 cm, no. of drops that will fall almost
0.8m 2
simultaneously is ≈ 320.
(5 × 10−2 )2
Net force ≈ 54000 N (Practically drops are damped by air viscosity).
20
Regardation of truck = = 4ms –2
5
20
Regardation of car = ms –2
3
Let the truck be at a distance x from the car when breaks are applied
10 2 10 10
x + 20t – 2t2 = 10 + 20t – 10 – t + t – 0.25 × .
3 3 3
4 2 10 5
x =– t + t– .
3 3 6
To find xmin,
dx 8 10
=– t+ =0
dt 3 3
10 5
which gives tmin= = s.
8 4
2
45 10 5 5 5
Therefore, xmin= – + × – = .
34 3 4 6 4
Therefore, x > 1.25m.
Second method: This method does not require the use of calculus.
Vcar = 20 – (20/3)(t – 0.5) for t > 0.5 s as car declerate only after 0.5 s.
Vtruck = 20 – 4t
Find t from equating the two or from velocity vs time graph. This
yields t = 5/4 s.
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If the car maintains this distance initially, its speed after 1.25s will
he always less than that of truck and hence collision never occurs.
Chapter 4
4.1 (b)
4.2 (d)
4.3 (b)
4.4 (b)
4.5 (c)
4.6 (b)
4.7 (d)
4.8 (c)
4.9 (c)
4.10 (b)
4.12 (c)
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0 u(car speed)
4.22
(a) (b)
Since the speed of car matches with the horizontal speed of the
projectile, boy sitting in the car will see only vertical component of
motion as shown in Fig (b).
y
4.23 Due to air resistance, particle energy as
well as horizontal component of velocity
keep on decreasing making the fall steeper
than rise as shown in the figure.
0 x
1 gH
, φ = tan −1 = tan −1
2H H
4.24 R = vo = 23°12 '
g R vo 2
v 2 4π 2 R
4.25 Acceleration =
R T2
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4.29 The minimm vertical velocity required for crossing the hill is given by
v ⊥2 ≥ 2gh = 10,000
v⊥ > 100 m/s
As canon can haul packets with a speed of 125m/s, so the
maximum value of horizontal velocity, v will be
v = 1252 − 1002 = 75 m / s
The time taken to reach the top of the hill with velocity v ⊥ is given by
1
gT 2 = h T = 10 s.
2
In 10s the horizontal distance covered = 750 m.
So cannon has to be moved through a distance of 50 m on the
ground.
So total time taken (shortest) by the packet to reach ground
50
across the hill = s + 10s + 10s = 45 s.
2
2vo 2 sin β cos(α + β )
4.31 (a) L =
g cos2 α
2v o sin β
(b) T =
g cos α
π α
(c) β= −
4 2
Av 02
4.32 sin θ
g
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v o sin θ
4.35 (a) tan −1
vo cos θ + u
2vo sin θ
(b)
g
2v o sinθ (v o cosθ + u)
(c) R =
g
−u + u 2 + 8v 2
(d) θ max = cos −1 o
4v o
(e) θ max = 60o for u = v o .
u < vo
−1 1 u π
∴ θ max ≈ cos − = 4 (if u vo )
2 4 v o
v
u > vo θ max ≈ cos −1 o = π 2 ( vo u )
u
(f) θmax > 45°.
d 2θ d 2θ
4.36 V = ω rˆ + ωθ θˆ and a = 2 − ω 2θ rˆ + θ + 2ω 2 θˆ
dt dt 2
4.37 Consider the straight line path APQC through the sand.
Time taken to go from A to C via this path
D C
AP + QC PQ
Tsand = +
1 v Q
25 2 + 25 2 50 2
= +
1 v
1
= 50 2 + 1
v P R
50m
The shortest path outside the sand will be ARC.
A B
100m
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AR + RC
= Toutside = s
1
= 2 752 + 252 s
= 2 × 25 10 s
1
For Tsand < Toutside, 50 2 +1 < 2 × 25 10
v
1
⇒ +1< 5
v
1 1
⇒ < 5 -1 or v > ≈ 0.81 m/s.
v 5 -1
Chapter 5
5.1 (c)
5.2 (b)
5.3 (c)
5.4 (c)
5.5 (d)
5.6 (c)
5.7 (a)
5.8 (b)
5.9 (b)
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5.23 The body of the child is brought to a sudden halt when she/he falls
on a cement floor. The mud floor yields and the body travels some
distance before it comes to rest , which takes some time. This means
the force which brings the child to rest is less for the fall on a mud
floor, as the change in momentum is brought about over a longer
period.
5.26 AB, because force on the upper thread will be equal to sum of the
weight of the body and the applied force.
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5.29 W = 50 N
5.30 If F is the force of the finger on the book, F = N, the normal reaction
of the wall on the book. The minimum upward frictional force needed
to ensure that the book does not fall is Mg. The frictional force = µN.
Mg
Thus, minimum value of F = .
µ
5.31 0.4 m s–1
5.32 x = t, y = t 2
a x = 0, a y = 2 m s −1
F = 0.5×2 = 1N. along y-axis.
2V 2 × 20 40 10
5.33 t= = = = = 3.33 s.
g + a 10 + 2 12 3
5.34 (a) Since the body is moving with no acceleration, the sum of the F1
forces is zero F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 . Let F1 , F2 , F3 be the three forces F2
passing through a point. Let F1 and F2 be in the plane A (one can O P
always draw a plane having two intersecting lines such that the
two lines lie on the plane). Then F1 + F2 must be in the plane A. F3
(b) Consider the torque of the forces about P. Since all the forces
pass through P, the torque is zero. Now consider torque about
another point 0. Then torque about 0 is
Torque = OP × ( F1 + F2 + F3 )
Since F1 + F2 + F3 = 0 , torque = 0
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Rough case
= (1 − µ ) g / 2
2 2s 2 2s
∴t 2 = = pt1 = p
(1 − µ )g g
1 1
= p2 µ = 1 − 2
1− µ p
300π
Total time = 5π + + 4 = 86.3s
14.14
dr
5.38 = v = −ˆi ω A sin ωt + ˆj ω B cos ωt
dt
dv
= a = −ω 2 r; F = −m ω 2 r
dt
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x 2 y2
x = A cos ωt , y = B sin ωt + =1
A2 B 2
1 2
5.39 For (a) v z = gH vz = 2gH
2
Speed at ground = vs 2 + vz 2 = vs 2 + 2 gH
1 2
For (b) also mvs + mgH is the total energy of the ball when it
2
hits the ground.
So the speed would be the same for both (a) and (b).
5.40
F3 + F4 2 +1 3 N
F2 = = =
2 2 2
F3 F4
F1 + =
2 2
F4 − F3 1
F1 = = N
2 2
(b) R - (2500 × 10) = (2500 × 15) or R = 6.25 × 104 N, action of the air
on the system, upwards. The action of the rotor on the surrounding
air is 6.25 × 104 N downwards.
(c) Force on the helicopter due to the air = 6.25 × 104 N upwards.
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Chapter 6
6.1 (b)
6.2 (c)
6.3 (d)
6.4 (c)
6.5 (c)
6.6 (c)
6.7 (c)
6.8 (b)
6.9 (b)
6.10 (b)
6.12 (d)
6.13 (d)
6.14 (a)
6.15 (b)
6.16 (d)
6.17 (b)
6.18 (c)
6.21 (c)
6.25 Work done against gravity in moving along horizontal road is zero .
6.26 No, because resistive force of air also acts on the body which is a
non-conservative force. So the gain in KE would be smaller than the
loss in PE.
6.27 No, work done over each closed path is necessarily zero only if all
the forces acting on the system are conservative.
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p2 p 2 p 2
But KE is lost > 2 + 2
2m 2m 2m
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p1
p p p2
before after p2 p1
Region B : Yes, total energy can be greater than PE for non zero K.E.
Region C : Yes, KE can be greater than total energy if its PE is negative.
Region D : Yes, as PE can be greater than KE.
6.37 (a) Ball A transfers its entire momentum to the ball on the table
and does not rise at all.
–3 –3
6.38 (a) Loss of PE = mgh = 1 ×10 ×10 ×10 = 10J
1 1
(b) Gain in KE = mv 2 = × 10 –3 × 2500 = 1.25J
2 2
6.39 (b) E1 E2
E0 E0
t t
T/4 3T/4 5T/4 7T/4 T/4 3T/4 5T/4 7T/4
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1 1
6.41 KE = mv 2 ≅ × 5 × 10 4 × 102
2 2
5
= 2.5 × 10 J.
4
k = 5 × 10 N/m.
∴ E = 6000 (mg)h
= 6000 × 600 × 0.25
5
= 9 × 10 J.
This is 10 % of intake.
6
∴ Intake energy = 10 E = 9 ×10 J.
7
6.43 With 0.5 efficiency, 1 litre generates 1.5 × 10 J, which is used for 15
km drive.
= 4.13 m/s2
v = u + at or v2 = u2 + 2ad
1 1
∆K = mv 2 – mu 2 = mad = 41.3 J
2 2
(e) W = F d = 100 J
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Mdv dm
Since = ( u ) ( M ∆v − ∆m u ) = 0
dt dt
F ∆L
6.47 Hooke’s law : =Y
A L
where A is the surface area and L is length of the side of the cube. If
k is spring or compression constant, then F = k ∆ L
A
∴ k= Y = YL
L
1 2 –4
Initial KE = 2 × mv =5 ×10 J
2
1
Final PE = 2 × k ( ∆L )2
2
KE KE 5 ×10 –4
∴ ∆L = = = 11 =1.58 × 10–7m
k YL 2 ×10 × 0.1
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1 2 1
If the baloon rises to a height h, from s = ut + at ,we get h = at 2
2 2
1 2 1 1 V ( ρair − ρhe ) 2
s = ut + at ,we get h = at 2 = gt (3)
2 2 2 m
1 1
mv 2 = V ( ρa − ρHe ) g V ( ρa − ρHe ) gt 2
2 2m
= V ( ρa – ρHe ) gh
1
mv 2 + V ρHe gh = V ρair hg
2
KEbaloon PEbaloon change in PE of air .
So, as the baloon goes up, an equal volume of air comes down,
increase in PE and KE of the baloon is at the cost of PE of air [which
comes down].
Chapter 7
7.1 (d)
7.2 (c)
7.3 ˆy and, after reflection from the wall, the
The initial velocity is vi = v e
7.4 (d)
7.5 (b)
7.6 (c)
7.7 When b →0, the density becomes uniform and hence the centre of
mass is at x = 0.5. Only option (a) tends to 0.5 as b → 0.
7.8 (b) ω
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7.12 ˆ.
(a) False, it is along k
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False, there is no sense in adding torques about 2 different
axes.
7.13 (a) False, perpendicular axis theorem is applicable only to a lamina.
(b) True
(c) False, z and z” are not parallel axes.
(d) True.
7.14 When the vertical height of the object is very small as compared to
earth’s radius, we call the object small, otherwise it is extended.
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7.21 No. A force can produce torque only along a direction normal to
itself as τ = r × f . So, when the door is in the xy-plane, the torque
produced by gravity can only be along ±z direction, never about an
axis passing through y direction.
a 2 π
r dr sin θ dθ π
a 3 [ − cos θ ]0 a 4 4a
= 0 a θ =0 π = = = .
rdr dθ
3 ( a 2
/ 2 ) π 3 π 3π
0 0
4M .
σ =
πa2
7.24 (a) Yes, because there is no net external torque on the system.
External forces, gravitation and normal reaction, act through
the axis of rotation, hence produce no torque.
I ω = I 1ω1 + I 2 ω 2
I 1ω1 + I 2ω2
∴ω =
I1 + I 2
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7.25 (a) Zero (b) Decreases (c) Increases (d) Friction (e) v cm = Rω.
F µ mg
acm = = k = µ g.
m m k
τ µ mgR
α = = k
I I
∴ vcm = u cm + a cm t vcm = µk gt
µk mgR
and ω = ωo + αt ω = ωo − t
I
vcm µ mgR
= ωo − K t
R I
µK gt µK mgR
= ωO − t
R I
Rωo
t=
2
µk g 1 + mR
I
7.26 (a)
F''
F
R 2R
F force on left drum (upward)
Velocities at the
point of contact force on right drum (downward)
F
F' F
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F''
(b) F ′ = F = F ′′ where F and F ′′ and external forces through support.
F
Fnet = 0
(iii) I zr – I ZS ∝ ( a 2 + b 2 − 2c 2 )
= a 2 + b 2 − 2ab > 0
∴ ( I zR − I zS ) > 0
I zR
∴ > 1.
I zS
7.28 Let the accelaration of the centre of mass of disc be ‘a’, then
Ma = F-f (1)
⇒ f ≤ µmg
F ≤ 3 µ Mg.
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Chapter 8
8.1 (d)
8.2 (c)
8.3 (a)
8.4 (c)
8.5 (b)
8.6 (d)
8.7 (d)
8.8 (c)
8.16 (d)
Areal
8.19 velocity
8.20 It is normal to the plane containing the earth and the sun as areal
velocity
∆A 1
= r × v∆t .
∆t 2
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8.23 No.
8.24 Yes, if the size of the spaceship is large enough for him to detect the
variation in g.
F
8.25
0 Rr
8.26 At perihelion because the earth has to cover greater linear distance
to keep the areal velocity constant.
o o
8.27 (a) 90 (b) 0
8.28 Every day the earth advances in the orbit by approximately 1 o. Then,
it will have to rotate by 361° (which we define as 1 day) to have sun
at zenith point again. Since 361° corresponds to 24 hours; extra 1°
corresponds to approximately 4 minute [3 min 59 seconds].
8.30
KE
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8.32 mgR/2.
8.33 Only the horizontal component (i.e. along the line joining m and O)
will survive. The horizontal component of the force on any point on
the ring changes by a factor:
2r µ
( 2 2 3/2 ( 2 2 3/2
4r + r ) r +r )
4 2.
=
5 5
8.34 As r increases:
U = −
GMm
increases.
r
GM
vc = decreases.
r
vc 1
ω= × 3 decreases.
r r 2
8.35 AB = C
F A
3
(AC) = 2 AG = 2.l . = 3l
2
AD = AH + HJ + JD
H
l l
= +l +
2 2 E G B
= 2l.
AE = AC = 3l , AF = l J
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Gm 2 Gm 2
= 3= .
3l 2 3l 2
Force due to mass M at D
Gm 2
= .
4l 2
Gm 2 1 1
∴ Total Force =
l2 1 + 3 + 4 .
1
GMT 2 3
8.36 (a) r =
4 π2
1
GMT 2 3
h= –R
4 π2
= 4.23x107 – 6.4x106
= 3.59×107 m.
R
(b) θ = cos –1
R+h
1
= cos –1 E
1+ h r
1
= cos –1
1+5.61
= 81o18 ′
2θ=162o 36'
360o
2.21; Hence minimum number = 3.
2θ
8.37 Angular momentem and areal velocity are constant as earth orbits
the sun.
2 2
At perigee rp ω p = ra ωa at apogee.
If ‘a’ is the semi-major axis of earth’s orbit, then r p = a (1 - e ) and
ra = a (1 + e ) .
2
ωp
=
1 + e , e = 0.0167
ωa 1 - e
ωp
∴ = 1.0691
ωa
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ω ω
p = 1.0691
ω ωa
ωp ω
= = 1.034.
ω ωa
ω p = 1.034 per day and ω a = 0.967 per day. Since 361° = 14hrs:
mean solar day, we get 361.034 which corresponds to 24 hrs 8.14″
(8.1″ longer) and 360.967° corresponds to 23 hrs 59 min 52″
(7.9″ smaller).
This does not explain the actual variation of the length of the day
during the year.
8.38 ra = a (1 + e ) = 6 R
1
rp = a (1 − e ) = 2R e =
2
Conservation of angular momentum:
∴ mv prp = mv a ra
va 1
∴ = .
vp 3
Conservation of Energy:
1 1 1 1 1
∴ v p 2 1 − = −2GM r − r = 2GM r − r
9 a p a p
1/ 2
1 1 2GM 1 1
1/ 2
2GM −
rp ra R 2 − 6
vp = =
va
2
1
v p
1 − 1 −
9
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1/ 2
2 / 3 GM 3 GM
= = = 6.85km/s
8/9 R 4 R
v p = 6.85km/s , v a = 2.28km/s.
GM
For r = 6R , vc = = 3.23km/s.
6R
Hence to transfer to a circular orbit at apogee, we have to boost
the velocity by ∆ = (3.23 – 2.28) = 0.95 km/s. This can be done by
suitably firing rockets from the satellite.
Chapter 9
9.1 (b)
9.2 (d)
9.3 (d)
9.4 (c)
9.5 (b)
9.6 (a)
9.7 (c)
9.8 (d)
9.14 Steel
9.15 No
9.16 Copper
9.17 Infinite
9.18 Infinite
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∆l
= α∆T = 10−5 × 2 × 10−2 = 2 × 10 –3
l0
Let the compressive tension on the rod be T and the cross sectional
area be a, then
T /a
=Y
∆l / l 0
∆l
∴T = Y × a = 2 × 1011 × 2 × 10−3 × 10 –4
lo
= 4 × 10 4 N
P = ρ gh = 103 × 9.8 × h
P
Now =B
∆V / V
∆V
∴P = B = 9.8 × 108 × 0.1 × 10–2
V
9.8 × 108 × 0.1 × 10 –2
∴h = = 102 m
9.8 × 103
800
–6
= 2 × 1011
(π × 25 × 10 )/ ( ∆l / 9.1)
9.1 × 800
∴ ∆l = m
π × 25 × 10 –6 × 2 × 1011
0.5 × 10 –3 m
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9.23 As the ivory ball is more elastic than the wet-clay ball, it will tend to
retain its shape instantaneously after the collision. Hence, there will
be a large energy and momentum transfer compared to the wet clay
ball. Thus, the ivory ball will rise higher after the collision.
9.24 Let the cross sectional area of the bar be A. Consider the equilibrium
of the plane aa ′ . A force F must be acting on this plane making an
π
angle − θ with the normal ON. Resolving F into components, along
2
the plane and normal to the plane
FP = F cos θ
N
FN
FN = F sin θ a
–
/2
O F
Let the area of the face aa ′ be A ′ , then
A FP
= sin θ a
A′
A
∴ A′ =
sin θ
F sin θ F
The tensile stress T = = sin2 θ and the shearing stress
A′ A
F cos θ F F sin 2θ
Z = = cos θ sin θ = . Maximum tensile stress is
A′ A 2A
when θ = π 2 and maximum shearing stress when 2θ = π / 2 or
θ = π /4 .
T ( x ) = µ gx + C
At x = 0, T (0) = Mg C = Mg
∴ T ( x ) = µ gx + Mg
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T(x)
A =Y
dr
dx
dr 1
or, = T(x)
dx YA
1 L
r = ( µ gx + Mg )dx dx
YA 0
L
1 µ gx 2
= + Mgx x
YA 2 0
1 mgl
= + MgL
YA 2
x=0
Mg
(m is the mass of the wire)
9 –2
A = π × (10 –3 )2 m 2 , Y = 200 ×10 Nm
T= µ gL+Mg = (m+M)g
At yield
(m + M)g = 250 × π
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At r = l T =0
2 2
µω l
C =
2
µω 2
T(r) = (l 2 - r 2 )
2
l
dr
Let the increase in length of the element dr be d ( δ )
r
Y=
( µω 2/2 ) (l 2 - r 2 ) /A
d(δ )
dr
d(δ ) 1 µω 2 2 2
∴ = (l - r )
dr YA 2
1 µω 2 2 2
∴d(δ ) = (l - r )dr
YA 2
1 µω 2 l 2 2
∴δ = (l - r )dr
YA 2 0
1 µω 2 3 l 3 1 1
= l - = µω 2l 3 = µω 2l 2
YA 2 3 3YA 3YA
2
The total change in length is 2δ = µω 2l 2
3YA
9.27 Let l1 = AB, l2 = AC, l3 = BC
l 32 + l12 − l 22
cos θ =
2l 3l1
Or, 2l3l1 cos θ = l32 + l12 - l22
A
A
(A
(All))
Differenciating
(Cu)
(Cu) ll
ll ll22
2 (l 3dl1 + l1dl 3 ) cos θ − 2l1l 3 sin θ dθ
ll11
Putting θ = 60o
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3
dθ = 2α1∆t × (1/2 ) − α 2 ∆t
2
= (α1 − α 2 ) ∆t
2(α1 − α 2 )∆t
Or, dθ =
3
From ∆ ABC
2
R2
1
( R − d )2 + h
2
If d R
1 2
R2 R 2 − 2Rd + h h
d A
4
R
h2 h/2
∴d =
8R W
If w 0 is the weight/volume r dC B
4 2
Y πr h
= w0 (π r 2h )
4R 8R
1/3
2Y
h w r 2/3
o
9.29 (a) Till the stone drops through a length L it will be in free fall. After
that the elasticity of the string will force it to a SHM. Let the stone
come to rest instantaneously at y.
The loss in P.E. of the stone is the P.E. stored in the stretched string.
1
mgy = k (y − L )2
2
1 2 1 2
Or, mgy = ky − kyL + kL
2 2
1 2 1
Or, ky − (kL + mg )y + kL2 = 0
2 2
(kL + mg ) ± (kL + mg )2 − k 2 L2
y=
k
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(kL + mg ) ± 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
=
k
Retain the positive sign.
(kL + mg ) + 2mgkL + m 2 g 2
∴y =
k
(b) The maximum velocity is attained when the body passes, through
the “equilibrium, position” i.e. when the instantaneous acceleration
is zero. That is mg - kx = 0 where x is the extension from L:
mg = kx
1 mg 1 m 2 g 2
∴ mv 2 = mg L + − k
2 k 2 k2
m 2g2 1 m 2 g2
= mgL + −
k 2 k
1 1 m 2g2
mv 2 = mgL +
2 2 k
∴ v 2 = 2gL + mg 2 / k
v = (2 gL + mg 2 / k )1/ 2
md 2y
= mg − k (y − L )
dt 2
d 2y k
+ (y − L ) − g = 0
dt 2 m
k
Make a transformation of variables: z = (y − L ) − g
m
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2
Then d z + k z = 0
2
dt m
k
∴z = A cos(ωt + φ ) where ω =
m
y = L + g + A ′ cos(ωt + φ )
m
k
Chapter 10
10.1 (c)
10.2 (d)
10.3 (b)
10.4 (a)
10.5 (c)
10.11 No.
10.12 No.
10.13 Let the volume of the iceberg be V. The weight of the iceberg is ρi Vg.
If x is the fraction submerged, then the volume of water displaced is
xV. The buoyant force is ρ wxVg where ρ w is the density of water.
ρi Vg = ρw xVg
ρi
∴x = = 0.917
ρw
Mg – (kx + ρwVg) = 0
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where ρw is the density of water and V is the volume of the block. The
reading in the pan is the force applied by the water on the pan i.e.,
Since the scale has been adjusted to zero without the block, the new
reading is ρwVg.
This is the maximum height to which the sap can rise due to surface
tension. Since many trees have heights much more than this,
capillary action alone cannot account for the rise of water in all
trees.
10.17 If the tanker acclerates in the positive x direction, then the water
will bulge at the back of the tanker. The free surface will be such
that the tangential force on any fluid parcel is zero.
ˆ
−ρ g y and ˆ
− ρa x
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10.18 Let v1 and v2 be the volume of the droplets and v of the resulting
drop.
Then v = v1+v2
∴r 0.21cm
(
∴ ∆U = 4π T r 2 − (r12 + r2 2 ) )
= 4π × 435.5 × 10−3 ( 0.212 − 0.05 ) × 10−4 J
−32 × 10–7 J
10.19 R 3 = Nr 3
R
r = 1/ 3
N
∆U = 4π T (R 2 − Nr 2 )
∆U 4π T ( R 2 − Nr 2 )
∆θ = = ,where ρ is the density.
ms 4
π R 3 ρs
3
3T 1 r 2
∴ ∆θ = − 3 N
ρs R R
3T 1 r 2 R 3 3T 1 1
=
ρ s R R 3r 3
− = ρs −
R r
10.20 The drop will evaporate if the water pressure is more than the vapour
pressure. The membrane pressure (water)
2T
p= = 2.33 × 103 Pa
r
2T 2(7.28 × 10 −2 )
∴r = = = 6.25 × 10-5 m
p 2.33 × 10 3
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10.21 (a) Consider a horizontal parcel of air with cross section A and
height dh. Let the pressure on the top surface and bottom p
surface be p and p+dp. If the parcel is in equilibrium, then the
net upward force must be balanced by the weight.
p + dp
i.e. (p+dp)A–pA = – PgAdh
⇒ dp = – ρ gdh.
ρo
ρ= p
po
ρo g
∴ dp = − pdh
po
dp ρ g
= − o dh
p po
p
dp ρ gh
po
p
= − o dh
po o
p ρ g
ln =− o h
po po
ρ g
p = p o exp − o h
po
1 ρ g
(c) ln = − o ho
10 po
po 1
∴ ho = − ln
ρo g 10
po
= × 2.303
ρo g
1.013 × 105
= × 2.303 = 0.16 × 105 m = 16 × 103 m
1.29 × 9.8
(d) The assumption p ∝ ρ is valid only for the isothermal case which
is only valid for small distances.
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Exemplar Problems–Physics
M A Lv
u= J
NA
90
18 × 540 × 4.2 × 103
= J
6 × 10 26
= 90 × 18 × 4.2 × 10–23 J
6.8 × 10–20 J
A M
NA molecules occupy ρ l
w
A M
Thus, the volume around one molecule is N ρ l
A w
d ′3 = ( 3 × 1601 × 10-29)m3
= 36.3 × 10-10 m
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Answers
u 6.8 × 10−20
(d) F ( d ′ -d) = u F = = = 0.2048 × 10−10 N
d '− d (36.3 − 3.1) × 10−10
0.2048 × 10−10
(e) F /d = = 0.066N m –1 = 6.6 × 10−2 N m –1
3.1 × 10−10
10.23 Let the pressure inside the balloon be Pi and the outside pressure be Po
2γ
Pi – Po =
r
Considering the air to be an ideal gas
Pi V Mi
ni = = where Mi is the mass of air inside and MA is the molar
R Ti MA
P V Mo
mass of air and no = o = where Mo is the mass of air outside
R To MA
that has been displaced. If W is the load it can raise, then
W + Mi g = Mo g
⇒ W= Mo g – Mi g
M A V Po Pi
W = − g
R To Ti
4
0.02884 × π × 83 × 9.8 1.013 × 105 1.013 × 10 5 2×5
3 − −
= 293 333 8 × 313 N
8.314
3
4
0.02884 × π × 8
3 1 1
× 1.013 × 105 − × 9.8N
8.314 293 333
= 3044.2 N.
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Chapter 11
11.1 (d)
11.2 (b)
11.3 (b)
11.4 (a)
11.5 (a)
11.6 (a)
11.7 (d)
4
Original volume Vo = π R3
3
Coeff of linear expansion = α
11.8 (c)
11.10 (b)
11.13 Diathermic
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Answers
1
11.18 I = Ml 2
12
1 1 1 1
I' = M (l + ∆l )2 = Ml 2 + 2 Ml ∆l + M ( ∆l )2 α
12 12 12 12
1
≈I+ Ml 2 2α∆T
12
= I + 2 I α ∆T
∴ ∆ I = 2α I ∆ T
11.20 Resultant mixture reaches 0oC. 12.5 g of ice and rest is water.
11.21 The first option would have kept water warmer because according
to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat is directly
proportional to the difference of temperature of the body and the
surrounding and in the first case the temperature difference is less,
so rate of loss of heat will be less.
11.22 l iron − l
brass, = 10 cm at all tempertature
l iron 1.8 3
∴ = =
l brass 1.2 2
1
∴ l = 10cm l brass = 20 cm
2 brass
and l ° iron = 30 cm
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brass
11.23 Iron vessel with a brass rod inside
iron vo
Viron 6
=
Vbrass 3.55
rod inside
Vbrass = 144.9 cc Viron = 244.9 cc
= 1.428 × 10 8 N/m 2
2 2
L ∆L − L
11.25 x = +
2 2 2
1
≈ 2L ∆L
2
∆L = α L ∆t
L
∴x ≈ 2α ∆t
2
≈ 0.11m → 11cm
11.26 Method I
dx = dx o (1 + αθ ) dx
(θ2 − θ1 )
x
= dx o + dx oα θ1 +
L o 1 2
x
Now dx o = Lo and dx = L : new length
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Answers
Integrating
(θ2 − θ1 )
∴ L = L o + L o α θ1 + α x dx o
Lo
L0
1 1
0 xdx = 2 L 0
2
= L o 1 + α (θ 2 + θ1 ) as
2
Method II
Chapter 12
12.2 (a)
12.3 (c)
12.4 (b)
12.5 (a)
12.6 (b)
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12.14 Here heat removed is less than the heat supplied and hence the
room, including the refrigerator (which is not insulated from the
room) becomes hotter.
dQ = dU + dW
As dQ = 0 (adiabatic process)
so dU = -dW
dU = + ve
12.16 During driving, temperature of the gas increases while its volume
remains constant.
Q T2 3
12.17 = = , Q1 − Q2 = 103 J
Q1 T1 5
21 × 7 × 106 147
N= = × 103 = 16.3 × 103 times.
900 9
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Answers
12.19 P (V + ∆v )γ = ( P + ∆p )V γ
P 1 + γ
∆v
= P 1 +
∆p
V P
∆v ∆p dv V
γ = ; =
V P dp γ p
P2 P2
V ( P2 − P1 )
W.D. =
P
p dv = p γ p dp =
P
γ
V
1 1
270 1
12.20 η =1− =
300 10
1
Efficiency of refrigerator = 0.5η =
20
W 1
If Q is the heat/s transferred at higher temperture then =
Q 20
or Q = 20W = 20kJ,
and heat removed from lower temperture = 19 kJ.
Q2
12.21 = 5 , Q2 = 5W, Q1 = 6W
W
T2 5 T
= = , T2 = 250K = −23 C
T1 6 300
12.22 The P-V digram for each case is shown in the figure. (Pi,Vi) case(ii) (Pi,Vf)
In case (i) Pi Vi = Pf Vf ; therfore process is isothermal. Work
done = area under the PV curve so work done is more when
the gas expands at constant pressure. P
case (i) (Pi,Vf)
12.23 (a) Work done by the gas (Let PV1/2 = A)
V2
V
V2 V2
dV Vf
pdv =A V
∆W = = A = 2A ( V2 − V1 )
V1 V1 V 1/ 2 V1
A
(b) Since T = pV / nR = . V
nR
T2 V2
Thus, = = 2
T1 V1
3 3
∆U = U 2 − W1 = R ( T2 − T1 ) = RT1 ( 2 − 1)
2 2
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∆W = 2 A V1 ( 2 − 1) = 2RT1 ( 2 − 1)
∆Q = (7 / 2)RT1 ( 2 − 1)
12.24 (a) A to B
(b) C to D
B
(c) WAB = p dV
A
= 0; WCD = 0 .
VC
C C
dV V −r +1
Similarly. W BC = pdV = k r = k
B B
V −R + 1 VB
1
= ( Pc Vc − PB VB )
1−γ
1
Similarly, W DA = ( PAV A − PD VD )
1− γ
γ
V
Now PC = PB B = 2−γ PB
VC
Similarly, PD = PA 2-γ
3 1
2/3
= 1 − ( PB − PA ) V A
2 2
dQAB = dUAB
3 3
QAB = nR(TB − TA ) = (PB − PA )VA
2 2
Net Work done 1 2 3
= 1 −
Efficiency =
Heat Supplied 2
3 3
12.25 Q AB = U AB = R(TB − T A ) = V A ( PB − PA )
2 2
QBc = U BC + WBC
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= (5 / 2 ) P B (V C − VA )
QCA = 0
= f (Vo)
dQ = dV + dW
= nCvdT + P dV
Thus
dQ CV
= [ f (Vo ) + Vo f '(Vo )] + f (Vo )
dV V = Vo R
1 Vo f '(Vo )
= γ − 1 + 1 f (Vo ) +
γ −1
γ Vo
= Po + f '(Vo )
γ −1 γ −1
Heat is absorbed when dQ/dV > 0 when gas expands, that is when
γ Po + Vo f ′ (Vo) >0
12.27 (a) Pi = Pa
k
(b) P f = Pa + (V − Vo ) = Pa + k (V − Vo )
A
(c) All the supplied heat is converted to mechanical energy. No
change in internal energy (Perfect gas)
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1
∆Q = Pa (V − Vo ) + k (V − Vo )2 + CV (T − To )
2
where To = Pa Vo/R,
T = [Pa+(R/A)-(V-Vo)]V/R
Chapter 13
13.1 (b)
Comment for discussion: This brings in concepts of relative motion
and that when collision takes place, it is the relative velocity which
changes.
13.2 (d)
Comment for discussion: In the ideal case that we normally consider,
each collision transfers twice the magnitude of its normal
momentum. On the face EFGH, it transfers only half of that.
13.3 (b)
13.6 (d)
Comment for discussion: The usual statement for the perfect gas law
somehow emphasizes molecules. If a gas exists in atomic form
(perfectly possible) or a combination of atomic and molecular form,
the law is not clearly stated.
13.7 (b)
Comment: In a mixture, the average kinetic energy are equating.
Hence, distribution in velocity are quite different.
13.8 (d)
Comment for discussion: In this chapter, one has discussed constant
pressure and constant volume situations but in real life there are
many situations where both change. If the surfaces were rigid, p
would rise to 1.1 p. However, as the pressure rises, V also rises such
that pv finally is 1.1 RT with p final > p and Vfinal > V. Hence (d).
13.9 (b),(d)
13.10 (c)
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( )
Comment : The equation <K.E. of translation> = 3 2 RT , <Rotational
energy> = RT is taught. The fact that the distribution of the two is
independent of each other is not emphasized. They are
independently Maxwellian.
13.13 (a)
Comment : Conceptually, it is not often clear to the students that
elastic collisions with a moving object leads to change in its energy.
13.14 ∴ Molar mass of gold is 197 g mole–1, the number of atoms = 6.0 ×
1023
6.0 × 1023 × 39.4
∴ No. of atoms in 39.4g = = 1.2 × 1023
197
13.15 Keeping P constant, we have
V1T2 100 × 600
V2 = = = 200cc
T1 300
P1V1 P2V2
13.16 =
T1 T2
V1 P2T1 2 × 300 3
= = =
V2 P1T2 400 2
1 M −2 1 M −2
P1 = c1 ; P2 = c2
3 V1 3 V2
V2 P2
∴ c 22 = c12 × ×
V1 P1
2
= (100)2 × ×2
3
200
c2 = m s–1
3
v12 + v 22
13.17 vrms =
2
(9 × 106 )2 + (1 × 106 )2
=
2
(81 + 1) × 1012
= = 41 × 106 m s −1.
2
5
13.18 O2 has 5 degrees of freedom. Therfore, energy per mole = RT
2
∴ For 2 moles of O2, energy = 5RT
3
Neon has 3 degrees of freedom ∴ Energy per mole = RT
2
∴ For 4 mole of neon, energy = 4 × 3 RT = 6RT
2
∴ Total energy = 11RT.
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1
13.19 l α
d2
o o
d1 = 1 A α2 = 2 A
l1 : l 2 = 4 :1
µ = µ1 + µ2 V = V1V2
2
For 1 mole PV = E
3
2
For µ1 moles µ1E1
P1V1 =
3
2
For µ2 moles P2V2 = µ2 E 2
3
3
Total energy is ( µ1E1 + µ2 E 2 ) = (P1V1 + P2V2 )
2
2 2
PV = E total = µ E per mole
3 3
2 3
P (V1 + V2 ) = × (P1V1 + P2V2 )
3 2
P1V1 + P2V2
P= *
V1 + V2
=
1.00 × 2.0 + 2.00 × 3.0
atm
2.0 + 3.0
8.0
= = 1.60 atm.
5.0
Comment: This form of ideal gas law represented by Equation marked*
becomes very useful for adiabatic changes.
13.21 The average K.E will be the same as conditions of temperature and
pressure are the same
1
vrms α
m
m A > m B > mc
vC > v B > v A
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13.23 When air is pumped, more molecules are pumped in. Boyle’s law is
stated for situation where number of molecules remain constant.
13.24 µ = 5.0
T = 280K
= 30 × 1023
3
Average kinetic energy per molecule = kT
2
3
∴ Total internal energy = kT × N
2
3
= × 30 × 1023 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 280
2
= 1.74 × 104 J
6.023 × 1023
= = 2.688 × 1019
22400
As each diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom,
hydrogen being diatomic also has 5 degrees of freedom
∴ Total no of degrees of freedom = 5 × 2.688 × 1019
= 1.344 × 1020
1
13.26 Loss in K.E of the gas = ∆E = (mn )v o 2
2
where n = no: of moles.
If its temperature changes by ∆T , then
3 1 mvo 2
n R ∆T = mn vo 2 . ∴ ∆T =
2 2 3R
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13.27 The moon has small gravitational force and hence the escape velocity
is small. As the moon is in the proximity of the Earth as seen from the
Sun, the moon has the same amount of heat per unit area as that of
the Earth. The air molecules have large range of speeds. Even though
the rms speed of the air molecules is smaller than the escape velocity
on the moon, a significant number of molecules have speed greater
than escape velocity and they escape. Now rest of the molecules
arrange the speed distribution for the equilibrium temperature. Again
a significant number of molecules escape as their speeds exceed escape
speed. Hence, over a long time the moon has lost most of its
atmosphere.
(i)
n i vi 2
V 2rms = i
ni
10 × (200)2 + 20 × (400)2 + 40 × (600)2 + 20 × (800)2 + 10 × (1000)2
=
100
10 × 1002 × (1 × 4 + 2 × 16 + 4 × 36 + 2 × 64 + 1 × 100)
=
100
= 1000 × (4 + 32 + 144 + 128 + 100) = 408 × 1000m 2/s2
∴ vrms = 639m/s
1 3
mv 2rms = kT
2 2
1 mv 2rms 1 3.0 × 10−26 × 4.08 × 105
∴T = = ×
3 k 3 1.38 × 10−23
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vrms = 584m/s
1 mV 2rms
T = = 248K
3 k
λ
13.29 Time t =
v
1
λ= , d = diameter and n = number density
2π d 2n
N 10
n= = = 0.0167 km −3
V 20 × 20 × 1.5
1
t=
2π d 2 ( N / V ) × v
1
=
1.414 × 3.14 × (20)2 × 0.0167 × 10−3 × 150
= 225 h
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collide along hole, they move out. Similarly outer particles colliding
along hole will move in.
1 kT
∴ Net particle flow in time ∆t = (n1 − n 2 ) ∆t a as temperature
2 m
is same in and out.
PV
pV = µ RT µ =
µ N A PN A RT
n= =
V RT
After some time τ pressure changes to p1′ inside
P1′N A
∴ n1′ =
RT
1 kT
n1V − n1′V = no. of particle gone out = (n1 − n 2 ) τa
2 m
P1N A P ′N 1 N kT
∴ V − 1 A V = ( P1 − P2 ) A τa
RT RT 2 RT m
P − P1 V m
′
∴τ = 2 1
P1 − P2 a kT
46.7 × 10−27
= 2
1.5 − 1.4 5 × 1.00
1.5 − 1.0 0.01 × 10−6 1.38 × 10−23 × 300
= 1.38 ×105 s
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1 1
We also have mv 2 = kT (v - is the velocity along x-axis)
2 2
kT
Therefore, v = .
m
kT
Thus drag = 4 ρ A v0 .
m
Chapter 14
14.1 (b)
14.2 (b)
14.3 (d)
14.4 (c)
14.5 (c)
14.6 (d)
14.7 (b)
14.8 (a)
14.9 (c)
14.10 (a)
14.11 (b)
14.12 (a), (c)
14.13 (a), (c)
14.14 (d), (b)
14.15 (a), (b), (d)
14.16 (a), (b), (c)
14.17 (a), (b) (d)
14.18 (a), (c), (d)
14.19 (i) (A),(C),(E),(G) (ii) (B), (D), (F), (H)
14.20 2kx towards left.
14.21 (a) Acceleration is directly proportional to displacement.
(b) Acceleration is directed opposite to displacement.
14.22 When the bob of the pendulum is displaced from the mean position
so that sinθ ≅ θ
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14.23 + ω
14.24 Four
14.25 -ve
14.27
1 1
14.28 lm = l E = m
6 6
14.29 If mass m moves down by h, then the spring extends by 2h (because
each side expands by h). The tension along the string and spring is
the same.
In equilibrium
mg = 2 (k. 2h)
where k is the spring constant.
On pulling the mass down by x,
F = mg - 2k ( 2h + 2x )
= – 4kx
m
So. T = 2π
4k
14.30 y = 2 sin (ωt − π / 4) ; T = 2π / ω
A
14.31
2
14.32 U = U o (1 − cos α x )
–dU –d
F= = (U o – U o cos a x )
dx dx
= –U oα sin α x
So, k = U oα 2
m
T = 2π
U oα 2
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Answers
14.34 θ1 = θo sin ( ωt + δ1 )
θ2 = θo sin (ωt + δ 2 )
∴ ωt + δ1 = 90°, ωt + δ 2 = −30°
∴ δ1 − δ 2 = 120°
14.35 (a) Yes.
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14.38 Consider the liquid in the length dx. It’s mass is A ρdx at a height x.
PE = A ρdx gx
dx
The PE of the left column
h1 x l l h2
h1
= A ρ gxdx
o
45° 45°
h1
x2 h12 A ρ gl 2 sin 2 45°
= Aρg = Aρg =
2 o 2 2
h 22 A ρ gl 2 sin 2 45°
Similarly, P.E. of the right column = A ρ g =
2 2
h1 = h2 = l sin 45° where l is the length of the liquid in one arm of the
tube.
A ρ gl 2
Total P.E. = A ρ gh 2 = A ρ gl 2 sin2 45° =
2
If the change in liquid level along the tube in left side in y, then
length of the liquid in left side is l–y and in the right side is l + y.
Aρg
= (l – y )2 + (l + y )2 − l 2
2
Aρg l 2 + y 2 − 2 ly + l 2 + y 2 + 2 ly − l 2
=
2
= A ρ g y 2 + l 2
1
Change in K.E. = A ρ 2ly 2
2
∆( P .E ) + ∆( K .E ) = 0
A ρ g l 2 + y 2 + A ρly 2 = 0
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A ρ g 0 + 2y
dy
+ 2 A ρlyy = 0
dt
2 A ρ gy + 2 A ρly = 0
ly + gy = 0
g
y+ y =0
l
g
ω2 =
l
g
ω=
l
l
T = 2π
g
g.x
14.39 Accelertation due to gravity at P = , where g is the acceleration
R
at the surface.
mgx mg
Force = = –k .x , k =
R R
m R
Motion will be SHM with time period T = = 2π
K g
14.40 Assume that t = 0 when θ = θ0. Then,
θ = θ0 cos ωt
At t1 = 1/6
• 2π
θ = –θ 0 2π sin = – 3πθ 0
6 H
Thus the linear velocity is
A
u = – 3πθ0l perpendicular to the string.
u y = – 3πθ 0l sin θ0
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u x = – 3πθ0l cos θ0
H ′ = H + l (1 – cos (θ0 /2 ) )
1 2
Or, gt + 3πθ0l sinθ0 t – H ′ = 0
2
– 3πθ 0l sin θ0 ± 3π 2θ 02 e 2 sin 2 θ 0 + 2 gH ′
∴t =
g
– 3π lθ 02 ± 3π 2θ04 l 2 + 2 gH ′
g
snapped.
2H
X = 3πθ0l cos θ0
g
To order of θ0 ,
2H 6H
X = 3πθ0l = θ0 l .
g g
At the time of snapping, the bob was
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Chapter 15
15.1 (b)
15.2 (c)
15.3 (c)
15.4 (c)
15.5 (b)
15.6 (c)
15.7 (d)
15.8 (b)
15.9 (b)
15.10 (c)
15.11 (a), (b), (c)
15.12 (b), (c)
15.13 (c), (d)
15.14 (b), (c), (d)
15.15 (a), (b), (d)
15.16 (a), (b)
15.17 (a), (b), (d), (e)
15.18 Wire of twice the length vibrates in its second harmonic. Thus if the
tuning fork resonaters at L, it will resonate at 2L.
15.19 L/2 as λ is constant.
15.20 517 Hz.
15.21 5cm
1
15.22 1/3. Since frequency α m = πr 2ρ
m
15.23 2184oC, since C α T
1
15.24 n − n
1 2
1 T
15.25 343 m s–1. n =
2l m
v
15.26 3nd harmonic since n o = = 412.5 with v = 330 m/s
4l
c
15.27 412.5Hz n ' = n
c − v
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15.29 (a) 9.8 × 10-4s. (b) Nodes-A, B, C, D, E. Antinodes-A1, C1. (c) 1.41m.
15.30 (a) 348.16 ms-1
(b) 336 m/s
(c) Resonance will be observed at 17cm length of air column, only
intensity of sound heard may be greater due to more complete
reflection of the sound waves at the mercury surface.
nv
15.31 From the relation, ν = , the result follows.
2L
6400 − 3500 2500 1000 × 2
15.32 t = + +
8 5 8
= 1975 s.
= 32 minute 55 second.
3P 3RT γP γ RT
15.33 c = = ,v = =
ρ M ρ M
c 3 7
= and γ = for diatomic gases.
v γ 5
15.34 (a) (ii), (b) (iv), (c) (iii), (d) (i).
15.35 (a) 5m, (b) 5m, (c) 50Hz, (d) 250ms-1, (e) 500π ms-1.
15.36 (a) 6.4π radian, (b) 0.8π radian, (c) π radian, (d) 3π /2 radian, (e)
80π radian.
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