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ture VII 66
. Motivation:
Alternative formulation of QM (
f.
anoni
al quantisation)
Close to
lassi
al
onstru
tion | i.e. semi-
lassi
s easily obtained
Ee
tive formulation of non-perturbative approa
hes
Prototype of higher-dimensional eld theories
. Time-dependent S
hr odinger equation
i~ j i = H^ j i t
X
Formal solution: j (t)i = e ^ ~ j (0)i = e iH t= iEn t=~
jnihnj (0)i
. Time-evolution operator
n
N.B. Causal
Real-spa
e representation:
Z
j ih j
dq q q Z
(q0; t0) hq0j (t0)i = hq0jU^ (t0; t) ^ j (t)i = ( ; ) (q; t);
dq U q 0 ; t0 q; t
Physi
ally: U (q0 ; t0; q; t) des
ribes probability amplitude for parti
le to propagate
from q at time t to q0 at time t0
. Constru
tion of Path Integral
Feynman's idea: divide time evolution into N ! 1 dis
rete time steps t = t=N
^ h ^ ~i
=
N
~
e iH t=
e iH t=
Then separate the operator
ontent so that momentum operators stand to the left
and position operators to the right
e
^
iH t= ~
=e iT ^ t= ~
e
^
iV t= ~
+ O(t2 )
h ^ ~i
hq j e jq i
N
iH t=
F I
' hq j^e ^ ~ e F
iT t= ^
iV t=~
^e
^
iT t= ~
e iV^
^ : : : ^e
^ ~ e ^ ~ jq i
t= ~ iT t= iV t=
I
Z Z
Insert at ^ resol. of id: = dqn dpn jq ihq jp ihp j, and using hqjpi = p 1 eiqp=~ ,
n n n n
2 ~
e
^
iV t=~
jq ihq jp ihp je ^ ~ = jq ie ( ) ~ hq jp ie
iT t= iV q t= ( )
iT p t= ~
hp j ;
hp +1jq ihq jp i = 21~ exp [iq (p p +1)℄
n n n n n n n n
and n n n n n n n
" #
^
Z Y1 N
Y N
X1
N
qn+1
hq j e
F
iHt= ~
jq i =
I dqn
2 ~
exp
dpn i
~
t V qn ( ) + T (p +1) n pn+1
t
qn
n=1
qN =qF ;q0 =qI
n =1 n =0
p Phase
Space
tn t
qF 1 2 N
qI
i.e. at ea h time step, integration over the lassi al phase spa e oords. x (q ; p ) n n n
Z Z
D (q; p)
t
dt0
( )= (0)= pq_j =
z }| { z 0}| { H ( xj = )
q t qF ;q qI
Z Y1 h i 1 z }| { t0 tn
X z }| { q +1 q i
t0
Y dp
tn
^
N N N
hq j e
F
~
iHt=
jq i = I dq
2 ~
exp ~ t (V (q ) + T (p +1) p +1 t )
n
n
n n n
n n
=1 n=1
qN =qF ;q0 =qI
=0 n n
F I
~ q t ( )= qF ;q (0)= qI 0
Le
ture Notes O
tober 2004
Le
ture VII 68
Quantum transition amplitude expressed as sum over all possible phase spa
e
traje
tories (subje
t to appropriate b.
.s) and weighted by
lassi
al a
tion
. Lagrangian formulation: for \free-parti
le" Hamiltonian H (p; q) = p2=2m + V (q)
z
Gaussian integral
}|
on p {
Z Z Z 2
^ jq i =
R
Dp exp
2m pq_
( ~) ( ) i p t
hq j e
F
~
iHt=
I Dqe
~
i=
dt0 t
0 dt V
0
q
( )=
q t qF ;q (0)= qI 0
p0
2
_ 7! 21m (p 1 mq_2
p2 z }| {
mq_)2
2m pq
2
Fun
tional integral justied by dis
retisation
Z Z
hq j e ^ ~
jq i = exp i t
dt0
_
mq 2
()
Dq
2 V q
iHt=
F I
q t( )= qF ;q (0)= qI
~ 0
2 Y1
N= N
e =
Dq ! Dq lim Nm
N !1 2
it ~
n =1
dqn