Bacteria:

 unicellular, anucleated.
 Different shapes
 Growth: lag phase, log phase (doubling at fixed rates), stationary phase (death=growth),
death
 Obligate aerobes vs facultative anerobes, vs anerobes (lack metabolizing O2 radical
enzymes) vs microairofiles
Eukaryote vs prokaryote:
 Both have dna/rna, protein, lipid, polysaccharide
 Different size
 Bacteria only have 1 chromosome- haploid
 Lack specialized organelles (except ribosome)
 Bacteria have cell wall
Plasma membrane:
 Select transport of molecules, site of energy production (no mitochondria), anchoring
site
 Peptidoglycan cell wall
o Gram positive- purple
o Gram negative- pink
o Acid fast
 Relate to biochem of outside of cell
 Confer the shapes (rods tetrads, cocci, spiral)
 Gram stain: based on dif I ncell eveloped
o Apply crystal violate + fixative (iodine)
 Penetrates into cell and precipitates crystals into cytoplans (purple)
 Alcohol wash penetrates into cytoplasm and damages gram negative
(also have thin cell wall) so iodine escapes (cell colorless)
 Dye with safranin which dies colorless cells pink
 Peptidoplycan: has many corsslinked layers
o Target synthesis with beta lactam and
 Gram neg also have lipopolysaccharide membrane (lps)
o Polysaccharide side chain are specific to certain organisms
o Lipid A is endotoxingives big inflammatory response
 Will be protein bound and then interact with macrophages
 Can overstimulate macrophages at high conc
 Coag pathway, complement pathway, PGs
 Acid fast cell:
o Mycobacterium has waxy layer
o Atypical cell envelops- mycoplasma have no cell wall
 Capsules: polysaccharide. Hard to phagocytose
 Ribosomes:
 Pili/fimbriae: attachment to hosts, genetic exchange/conjugation
  Spores: dormasnt pahse and highly resistant (gram posistive rds: clistridium and
baccilus)
 Flagella: movement and chemotax

Bacterial Genetics:
Circular chromosome
Plasmids, carry virulence and antibiotic resistance. Can be passed easily
Can also get resistance by spontaneous mutation in DNA replication
 Point mutations
 Replication rates cause genes to become quickly dominant in population
Can transfer bacteria horizontally
 Conjugation: through conjugal bridge
o Never leaves the cytoplasm
o Usually involves plasmids
 Transformation: uptake of naked DNA
o DNA is lysed out into a medium, has to happen quickly to its not lysed
o Re recombine into its own genome
 Transduction: via bacteriophage
o Infection with virus
o Lyric growth (phage can replicate itself-results in lysis/death of cell) or lysogeny
(pahge integrates with bacterial chromosome and replicates only when bacteria
undergoes replication. Can provide advantages)
 Transposons: can incise and excise themselves in DNA- eg vancomycin resistance strains
and virulence factors

Bacterial pathogenesis and host response:

Entercolonizeevadereplicateexitevolve
Enter: secrete things into epithelial barrier to get in
Colonize:
 can swim to desired niche
 adhesins can help them attach
evade:
 protease: IgA
 resist complement/abs with capsule
 alter proteins on their surface
 antigenic mimicry- capsule has part of host
 interfere with antigen presentation
replicate
 replicate inside cell: block phagolysosome, relplicate within in, lyse out of it
infection outcome:
toxin producing:
 exotoxin: immunogenic, made by both gram positive and negative
 o A-B toxin: B has specificity, A has effector
o Superantigen: nonspecifically activates t cell
Immunopathology: rheumatic fever, post infectious GN