REVIEWER IN READING AND WRITING

THE READING PROCESS

Content Schema – the actual background knowledge of the reader
Formal Schema – the syntax and rhetorical organization of the text
Linguistic Schema – the decoding features a reader uses to understand the text

METACOGNITIVE READING STRATEGIES

Metacognition – the awareness and knowledge of one’s mental process such that one can
monitor, regulate, and direct them to a desired goal
Pre-Reading (Planning) – a stage when one prepares oneself before reading
 Word Splash – a group of words related to the text to be read which a reader may use
to infer about the text.
 Gist Statement - part of Word Splash which indicates the possible main idea of a text
to be read
While Reading (Monitoring) – a stage where a reader plans
 Marking Strategy (Annotation) – the act of writing note on the actual text that a
reader reads
Post-Reading (Evaluating) – a metacognitive reading stage wherein a reader evaluates the
text that he has read
 Comprehension Questions – the most common tool used for evaluating a text which
has been read

LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
Literal Level - a level of comprehension where the reader is required to “state the obvious”
and look for explicit information
Interpretive Level – happens when a reader provides inferences on the text that he has read
Applied Level - A level of comprehension where the reader relates himself to the text that he
has read
Implicit Information - information in the text wherein a reader is required to “read between the
lines”; hidden or unstated information
Explicit Information - evident information seen on the text

TRANSLATING READING INTO WRITING

Writing - an active process that involves a repetitive cycle of thinking and revising ideas
Pre-writing - the most important stage to break the writer’s block
 Brainstorming – randomly writing down topics to generate one specific topic
 Free-writing – the practice of writing down all thoughts without stopping, and without
regard for spelling, grammar, or any of the usual rules for writing.
 Outlining – a plan for or a summary of a writing project or speech.
Graphic Organizers - visual representations of ideas thought of by the writer
 Venn Diagram - a graphic organizer created to compare two or three different
concepts through the use of overlapping circles
 Venn diagram with two comparisons

Venn diagram with three comparisons

UNITY, COHERENCE AND COHESION IN PARAGRAPH WRITING

Properties of a Well-written Text:
Unity - achieved when all the details in a paragraph lead back to one main idea or topic
sentence.
Coherence - the logical flow of the sentences in a paragraph
Cohesion - the glue that sticks ideas together
 Cohesive Devices - lexical chains, cohesive nouns, pronoun references, ellipsis,
substitution, conjunction, and transition