P.A.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PALLADAM ROAD, POLLACHI – 642 002

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 8594 -DYNAMICS OF MACHINES

QUESTION BANK
TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

ACADEMIC YEAR 2019– 2020

Prepared by

K.MANIKANDAN & D.LOGANATHAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ME 8594 DYNAMICS OF MACHINES LT PC
3 0 03
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the force-motion relationship in components subjected to external
forces and analysis of standard mechanisms.
 To understand the undesirable effects of unbalances resulting from prescribed
motions in mechanism.
 To understand the effect of Dynamics of undesirable vibrations.
 To understand the principles in mechanisms used for speed control and stability
control.

UNIT I FORCE ANALYSIS 12

Dynamic force analysis – Inertia force and Inertia torque– D Alembert’s principle –Dynamic
Analysis in reciprocating engines – Gas forces – Inertia effect of connecting rod– Bearing
loads – Crank shaft torque – Turning moment diagrams –Fly Wheels – Flywheels of
punching presses- Dynamics of Camfollower mechanism.

UNIT II BALANCING 12
Static and dynamic balancing – Balancing of rotating masses – Balancing a single cylinder
engine –Balancing of Multi-cylinder inline, V-engines – Partial balancing in engines –
Balancing of linkages –Balancing machines-Field balancing of discs and rotors.

UNIT III FREE VIBRATION 12

Basic features of vibratory systems – Degrees of freedom – single degree of freedom – Free
vibration– Equations of motion – Natural frequency – Types of Damping – Damped
vibration– Torsional vibration of shaft – Critical speeds of shafts – Torsional vibration – Two
and three rotor torsional systems.

UNIT IV FORCED VIBRATION 12

Response of one degree freedom systems to periodic forcing – Harmonic disturbances –
Disturbance caused by unbalance – Support motion –transmissibility – Vibration isolation
vibration measurement.

UNIT V MECHANISM FOR CONTROL 12

Governors – Types – Centrifugal governors – Gravity controlled and spring controlled
centrifugal governors – Characteristics – Effect of friction – Controlling force curves.
Gyroscopes –Gyroscopic forces and torques – Gyroscopic stabilization – Gyroscopic effects
in Automobiles, ships and airplanes.

TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Upon completion of this course, the Students can able to predict the force analysis in
mechanical system and related vibration issues and can able to solve the problem
 ME 8594 -DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
UNIT-I - FORCE ANALYSIS
1. Define free body diagram (AU Jun 2009, May 2005)
A free body diagram is a sketch of the isolated or free body which shows all the
pertinent weight forces, the externally applied loads, and the reaction from its supports
and connections acting upon it by the removed elements.

2. What are the conditions for a body to be in static and dynamic equilibrium? (AU Jun 2006)
Necessary conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium are
i) Vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero.
ii) The vector sum of the moments of all forces acting about any arbitrary point or axis is zero.

3. Define static force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses.
However, the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied
loads. Hence inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as
static force analysis.

4. Define Dynamic force analysis.

If components of a machine accelerate by the applied forces (F) , inertia force (-ma)
is produced due to their masses. Even though the magnitudes of these forces are small as
compared to the externally applied loads, if we do force analysis of machine considering
the inertia forces in addition to all applied forces, then the force analysis is called
Dynamic force analysis.

5. When will the two force member is in equilibrium?

The member under the action of two force will be in equilibrium if
i) The two forces are of same magnitude. ii) The forces act along the same line, and
iii) The forces are in opposite direction.

6. Give any three advantages of free body diagrams. (AU Dec 2009)
i) Free body diagram assist in seeing and understanding all aspects of problem.
ii) They help in planning the approach to the problem.
iii) They make mathematical relations easier to the problem.

7. When will the three force member is in equilibrium?

A body or member will be in equilibrium under the action of three forces if
i) the resultant of the forces is zero, and ii) the line of action of the forces intersect at a point.

8. State D’Alembert’s principle. (AU Dec 2006) (AU Dec 2009)

It states that the inertia forces and torques, and the external forces and torques acting
on a body together result in static equilibrium.
In other words, the vector sum of all external forces and inertia forces acting upon a
system of rigid bodies is also separately zero.
9. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram? (AU Dec 2009)
It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various
position of the crank.
In turning moment diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (y-axis) and
crank angle as abscissa(x-axis).
10. Differentiate between static force analysis and dynamic force analysis. (AU Dec
2009)
Static force analysis:
If components of a machine accelerate, inertia is produced due to their masses.
However, the magnitudes of these forces are small compared to the externally applied
loads. Hence inertia effects due to masses are neglected. Such an analysis is known as
static force analysis.
Dynamic force analysis:
If the inertia effect due to the mass of the component is also considered, it is called
dynamic force analysis.

11. What are the forces acting on the connecting rod?

1. Inertia force of the reciprocating parts acting along the line of stroke
2. The side thrust between the cross head and the guide bars acting at P and right
angles to line of stroke
3. Weight of the connecting rod
4. Inertia force of the connecting rod
5. The radial force parallel to crank, and
6. The tangential force acting perpendicular to crank.

12. Define the term spring surge. (AU May 2003)

Spring surge:
Springs when subjected to rapidly varying forces may vibrates themselves leading to
improper functioning and rapid fatigue failure of the springs. Such a vibration exhibited
by the retaining spring is called 'spring surge'

13. Define the term windup.

Windup:
Twisting effect produced in the camshaft due to varying torque conditions within a
cycle is called as windup.

14. Define applied forces.

Applied forces:
The external force acting on a system of body from outside the system are called
applied force. The applied forces are classified as active and reactive forces.

15. Define Inertia forces. (AU Dec 2004), Dec 2010

The inertia force is an imaginary force, which when acts upon a rigid body, brings it in an
equilibrium position.
Inertia force = -Accelerating force = -m.a.
16. Define constraint force
It is a pull or push, which acts on a body changes or tends to change, the state of rest or of
uniform motion of the body. A force is completely characterized by its point of
application, its magnitude and direction.

17. What is meant by correction couple?

If the two masses are placed orbitrarily in a rigid body, an error in torque is
introduced. To make the system dynamically equivalent a couple should be applied. This
couple is called correction couple.

18. Explain the term Maximum Fluctuation of Energy. (AU Dec 2003)
The difference between the maximum and minimum energies is known as the
maximum fluctuation of energy.

19. Define 'Inertia Torque'.

Inertia Torque:
The inertia torque is an imaginary torque, which when applied upon the rigid body,
brings it in an equilibrium position. It is equal to the accelerating couple in magnitude but
opposite in direction.

20. Define 'Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy'.

It is defined as the ratio between the maximum fluctuation of energy (ΔE) and the work
done per cycle.
CE = ΔE / Work done per cycle

21. Define 'Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed'.

It is defined as the ratio of maximum fluctuation speed to the mean speed.
CS = (N1 - N2) / N
where,
N1& N2 - Maximum & Minimum speed in rpm
N - Mean Speed in rpm - (N1+ N2)/2

22. Define Coefficient of Steadiness.

The reciprocal of the coefficient of fluctuation of speed is known as Coefficient of
steadiness. m = 1 / CS

23. How you will reduce a dynamic analysis problem into an equivalent problem of
static equilibrium?
By applying D’Alembert’s principle (Σ F + (-ma) = 0, Σ T + (-Iα) = 0 ) to a dynamic
analysis problem, we can reduce into an equivalent problem of static equilibrium.

24. What do you mean by Equivalent offset inertia force?

Equivalent offset inertia force is the force which can replace both inertia force and
inertia torque.

25. What do you mean by crank effort or turning moment on the crank shaft?
 It is the product of the crank-pin effort (FT ) and crank pin radius (r). T = FT * r

26. What is meant by turning moment diagram or crank effort diagram?

It is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various
Position of the crank.
In turning movement diagram, the turning moment is taken as the ordinate (Y-axis)
and crank angel as abscissa (X-axis).

27. What do you understand by the fluctuation of energy in Fly wheel?

Fluctuation of Energy:
The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies in Turning moment
diagram is known as Fluctuation of energy.

28. Differentiate the function of flywheel and governor.

S.No Flywheel Governor
1 Flywheel used is to reduce the fluctuation Governor is used to control the mean speed
of speed during a cycle above and below over a period for output load variations
the mean value for constant load from
prime mover
2 Flywheel works continuously from cycle Governor works intermittently,
to cycle i.e. only when there is change in the load.
3 Flywheel has no influence on mean speed Governor has no influence over cycle speed
of the prime move fluctuations.

29. What do you understand by Fluctuation of speed in Fly wheel?

The difference between speeds corresponding to the positions of fly wheel when
maximum and minimum energies occurred in fly wheel.

30. List out the few machines in which flywheel are used.
1.Punching machines 2.Shearing machines
3.Riveting machines 4.Crushing machines.
31. What does ‘float’ or jump of a follower?
The stored energy in a camshaft due to windup phenomenon which occurs because of
variations in torque gets released at the end of follower rise. This results in undue
variation of velocity and acceleration of the follower. This phenomenon is called ‘Jump’
or ‘Float
32. Why smaller fly wheels are used in multi cylinder engines?
In multi cylinder engine more than one power stroke is produced per second. So the
need to store energy in flywheel is lesser than single cylinder engines. This leads to
smaller flywheel for multi cylinder engines.
33. Why negative loops are formed in turning moment diagrams?
During strokes other than power stroke, flywheel losses energy, negative loops are
formed in turning moment diagram. This indicates more energy than produced is being
taken from flywheel to do work absorbing processes.
34. What is meant by ‘correction couple’?
 In a dynamically equivalent system, if the two masses are placed arbitrarily, an error
in torque is produced. To make the system dynamically equivalent, a couple should be
applied. This couple is called correction couple. The value of correction couple is always
positive and its direction will be the same as that of angular acceleration ‘α’.

35. What is the function of a fly wheel in engines?

Fly wheel acts as a reservoir. It absorbs some portion of energy while power stroke
and delivers it in all other strokes in an Engine.

36. In what way the inertia of the connecting rod of a reciprocating engine is taken into
account?
To find out the torque produced by means of the inertia force is find out, by split the
mass of connecting rod into two point masses. And then the weight of the two masses are
used to find out the inertia torque.

37. When and why the correction couple applied?

In engine analysis, if the mass of connecting rod incorporated, an inertia force will
also act. So in such analysis, the mass must be splited into two point masses for analysis.
The second point mass at some distance from the mass center. For easy analysis we
assume that the second mass at crank pin. At this point a correction couple is included for
getting exact turning moment.

UNIT II – BALANCING

1. What is meant by balancing?

Balancing is the process of designing or modifying machinery so that unbalance is
reduced to an acceptable level and if possible is eliminated entirely.

2. Write the importance of balancing.

If the moving part of a machine are not balanced completely then the inertia forces
are set up which may cause excessive noise, vibration, wear and tear of the system. So
balancing of machine is necessary.

3. Mention any two practical examples of balancing.

The practical examples for balancing are
1. Automobile wheels 2. Watch needles

4. Write different types of balancing.

i) Balancing of rotating masses
(a) Static balancing (b) Dynamic balancing
ii) Balancing of reciprocating masses.

5. What is static balancing? (Dec 2010)

A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre
of the system lies on the axis rotation.
6. State the condition for static balancing.
The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero or the centre of the masses of
the system must lie on the axis of rotation.

7. What is dynamic balancing? (AU Jun 2009)

A system of rotating masses is said to be in dynamic balance if there does not exist any
resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.

8. Write the conditions for complete balancing.

i) The resultant centrifugal force must be zero and ii) The resultant couple must be zero.

9. State the condition for dynamic balancing.

Condition for dynamic balancing
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero or the centre of the masses
of the system must lie on the axis of rotation.
2. The net couple due to the dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero or the
algebraic sum of the moments about any point in the plane must be zero.
3. Dynamic balancing implies static balancing. Justify

10. What do you understand by the term partial balancing? (AU Dec 2003)
In an reciprocating engine, the provision of a rotating counter mass results in only a
partial balance, as one vertical component of rotating mass remains unchecked. This is
called partial balancing.

11. What is the effect of unbalanced primary force in a twin cylinder locomotive?
The unbalanced primary force along the line of storke results in
a. Variation of tractive force b. Swaying couple.
The unbalanced primary force perpendicular to the line of stroke results in pressure
variations leading to hammer blow.

12. Define Tractive force.

In a twin cylinder locomotive, the resultant unbalanced primary force due to both the
cylinders, acting along the line of stroke is known as Tractive force.
13. Whether grinding wheels are balanced or not? If so why?
Yes, the grinding wheels are properly balanced by inserting some low density
materials. If not the required surface finish won’t be attained and the vibration will cause
much noise.
14. Write the equations used to solve balancing of several masses rotating in a single
plane.
Horizontal component of force: ∑ H= m1r1cosθ1+m2r2cosθ2+.....……
Vertical component of force: ∑V= m1r1sinθ1+m2r2sinθ2+.....……
____________
Magnitude of balancing force: Fc=√(∑ H)2+(∑V)2
Angle θ with respect to horizontal: θ=tan-1 (∑V / ∑ H)
15. Why complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engine?
Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the balancing mass opposite
to the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of this balancing mass gives
rise to “Hammer blow”. In order to reduce the Hammer blow, a part of the reciprocating
mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible in reciprocating engines.

16. Differentiate between the unbalanced force due to a reciprocating mass and that due
to a revolving masses.
i. Complete balancing of revolving mass can be possible. But fraction of reciprocating
mass only balanced.
ii. The unbalanced force due to reciprocating mass varies in magnitude but constant in
direction. But in the case of revolving masses, the unbalanced force is constant in
magnitude but varies in direction.

17. What are the various cases of balancing of revolving masses?

i. Balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
ii. Balancing of single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.
iii. Balancing of several rotating masses in a single plane.
iv. Balancing of several rotating masses in different planes.

18. What are the effects of an unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke of two
cylinder locomotive?
i. Variation in Tractive force along the line of stroke, and ii. Swaying couple.

19. What is swaying couple?

The unbalanced force acting at a distance between the line of stroke of two cylinders,
constitute a couple in the horizontal direction. This couple is known as swaying couple.

20. What are in-line engines?

Multi-cylinder engines with the cylinder centre lines in the same plane and on the
same side of the centre line of the crank shaft, are known as in-line engine.

21. What are the condition to be satisfied for complete balance of in-line engine?
i. The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces must be zero, and
ii. The algebraic sum of the couples due to primary and secondary forces must be zero.
22. What are balancing machines? (AU May 2003)
Balancing machines are the “The machines which is used to determine whether the
rotating parts of a machine is completely balanced or not, to check the static and dynamic
balancing of rotating parts and to determine the extent to which balancing is done.
23. What is an inside cylinder engine?
If the cylinders of a twin – cylinder engine are placed between the planes of driving
wheels, then the engine is called inside cylinder engine.
24. State the reason for positioning the cranks of a locomotive at right angles.
The reason for positioning the cranks of a locomotive at right angles it will even out
the turning moment.
25. Give the different types of balancing machines used in practice.
 The types of balancing machines are
i. Static balancing machines
ii. Dynamic balancing machines
iii. Universal balancing machines

26. Why the cranks of a locomotive are generally at right angles to one another?
In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position (i.e., in order to have
uniformity in turning moment) the cranks of a locomotive are generally at 90˚ to one
another.

27. What are the conditions to be satisfied for complete balance of in-line engines?
The following conditions are to be satisfied for complete balance of in-line engine,
a. The algebraic sum of the primary and secondary forces should be zero.
b. The algebraic sum of primary and secondary couple should be zero.

28. What is the effect of hammer blow and what is the cause of it? (AU May 2004)
The effect of hammer blow is to cause the variation in pressure between the wheel
and the rail, such that vehicle vibrates vigorously. Hammer blow is caused due to the
effect of unbalanced primary force acting perpendicular to the line of stroke.

29. Write short notes on balancing of linkages.

Linkages are balanced by balancing the shaking force and shaking moment. In force
balancing, the total mass centre is to be made stationary.

30. Give some approaches for balancing linkages.

a. The method of static balancing in which the concentrated link masses are replaced
by a system of masses that are statically equivalent.
b. Using cam driven masses to keep total mass centre stationary.
c. Adding of axially symmetric duplicate mechanism by which the combined total
mass is made stationary.

31. Why radial engines are preferred?

In radial engines the connecting rods are connected to a common crank and hence the
plane of rotation of the various cranks is same, therefore there are no unbalanced primary
or Secondary couples. Hence radial engines are preferred.

32. What are the effects of an unbalanced primary force along the line of stroke of two
cylinder locomotive?
(i) Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke, and (ii) Swaying couple.
33. What are the various cases of balancing of revolving masses?
(i). Balancing of single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
(ii). Balancing of single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different plane.
(iii). Balancing of several rotating masses in a single plane.
(iv). Balancing of several rotating masses in different plane.

34. Can a single cylinder engine be fully balanced? Why? (AU Jun 2006)
 No, A single cylinder engine cannot be fully balanced. It is considered as a
reciprocating mass. Balancing of reciprocating masses is done by introducing the
balancing mass opposite to the crank. The vertical component of the dynamic force of
this balancing mass gives rise to “Hammer blow”. In order to reduce the Hammer blow, a
part of the reciprocating mass is balanced. Hence complete balancing is not possible in
reciprocating engines.

35. Differentiate coupled and uncoupled locomotives.

If two or more pairs of wheels are coupled together, the locomotives are of coupled type.
Whereas, if there is only one pair of driving wheel, the locomotives are uncoupled type.

36. Write any two advantages of coupling the wheels of a coupled locomotive.
1. The wheel resistance against slipping on the rails is increased.
2. The hammer blow effect is minimized.

37. What do you mean by the term 'shaking force' and 'shaking moment'? Dec 2010
Shaking forces are the forces transmitted to the foundation or frame of a machine
owing to the inertia of the moving parts. The variation of these forces tends to shake or
vibrate the machine causing shaking forces and shaking moments.
38. What is the difference between balancing of rotating & reciprocating masses.
S.No. Balancing of Rotating Masses. Balancing of Reciprocating Masses.
1. Unbalanced force remains constant in Unbalanced force remains constant in
magnitude, but varies in direction. direction, but varies in magnitude.
2. Complete balancing is possible. Only partial balancing is possible.

39. What do you understand by field balancing?(Dec 2003)

Field balancing is used to rebalance the large, high speed rotors owing to the
deformations brought on by shipping or high operating temperatures.
40. Name a few balancing machines.
a. Pivoal – Cradle b. Nodal point c. Mechanical compensation balancing machine

UNIT III –FREE VIBRATION

1. Define vibration.
Any motion that exactly repeats itself after an interval, of time is a periodic motion
and is called a vibration. Generally mechanical system must have elasticity inorder to
support vibration.

2. Vibration can have desirable effects – justify.

Though vibration is mainely known for its undesirable effects like, unwanted noise
and wear, some times it is used to design a machine with a specific application. Vibratory
conveyor and cellphones are example in support of the statement.

3. How do you classify vibration? (or) What are the different types of vibrations?
 (AU May 2003)
i) According to the actuating force:
a) Free vibrations
b) Forced vibrations
ii) According to energy dissipation:
a) Undamped vibration
b) Damped vibration
iii) According to behavior of vibrating system:
a) Linear vibration
b) Non - linear vibration
iv) According to motion of system w.r.t. axis:
a) Longitudinal vibration
b) Transverse vibration
c) Torsional vibration

4. What is meant by free vibration?

Free or natural vibrations:
When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement, then the
body is said to be under free or natural vibrations.
5. What is meant by Forced vibrations?
Forced vibrations
When the body vibrates under the influence of external force, then the body is said to be
under forced vibrations.

6. What do you meant by damping and damped vibration?

Damping:
The resistance against the vibration is called damping.
Damped vibration:
When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the motion is
said to be damped vibration.

7. Define followings. (AU May 2003)

a. Period b. Cycle
Period
It is the time taken by a motion to repeat itself, and is measured in seconds.
Cycle .It is the motion completed during one time period
8. Define followings. (AU May 2003)
a. Frequency b. Resonance
Frequency
Frequency is the number of cycles of motion completed in one second. It is expressed
in Hertz (Hz) and is equal to none cycle per second.
Resonance
When the frequency of the external force is the same as that of the natural frequency
of the system, a state of resonance is said to have been reached. Resonance results in
large amplitudes of vibrations and this may be dangerous.
9. What do you mean by a degree of freedom or movability? (AU May 2003)
The number of independent coordinates required to completely define the motion of a
system is known as degree of freedom of the system.

10. Define steady state and transient state vibrations.

In ideal systems, the free vibration continues indefinitely as there is no damping. Such
vibration is termed as Steady state vibrations.
In real systems, the amplitude of vibration decays continuously because of natural
damping and vanishes finally. Such vibration in real system is called Transient vibration.

11. What do you mean by the term – Equivalent spring stiffness?

Equivalent spring stiffness is a measure of overall spring stiffness of a mechanical
system having two or more springs connected in series or parallel.

12. List out the various methods of finding the natural frequency of free longitudinal
vibrations.
1. Energy method 2. Equilibrium method and 3. Rayleigh’s method.

13. Distinguish between critical damping and large damping. (AU May 2008)
If system is critically damped, the mass moves back very quickly to its equilibrium
position within no time. Whereas in large damping, the mass moves slowly to the
equilibrium position.
14. When do you say a vibrating system is under damped?
The equation of motion of a free damped vibration is given by
d2x + c dx + s = 0
dt2 m dt m
If (s/m) > (c/2m)2 , then radical becomes negative. The two roots k1 and k2 are
knjown as complex conjugate. Then the vibrating system is known as under damping.

15. What is the principle of Rayleigh’s method of finding natural frequency of

vibrations?
The principle of Rayleigh’s method is “the maximum kinetic energy at the mean
position is equal to the maximum potential energy at the extreme position”.

16. Define critical or whirling or whipping speed of a shaft.

The speed at which resonance occurs is called critical speed of the shaft. In other
words, the speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of the shaft from
the axis of rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
17. What are the factors that affect the critical speed of a shaft? (AU Jun 2007)
The critical speed essentially depends on
(a) The eccentricity of the C.G of the rotating masses from the axis of rotation of the
shaft.
(b) Type of supports connections at its ends.
(c) Diameter of the disc
(d) Span of the shaft
18. What are the causes of critical speed?
i. Eccentric mountings, ii. Bending due to self weight, and
iii. Non-uniform distribution of rotor material

19. Define Damping ratio. (AU Dec 2009 )

It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient(c) to the critical damping

coefficient(cc). Mathematically, Damping ratio, ζ=C/ Cc= C/(2mωn).

20. Define logarithmic decrement. (AU May 2003)

Logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction
factor.
The amplitude reduction factor is the ratio of any two successive amplitudes on the
same side of the mean position.
δ = log e (x1/x2) = log e (xn /xn+1)

21. Define the terms Frequency, cycle.

Frequency: It is the number of cycles described in one second.
Cycle: It is defined as the motion completed during one time period.

22. In a geared system, what assumptions to be made before replacing it with an

equivalent system.
i. Inertia of the gear and shafts are negligible.
ii. Loading is within the elastic limits
iii. No backlash or slip occurs in the gear drive.

23. Define Damping factor and Resonance. (AU Dec 2009 )

Damping factor:
The ratio of actual damping co-efficient to critical damping coefficient is known as
damping factor.
Resonance:
Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equal to the natural
frequency of vibration of the system. The amplitude of vibration at resonance becomes
excessive.

24. What do you know about inertia effect of the mass of spring in longitudinal vibration?
If the effect of inertia due to mass of the spring is taken into account, The inertia
effect of the sprig is equel to that of a mass one third of the mass of the spring,
concentrated at its free end.
25. What is the condition of a system to vibrate?
For a system to vibrate, it must possess inertial and restoring elements, whereas it
may possess some damping element responsible for dissipating the energy.

26. What are the uses of multifilar systems?

 The multifilar system used to determine the moment of inertia of irregular bodies
such as unsymmetrical castings, spokes fly wheels, connecting rods, etc. for which it is
quite difficult to find their moment of inertia from their dimensions.

27. What is harmonic forcing?

In spring mass system, if the resultant motion is the sum of two harmonics, then it is
said to be Harmonic forcing.

28. What is meant by periodic forcing?

A periodic force is one in which the motion repeats itself in all details after a certain
interval of time.

29. What is the response of the complete periodic forcing?

The response of the complete periodic forcing is the vector sum of the responses to
the complimentary functions and particular solutions of the individual forcing fuctios as
on the right hand side of the esuation.

30. What is Forced- Damped vibrations?

If in a spring mass system , Damping is also provided with a dashpot means, the
system is called as forced- damped vibration system.

31. What all are the factors upon which the magnification factor depends on?
Magnification factor depends on the following factor,
1. The ratio of frequencies, ω/ ωn 2. The damping factor.

32. When will the maximum amplitude of vibration occur?

Irrespective of the amount of damping, the maximum amplitude of vibration occurs
before the ratio ω/ ωn reaches unity or when the frequency of the forced vibration is less
than that of the un damped vibration.

33. In a system the dampers should not be used, When?

In a system where ω/ ωn can vary from zero to higher values, dampers should not be
used. Instead stops may be provided to limit the resonance amplitude.

UNIT IV – FORCED VIBRATION

1. Define Torsional vibration.

Torsional vibration of a shaft or a disc is the alternate twisting and untwisting of the
rotating material. In this kind the particles move in a circle about the axis.

2. Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibration.

i. In transverse vibrations, the particles of the shaft move approximately perpendicular
to the axis of the shaft. But in torsional vibrations, the particles of the shaft move in a
circle about the axis of the shaft.
 ii. Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and compressive stresses are induced. Due to
torsional vibrations, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.
3. What is meant by dynamic magnifier or magnification factor? (AU Dec 2004)
It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due
to the static force.

4. Define torsional equivalent shaft.

A shaft having variable diameter for different lengths can be theoretically replaced by
an equivalent shaft of uniform diameter such that they have the same total angle of twist
when equal opposing torques are applied at their ends. Such a theoretically replaced shaft
is known as torsionally equivalent shaft.

5. Define transmissibility ratio or isolation factor. (AU May 2008)

The ratio of force transmitted to the force applied is known as transmissibility ratio.

6. Briefly explain elastic suspension.

When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational force
produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation. This is
called as elastic suspension.

7. What are the methods of isolating the vibration? (AU June 2006)
i. High speed engines/machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations
of excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces. It can be minimized
providing spring-damper, etc.
ii. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc. These are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body

8. Specify any two industrial application where the transmissibility effects of vibration
are important.
i. All machine tools, and ii. All turbo machines.

9. Define node in torsional vibration.

Node is the point or the section of the shaft at which amplitude of the torsional
vibration is zero. At nodes, the shaft remains unaffected by the vibration.

10. What is free tortinal vibration of a SINGLE ROTOR system?

In single rotor system the shaft is assumed to be massless. If the disc is given a twist
about its vertical axis and thenreleased, it will start oscillating about the axis and will
perform tortional vibrations.

11. What do you know by MULTIFILAR systems?

Multifilar systems are used to determine the moment of inertia of irregular bodies
such as unsymmetrical castings, connecting rods, ect. For which it is quite difficult to find
their moment of inertia from their dimensions.
12. What is bifilar suspension?
If a disc of mass is suspended from a rigid support with the help of two cords, that
system is said to be a bifilar suspension.
If the disc turned through a small angle, on release, the disc will oscillate about the
vertical axis and execute a tortional vibration.

13. What is Trifilar suspension?

If a disc of mass is suspended from a rigid support with the help of three vertical
cords, that system is said to be a Triifilar suspension system.
14. Explain briefly about free tortional vibrations in a Two – Rotor system.
If a shaft held in bearings carries a rotor at each end, it can vibrate torsionally such
that the two rotors move in the opposite directions.thus some length of the shaft is twisted
in the other.

15. Explain briefly about free tortional vibrations in a Three – Rotor system.
In a three – rotor system, two rotors A and B are fixed to the ends of the shaft, and the
rotor C is in between those.

16. What do you understand by two – node frequency?

One set of values given by the quarradic equation gives the position of two nodes and
the frequency thus obtained is known as two – node frequency.

17. What do you understand by single – node frequency?

In the other set of values, one gives the position of a single node and the other is
beyond the physical limits of the equation. The frequency so obtained is known as single
– node frequency.

18. How will you find the frequency of rotors are fixed to a shaft of various diameters at
different sections?
The most convenient manner of finding frequency of rotors are fixed to a shaft of
various diameters at different sections is by replacing the shaft with a tortionally
equivalent shaft having a suitable diameter.

19. Write down the assumptions in the geared system to be replaced by an equivalent
shaft system?
The assumptions are
i. The inertia of the gears and shafts are negligible
ii. The load is within elastic limits of gear teeth
iii. No backlash or slip occurs in the gear drive

20. What is meant by dynamic magnifier or magnification factor? (Dec 2010 )

It is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration(x max) to the deflection
due to the static force F (xo).
D= xmax / xo
21. What is meant by “Transmissibility”? (AU May 2005)
 When a machine is supported by a spring, the spring transmits the force applied on
the machine to the fixed support or foundation. This is called as transmissibility.

22. A vibrating system consist of a mass of 7Kg and a spring stiffness 50N/cm and
damper of damping coefficient 0.36Ncm-1sec. Find damping factor.
Given data:
m=7Kg
s=50N/cm=5000N/m
c=0.36N/cm/sec=36N/m/sec
Sol:
ωn=√s/m= √(5000/7)=26.72 rad/sec
cc=2m ωn=2*7*26.72=374.16 N/m/s
Damping factor= c/ cc=0.0962

23. Briefly explain elastic suspension.

When machine components are suspended from elastic members, the vibrational
force produced by the machine components will not be transmitted to the foundation.
This is called as elastic suspension.

24. Specify any two industrial applications where the transmissibility effects of vibration
are important.
1. All machine tools, and 2. All turbo machines

25. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?

When an unbalanced machine is installed on the foundation, it produces vibration in
the foundation. So, in order to prevent these vibrations or to minimize the transmission of
forces to the foundation, vibration isolation is important.

26. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?

1. High speed engines / machines mounted on foundation and supports cause vibrations
of excessive amplitude because of the unbalanced forces.
2. The materials used for vibration isolation are rubber, felt cork, etc. These are placed
between the foundation and vibrating body.

27. Define frequency response curve.

Frequency response curve is a curve drawn between magnification factor and
frequency ratio (ω/ωn) for various values of damping factor.

28. Define Damping ratio.

It is defined as the ratio of actual damping coefficient(c) to the critical damping
coefficient(cc).
Mathematically,
Damping ratio, ζ=C/ Cc= C/(2mωn).

29. Define Whirling speed.

 It is the speed at which a rotating shaft tends to vibrate violently in the transverse
direction.
Differentiate between transverse and torsional vibration.
1. In transverse vibrations, the particles of the shaft move approximately
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. But in torsional vibrations, the particles
of the shaft move in a circle about the axis of the shaft.
2. Due to transverse vibrations, tensile and compressive stresses are induced.
Due to torsional vibrations, torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft.

30. What do you know about command and response in a Control system.
In control systems, the result of the act of adjustment is known as command and the
subsequent result or behavior of the system is response.

31. What are the conditions to be satisfied for an equivalent system to that of geared
system in torsional vibrations?
i. The kinetic energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the kinetic energy of the
original system.
ii. The strain energy of the equivalent system must be equal to the strain energy of the
original system.

UNIT-V – MECHANISM FOR CONTROL

1. Explain the function of governor. (AU May 2005)

The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified
limits whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and
hence the fuels supply to cater the load variation on engines.

2. What is the principle of working of centrifugal governor? (AU Jun 2009)

The centrifugal governors are based on balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating
balls by an equal and opposite radial force.
3. Differentiate between governor and flywheel? (May 2003)
S. GOVERNOR FLYWHEEL
No
1 The function of a governor is to regulate The function of a flywheel is to reduce
the mean speed of an engine, when there the fluctuations of speed caused by the
are variations in the load. fluctuation of the engine turning
moment during each cycle of operation.
2 It is provided on prime movers such as It is provided on engine and fabricating
engines and turbines. machines viz., rolling mills, punching
machines, shear machines, presses,etc.
3 It works intermittently, i.e., only when It works continuously from cycle to
there is change in load. cycle.
4 It has no influence over cyclic speed It has no influence on mean speed of the
fluctuation prime mover.

4. What is the principle of inertia governors?

 In inertia governors, the ball are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an
angular acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.

5. What is equilibrium speed?

The speed at which the governor balls arms, sleeve, etc., are in complete equilibrium
and there is no upward or downward movement of the sleeve on the spindle is known as
equilibrium speed.
6. What is governor?
Governor is a component to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in the load. This is done by regulating the fuel supply to the engine.
7. Explain controlling force?
An equal and opposite force to the centrifugal force acting radially inwards
(i.e. centripetal force) is termed as controlling force of a governor.

8. Explain the governor effort

The mean force acting on the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed for lift of
the sleeve is known as the governor effort

9. Define power of a governor

The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change
of speed. It is the product of the mean value of the effort and the distance through which
the sleeve moves.
Power= Mean effort* Lift of sleeve.

10. Define coefficient of sensitiveness. (AU May 2008)

It is the ratio between range of speed and mean speed.
Range of speed N1-N2
Coefficient of sensitiveness = --------------------- = ------------
Mean speed N

11. What is meant by hunting? (AU Dec 2010)

The phenomenon of continuous fluctuation of the engine speed above and below the
mean speed is termed as hunting. This occurs in over-sensitive governors.

12. Explain the term stability of the governor?

A governor is said to be stable if there is only one radius of rotation for all equilibrium
speeds of the balls within the working range. If the equilibrium speed increases the
radius of governor ball must also increase.

13. Explain Isochronism.

A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor. Actually
the isochronism is the stage of infinite sensitivity. i.e., when the equilibrium speed is
constant for all radii of rotation of the balls within the working range, the governor is
said to in isochronism.
This means that the range of speed ( N1-N2 ) = 0.
Mean speed
 Sensitiveness = --------------------- = α
Range of speed

14. Explain sensitiveness of governors. (AU Dec 2009 )

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference between
the maximum and minimum speeds.
Mean speed N N1+N2
Sensitiveness = --------------------- = ----------- =- -------------
Range of speed N1-N2 2(N1-N2)

15. Give the applications of gyroscopic principle. (AU Dec 2009 )

It is used:
i) In instrument or toy known as gyroscope,
ii) In ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and
iii) In aero planes, monorail cars, gyrocompasses, etc.

16. Define steering, pitching and rolling.

Steering: It is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right, while it
moves forward.
Pitching: It is the turning of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about
transverse axis.
Rolling: It is the movement of a ship in a linear fashion.
17. What is gyroscopic Torque or couple?
Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque or couple is applied on
the rotating body. This torque or couple is known as gyroscopic torque or couple.
18. Explain gyroscopic couple. (AU Dec 2005)
If a body having moment of inertia I and rotating about its own axis at ω rad/sec is
also caused to turn at ωp rad/sec about an axis perpendicular to axis of spin, then it
experiences a gyroscopic couple of magnitude (I ω ω p) in an axis which is perpendicular
to both the axis of spin and axis of precession.

19. What is meant by lag in response?

In any control system, there is a delay in response due to some inherent cause and it
becomes difficult to measure the input and output simultaneously. This delay in response
is termed as lag in response.

20. What is controlling force diagram?

When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of
rotation of the balls as, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.

21. Why there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of a ship during
rolling?
 We know that, for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur ,the axis of precession
should always be perpendicular to the axis of spin . In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of
precession is always parallel to the axis of spin for all positions. Hence there is no effect
of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship during rolling.

22. What is meant by lag in response?

In any control system, there is a delay in response due to some inherent cause and it
becomes difficult to measure the input and output simultaneously. This delay in response
is termed as lag in response.

23. What is sleeve lift?

The sleeve lift is the vertical distance through which the sleeve is displaced due to
change in equilibrium speed.

24. High sensitiveness is undesirable for a governor. Validate this statement.

If a governor is too sensitive, when the load on engine falls, the sleeve rises rapidly to
a maximum position. This triggers the closure of throttle valve leading sudden fall in
speed. Now the sleeve moves rapidly downwards to a minimum position. Thus the
governor fluctuates continuously, which is undesirable.

25. Stability and sensitiveness are two opposite characteristics. Justify.

The balls of a stable governor should occupy the same position for each speed of the
engine within the working range. This in possible only when the speed fluctuations are
kept at minimum, while means when sensitiveness is lesser, thus stability and
sensitiveness are opposite characteristics.

26. Mention any two advantages of using spring loaded governors in the place of gravity
controlled governors.
a. Spring loaded governors can operate at higher speeds.
b. It is capable of being fixed at any inclination.
27. When the engine is the above case rotates in clockwise then what is the effect of
reactive gyroscopic couple?
To raise the tail and dip the nose of the aero plane.
28. Explain the principle of gyroscope.
A gyroscope is a spinning body which is free to move in other directions under the
sections of external forces.
Let us consider a disc roatating with uniform angular velocity in counter clockwise
about its own axis called axis of spin. If it turns in a horizontal plane by rotating about a
vertical axis in counter clockwise direction, then a clockwise couple will be automatically
induced about hta axis perpendicular to X-Y plane.
This results a reactive couple due to the reaction in the bearings. The active and
reactive couple constitute active and reactive gyroscopic torques.

29. When the aeroplane in the above case rurns right, with other conditions kept same
then what is the effect of reactive gyroscopic couple?
To raise the tail and dip the nose.
30. What is the effect of gyroscope on rolling of ship?
As the axis of rolling of the ship and the rotor are parallel, there is no effect of the
gyroscopic couple.

31. Write short notes on stability of an automobile.

In case of four wheeler, stability while in motion is based on two effects.
a. effect due to gyroscopic couple
b. effect due to centrifugal couple.
32. State the conditions for stability of a two wheeler.
The over turning couple due to centrifugal force should be balance by the couple due
to the weight of the vehicle.

33. Explain automatic control.

The automatic control system is a very accurate and effective means to perform
desired function by the system in which the human operator is replaced by a device.
These systems are very fast, properly designed, more accurate, more reliable and without
fatigue. They also give higher outputs of more constant quality and with increased safety.
The automatic control systems are also called as self-activated systems.

34. What are the types of Automatic control of systems?

1. Open-loop (or) unmonitored control system
2. Closed-loop (or) Monitored control system
3. Continuous control system
4. Discontinuous control system
35. What are the terminologies used in Automatic control of systems?
1. Command 2. Response
3. Process control 4. Process controller
5. Regulator 6. Kinetic control
7. Feed back 8. Deviation sensor

37. What is the effect of friction on the governors?( Dec 2003)

Generally we have assumed the governor to be frictionless. In actual practice there is
always friction in the joints and operating mechanism of the governor. Since the frictional
force always acts in the opposite direction to that of motion, therefore when the speed of
rotation decreases, the friction prevents the downward movement of the sleeve and the
radial inward movement of the balls.

UNIT-I

PART-B (FORCE ANALYSIS) (16 marks)

1. For reciprocating engine, derive the expression for

(i)Velocity and acceleration of the piston

(ii)Angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod (16)

2. In a reciprocating engine mechanism, if the crank and connecting rod are 300mm and 1m
long respectively and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200r.p.m.Determine
analytically,

1. The crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs and

2. Maximum velocity of piston.

3. Derive the relevant equations. (16)

3. (i)Deduce the expression for the inertia force in the reciprocating force neglecting the
weight of the connecting rod. (8)

(ii)A vertical petrol engine with cylinder of 150mm diameter and 200mm strokes has a
connecting rod of 350mmlong. The mass is 1.6kg and the engine speed is 1800 rpm. On the
expansion stroke with crank angle 30°fromTDC, the gas pressure is 750KPa.Determine the
net thrust on the piston. (8)

4. (i)Define coefficient of fluctuation of speed and coefficient of fluctuation of energy. (4)

(ii)The radius of gyration of a fly wheel is 1meter and fluctuation of speed is not to exceed
1% of the meanspeed of the flywheel. If the mass of the flywheel is 3340kg and the steam
develops 150KW at 135rpm, then find,

1. Maximum fluctuation of energy 2. Coefficient of fluctuation of energy (12)

5. The length of crank and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating engine are 100mm
and 500mmrespectively. The crank is rotating at 400rpm.When the crank has turned 30° from
the IDC, find analytically

1.Velocity of piston

2. Acceleration of piston

3. Angular velocity of connecting rod

4. Angular acceleration of connecting rod. (16)

6. The length and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating engine are 200mm and 1meter
respectively. Thecrank is rotating at 400rpm.When the crank has turned 30° from the inner
dead center, the difference of pressurebetween cover end and piston rod is 0.4 N/mm2. If the
mass of the reciprocating parts is 100Kg and a cylinderbore is 0.4meters.Calculate

(i)Inertia force (ii) Force on piston (iii) Piston effort (iv) Thrust on the side of the cylinder
walls (v) Thrust in the connecting rod (vi)Crank effort. (16)
7. A horizontal gas engine running at 210rpm has a bore of 220mm and a stroke of 440mm.
The connecting rod is924mm long the reciprocating parts weight 20kg.When the crank has
turned through an angle of 30° from IDC,the gas pressure on the cover and the crank sides
are 500KN/m2 and 60KN/m2 respectively. Diameter of thepiston rod is 40mm.Determine,

1. Turning moment on the crank shaft

2. Thrust on bearing

3. Acceleration of the flywheel which has a mass of 8kg and radius of gyration of 600mm
while the power of the engine is 22KW. (16)

8. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 300mm and a stroke of 400mm.The
connecting rod is 1000mmlong. The mass of the reciprocating parts is 140kg.On the
expansion stroke with the crank at 30°from the top dead center, the gas pressure is 0.7MPa.If
the runs at 250rpm, determine;

1. Net force acting on the piston 2.resultant load on the gudgeon pin

3. Thrust on cylinder walls4. The speed above which other things remaining same, gudgeon
pin loads would be reversed in direction. (16)

9. A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300mm diameter and 450mm stroke
and runs at 200rpm.The reciprocating parts has a mass of 225kg and the piston rod is 50mm
diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2m long. When the crank has turned 125° from IDC the
steam pressure above the piston is 30KN/m2.calculate,

(i)Crank-pin effort

(ii)The effective turning moment on the crank shaft. (16)

10. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to a scale of 1mm to 6N-9-9m
and the horizontalscale of 1mm to 1°.The turning moment repeat itself after every half
revolution of the engine. The area above andbelow the mean torque line are 305, 710,
50,350,980and 275mm2. The mass of rotating parts is 40kg at a radiusof gyration of
140mm.Clculate the coefficient of fluctuation of speed if the mean speed is 1500rpm. (16)

11. The torque delivered by a two stroke engine is represented by T= (1000+300sin2 θ

-500cos2 θ ) N-m where _ is the angle turned by the crank from the IDC. The engine speed is
250rpm.Themass of the flywheel is400kg and radius of gyration 400mm. Determine,

(i) The power developed

(ii) the total percentage fluctuation of speed

(iii) the angular acceleration of flywheel when the crank has rotated through an angle of 60°
from the IDC.

(iv) The maximum angular acceleration and retardation of the flywheel. (16)
 UNIT-II (BALANCING)

PART-B (BALANCING) (16 marks)

1. A shaft is rotating at a uniform angular speed. Four masses M1, M2, and M3and M4 of
magnitudes 300kg,450kg, 360kg, 390kg respectively are attached rigidly to the shaft. The
masses are rotating in the same plane.The corresponding radii of rotation are 200mm,
150mm, 250mmand 300mm respectively. The angle made bythese masses with horizontal are
0°.45°, 120°and 255°respectively.

Find,(i) the magnitude of balancing mass

(ii) The position of balancing mass if its radius of rotation is 200mm. (16)

2. Four masses M1, M2, M3, and M4 are 200kg, 300kg, 240kg and 260kg respectively. The
corresponding radii ofrotation are 0.2m, 0.15m, 0.25m and 0.3m respectively and the angle
between successive masses45°, 75°,and135°.Find the position and magnitude of balance mass
required if its radius of rotation is 0.25m. (16)

3. The data for three rotating masses are given below:-

M1=4kg r1=75mm θ 1=45°

M2=3kg r2=85mm θ 2=135°

M3=2.5kg r3=50mm θ 3=240°

Determine the amount of counter mass at a radial distance of 65mm required for their static
balance. (16)

4. Four masses A, B, C, and D are completely balanced masses C and D makes angles of 90°
and 195°respectively with B in the same sense. The rotating masses have the following
properties:

mA=25kg rA=150mm

mB=40kg rB=200mm

mC=35kg rC=100mm

rD=180mmPlanes B and C are 250mm apart. Determine (i) the mass A and its angular
position

(ii) the position of planes A and D. (16)

5. A, B, C and D are four masses carried by a rotating shaft at radii 100mm,125mm,200mm

and 150mmrespectively. The planes in which the masses revolve are spaced 600mm apart and
the masses of B,C and D are10kg,5kg and 4kgrespectively.Find the required mass A and
relative angular setting of the four masses so that theshaft be in complete balance. (16)
6. Four masses A, B, C and D revolves at equal radii and equally spaced along a shaft. The
mass B is 7kg andthe radii of C and D make angle s of 90° and 240 °respectively with the
radius of B.Find the magnitude of massesA,C and D and angular position of A . So that the
system may be completely balanced. (16)

7. A shaft caries four rotating masses A, B, C and D which are completely balanced. The
masses B, C and Dare50kg, 80kg and 70kg respectively. The masses C and D make angles of
90° and 195° respectively with mass B inthe same sense. The masses A,B,C and D are
concentrated at radius 75mm,100mm,50mm and90mmrespectively.The plane of rotation of
masses B and C are 250mm apart. Determine

(i) the magnitude of mass A and its angular position

(ii) the position of planes A and D. (16)

8. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150mm long. The plane of rotation of the first,
second and fourthcranks are 400mm,200mm and 200mm respectively from that of the third
crank and their reciprocating massesare 50kg,60kg and 50kg respectively. Find the mass of
the reciprocating parts for the third cylinder and relativeangular position of the cranks in
order that the engine may be in complete balance. (16)

9. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 300mm long. The plane of rotation of the first,
third and fourth cranksare 750mm,1050mm and 1650mm respectively from that of the second
crank and their reciprocating masses are10kg,400kg and 250kg respectively. Find the mass of
the reciprocating parts for the second cylinder and relativeangular position of the cranks in
order that the engine may be in complete balance. (16)

10. Derive the following expression of effects of partial balancing in two cylinder locomotive
engine(i) Variation of tractive force (ii) Swaying couple (iii) Hammer blow (16)

UNIT – III & IV

PART-B (FREE &FORCED VIBRATION) (16 marks)

1.A mass of 50kg is supported by an elastic structure of total stiffness 20KN/m.The damping
ratio of the system is0.2.A simple harmonic disturbing force acts on the mass and at any time
‘t seconds, the force is 60sin10tnewtons.Find amplitude of the vibration and phase angle
caused by the damping. (16)

2. A mass of 50kg is supported by an elastic structure of total stiffness 20KN/m.The damping

ratio of the system is 0.25.A simple harmonic disturbing force acts on the mass and at any
time ‘t seconds, the force is 75cos12tnewtons.Find amplitude of the vibration and phase angle
caused by the damping. (16)

3. A mass of 10kg is suspended from one end of a helical spring, the other end being fixed.
The stiffness of the spring is10N/mm.The viscous damping causes the amplitude to decreases
to one-tenth of the initial value in four complete oscillations. If a periodic force of 150cos50t
N is applied at the mass in the vertical direction .Find the amplitude of the forced vibrations?
What is its value of resonance? (16)

4. A harmonic exiting force of 25N is acting on a machine part which is having a mass of 2Kg
and vibrating in viscous medium. The exciting force causes resonant amplitude of 12.5mm
with a period of 0.2sec. (16)

5. A body having a mass of 15kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 12mm under the
weight of the mass. Determine the frequency of the free vibrations. What is the viscous
damping force needed to make the motion a periodic at a speed of 1mm/s?If, when damped to
this extend a disturbing force having a maximum value of 100Nand vibrating at 6Hz is made
to act on the body, determine the amplitude of the ultimate motion. (16)

6. A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass of 200kg is mounted upon a steel
chassis frame. The vertical static deflection of the frame is 2.4mm due to the weight of the
engine .The mass of the reciprocating parts is 18kg and stroke of piston 160mm with S.H.M.
If dashpot of damping coefficient of 1N/mm/s used to damped the vibrations, calculate al
steady state (i)Amplitude of vibrations at 500rpm engine speed.(ii)The speed of the driving
shaft at which resonance will occurs. (16)

7. A vertical single stage air compressor having a mass of 500kg is mounted on spring having
stiffness of1.96X105N/m and dashpot with damping factor of 0.2m.The rotating parts are
completely balanced and the equivalent reciprocating parts weight 20kg.The stroke is
0.2m.Determine the dynamic amplitude of vertical motion of the excitation force if the
compressor is operate at 200rpm. (16)

8. A machine 100kg has a 20kg rotor with 0.5mm eccentricity. The mounting spring have
s=85x103.The operating speed is 600rpm and the unit is constrained to move vertically. Find
(i) Dynamic amplitude of machine (ii) the force transmitted to the support. (16)

9.A single cylinder engine has an out of balance force of 500N at an engine speed of
30rpm.The total mass of engine is 150kg and its carried on a set of total stiffness 300N/cm.

(i) Find the amplitude of steady motion of the mass and maximum oscillating force
transmitted to the foundation.(ii)If a viscous damping is interposed between the mass and the
foundation the damping force 1000N at 1m/s of velocity, find the amplitude of force damped
oscillation of the mass and its angle of lag with disturbing force.(16)

10. An industrial machine weighting 445kg is supported on a spring with a statical deflection
of 0.5cm.If the machine has rotating imbalance of 25kg-cm.Determine the force transmitted
at 1200rpm and the dynamic amplitude at the speed. (16)

11. The mass of an electric motor is 120kg and it runs at 1500rpm.The armature mass is 35kg
and its centragravity lies 0.5mm from axis of rotation. The motor is mounted on five springs
of negligible damping. So that the force transmitted is one-eleventh of the impressed force.
Assume that the mass of the motor is equally distributed among the five springs. Determine
(i) the stiffness of the spring (ii) the dynamic force transmitted to the base at the operating
speed. (iii) Natural frequency of system. (16)
12. Find the stiffness of each spring when a refrigerator unit having a mass of 30kg is to be
support by three springs. The force transmitted to the supporting structure is only 10% of the
impressed force. The refrigerator unit operates at 420rpm. (16)

UNIT – V

PART-B (MECHANISM FOR CONTROL) (16 marks)

1. A porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on the axis of rotation.
Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the central load on the sleeve is 25 kg. The
radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm when the3 governor begins to lift and 200 mm when
the governor is at maximum speed. Find the minimum and maximum speeds and range of
speed of the governor. (AU, NOV 07)

(i) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Naval ship during pitching.

(ii) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Aeroplane. (AU, NOV 07)

2. In a Porter governor, the mass of the central load is 18 kg and the mass of each ball is 2 kg.
The top arms are 250 mm while the bottom arms are each 300 mm long. The friction of the
sleeve is 14 N. If the top arms make 45° with the axis of rotation in the equilibrium position,
find the range of speed of the governor in that position.

3. A disk with radius of gyration 60 mm and mass of 4 kg is mounted centrally on a

horizontal axel of 80 mm length between the bearings. It spins about the axle at 800 rpm
counter-clockwise when viewed from the right-hand side bearing. The axle precesses about
vertical axis at 50 rpm in the clockwise direction when viewed from above. Determine the
resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and gyroscopic effect.

4. A ship is propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of 2100
rpm. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise direction when
viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effect in the following conditions. (i) the ship
sails at a speed of 30 km/hr and steers to the left in curve having 60 m radius. (ii) the ship
pitches 6° above and 6° below the horizontal position. The bow is descending with its
maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple harmonic and the periodic time is 20
seconds. (iii) the ship rolls at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/sec
clockwise when viewed from stern. (AU, NOV 06)

5. The length of the upper and lower arms of a porter governor are 200 mm and 250 mm
respectively. Both the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central load is 150 N, the
weight of each ball is 20 N and the friction on the sleeve together with the resistance of the
operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30 N at the sleeve. If the limiting inclinations of the
upper arms to the vertical are 30° and 40°, determine the range of speed of the governor.

(AU, NOV 06)

 UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

1. The variation of crankshaft torque of a four cylinder petrol engine may be approximately
represented by taking the torque as zero for crank angles 0° and 180° and as 260 Nm for
crank angles 20° and 45°, the intermediate portions of the torque graph being straight lines.
The cycle is being repeated in every half revolution. The average speed is 600 rpm.
Supposing that the engine drives a machine requiring constant torque, determine the mass of
the flywheel of radius of gyration 250 mm, which must be provided so that the total variation
of speed shall be one percent. (AU, NOV 06)

2. A single cylinder vertical engine has a bore of 300 mm and a stroke of 400 mm. The
connecting rod is 1 m long and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 140 kg. on the expansion
stroke, with the crank at 30° from the top dead center, the gas pressure is 0.7 MPa. If the
engine runs at 250 rpm, determine (i) net force acting on the piston (ii) resultant load on the
gudgeon pin (iii) thrust on the cylinder walls, and (iv) the speed above which, other things
remaining the same, the gudgeon pin load would be reversed in direction. (AU, NOV 06)

3. A shaft carries four rotating masses A, B, C and D which are completely balanced. The
masses B, C and D are 50 kg, 80 kg and 70 kg respectively. The masses C and D make angles
of 90° and 195° respectively with mass B in the same sense. The masses A, B, C and D are
concentrated at radius 75 mm, 100 mm, 50 mm and 80 mm respectively. The plane of rotation
of masses B and C are 250 mm apart. Determine (i) the magnitude of mass A and its angular
position and (ii) the position planes A and D. (AU, NOV 06)

4. The cranks of a two cylinder, uncoupled inside cylinder locomotive are at right angles and
are 325 mm long. The cylinders are 675 mm apart. The rotating mass per cylinders are 200 kg
at crank pin and the mass of the reciprocating parts per cylinder is 240 kg. The wheel center
lines are 1.5 m apart. The whole of the rotating and two thirds of the reciprocating masses are
to be balanced and the balance masses are to be placed in the planes of the rotation of the
driving wheels at a radius of 800 mm. Find (i) the magnitude and direction of the balancing
masses. (ii) the magnitude of hammer blow (iii) variation in tractive force and (iv) maximum
swaying couple at a crank speed of 240 rpm. (AU, NOV 06)

5. a) A spring mass system has spring stiffness of “k” N/m and a mass of “M” kg. It has the
natural frequency of vibration as 12 Hz. An extra 2 kg mass is coupled to M and the natural
frequency reduces by 2 Hz. Find the values of” k and “M”.

b) A stepped shaft of 0.05 m in diameter for the first 0.6 m length, 0.08 m diameter for the
next 1.8 m and 0.03 m diameter for the remaining 0.25 m length. While the 0.05 m diameter
end is fixed, the 0.03 m diameter end of the shaft carries a rotor of mass moment of inertia
14.7 kg-m2. If the modulus of elasticity of the shaft material is 0.83 x 10 11 N/m2, find the
natural frequency of torsional oscillations, neglecting the inertia effect of the shaft.
(AU, NOV 06)
6. Between a solid mass of 10 kg and the floor are kept two slabs of isolators, natural rubber
and felt, in series. The natural rubber slab has a stiffness of 3000 N/m and an equivalent
viscous damping coefficient of 100 N.sec/m. The felt slab has a stiffness of 12000 N/m and
equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 330 N.sec/m. Determine the undamped and the
damped natural frequencies of the system in vertical direction, neglecting the mass of
isolators. (AU, NOV 06)

7. A mass of 10 kg is suspended from one end of a helical spring, the other end being fixed.
The stiffness of the spring is 10 N/mm. The viscous damping causes the amplitude to
decrease to one tenth of the initial value in four complete oscillations. If a periodic force of
150 cos 50 t N is applied at the mass in the vertical direction, find the amplitude of the forced
vibrations. What is its value at resonance? (AU, NOV 06)

8. A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has a mass of 80 kg. The mass of the
reciprocating parts is 2.2 kg which move through a vertical stroke of 100 mm with simple
harmonic motion. Neglecting damping, determine the combined stiffness of the spring so that
the force transmitted to foundation is 1/20th of the impresses force. The machine crank shaft
rotates at 800 rpm.If under working conditions, the damping reduces the amplitudes of
successive vibrations by 30%, find (i) the force transmitted to the foundation at resonance
and (ii) the amplitude of vibration at resonance. (AU, NOV 06)

9. A ship is propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of 2100
rpm. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise direction when
viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effect in the following conditions. (i) the ship
sails at a speed of 30 km/hr and steers to the left in curve having 60 m radius. (ii) the ship
pitches 6° above and 6° below the horizontal position. The bow is descending with its
maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple harmonic and the periodic time is 20
seconds. (iii) the ship rolls at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/sec
clockwise when viewed from stern.
(AU, NOV 06)

10. The length of the upper and lower arms of a porter governor are 200 mm and 250 mm
respectively. Both the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central load is 150 N, the
weight of each ball is 20 N and the friction on the sleeve together with the resistance of the
operating gear is equivalent to a force of 30 N at the sleeve. If the limiting inclinations of the
upper arms to the vertical are 30° and 40°, determine the range of speed of the governor.

(AU, NOV 06)

11. In a reciprocating engine mechanism, if the crank and the connecting rod are 300 mm and
1 m long respectively and the crank rotates at a constant speed of 200 rpm. Determine
analytically,

(i) The crank angle at which the maximum velocity occurs and

(ii) Maximum velocity of the piston. (iii) Derive the equations. (AU, NOV 07)
12. A vertical double acting steam engine has a cylinder 300 mm diameter and 450 mm stroke
and runs at 200 rpm. The reciprocating parts has a mass of 225 kg and the piston rod is 50
mm diameter. The connecting rod is 1.2 m long. When the crank has turned through 125°
from the top dead center the steam pressure above the piston is 30 kN/m 2 and below the
piston is 1.5 kN/m2. Calculate

(i) Crank-pin effort and

(ii) The effective turning moment on the crank shaft. (AU, NOV 07)

13. (i) Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 attached to a rotating shaft on the same plane are 200
kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m,
0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive masses are 45°, 75°
and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if the radius of
rotation is 0.2 m. (ii) Explain with neat sketches, balancing of single revolving mass, by
masses in two different planes in a rotating system. (AU, NOV 07)

14. A four cylinder vertical engine has cranks 150 mm long. The planes of rotation of the
first, second and fourth cranks are 400 mm, 200 mm and 200 mm respectively from the third
crank and their reciprocating masses are 50 kg, 60 kg and 50 kg respectively. Find the mass
of the reciprocating parts for the third cylinder and the relative angular positions of the cranks
in order that the engine may be in complete primary balance. (AU, NOV 07)

15. (i) A cantilever shaft 50 mm diameter and 300 mm long has a disc of mass 100 kg at its
free end. The young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m 2. Determine the frequency
of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the shaft.

(ii) Explain with sketches different cases of damped vibrations. (AU, NOV 07)

16. A steel shaft 1.5 m long is 95 mm in diameter for the first 0.6 m of its length, 60 mm in
diameter for the next 0.5 m of the length and 50 mm in diameter for the remaining 0.4 m of
its length. The shaft carries two flywheels at two ends, the first having a mass of 900 kg and
0.85 m radius of gyration located at the 95 mm diameter end and the second having mass of
700 kg and 0.55 m radius of gyration located at the other end. Determine the location of the
node and the natural frequency of free torsional vibration of the system. The modulus of
rigidity of the shaft material may be taken as 80 GN/m2. (AU, NOV 07)

17. A mass of 10 kg is suspended from one end of a helical spring, the other end being fixed.
The stiffness of the spring is 10 N/mm. The viscous damping causes the amplitude to
decrease to one-tenth of the initial value in four complete oscillations. If a periodic force of
150 cos 50t N is applied at the mass in the vertical direction, find the amplitude of the forced
vibrations. What is the value of resonance? (AU, NOV 07)

18. The mass of an electric motor is 120 kg and it runs at 1500 rpm. The armature mass is 35
kg and its CG lies 0.5 m from the axis of rotation. The motor is mounted on five springs of
negligible damping so that the force transmitted is one-eleventh of the impressed force.
Assume that the mass of the motor is equally distributed among the five springs. Determine:
(i) Stiffness of each spring. (ii) Dynamic force transmitted to the base at the operating speed.
(iii) Natural frequency of the system. (AU, NOV 07)
19. A porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on the axis of rotation.
Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the central load on the sleeve is 25 kg. The
radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm when the3 governor begins to lift and 200 mm when
the governor is at maximum speed. Find the minimum and maximum speeds and range of
speed of the governor. (AU, NOV 07)

20. (i) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Naval ship during pitching.

(ii) Explain the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a Aeroplane. (AU, NOV 07)

21. A vertical double acting steam engine develops 75 kW at 250 rpm. The maximum
fluctuation of energy is 30 percent of the work done per stroke. The maximum and minimum
speeds are not to vary more than 1 percent on either side of the mean speed. Find the mass of
the flywheel required, if the radius of gyration is 0.6 m.

22. The length of crank and connecting rod of a vertical reciprocating engine are 300 mm and
1.5 m respectively. The crank is rotating at 200 rpm clockwise. Find analytically, (i)
Acceleration of piston, (ii) velocity of piston and (iii) angular acceleration of the connecting
rod when the crank has turned through 40 degree from the top dead center and the piston is
moving downwards.

23. A two cylinder uncoupled locomotive has inside cylinders 0.6 m apart. The radius of each
crank is 300 mm and are at right angles. The revolving mass per cylinder is 250 kg and the
reciprocating mass per cylinder is 300 kg. The whole of the revolving and two-third of
reciprocating masses are to be balanced and the balanced masses are placed, in the planes of
rotation of the driving wheels, at a radius of 0.8 m. The driving wheels are 2 m in diameter
and 1.5 m apart. If the speed of the engine is 80 km.p.h., find the hammer blow, maximum
variation in tractive effort and maximum swaying couple.

24. A four cylinder engine has the two outer cranks at 120° to each other and their
reciprocating masses are each 400 kg. The distance between the planes of rotation of adjacent
cranks are 400 mm, 700 mm and 500 mm. Find the reciprocating mass and the relative
angular position for each of the inner cranks, if the length of each crank is 350 mm, the length
of each connecting rod 1.7 m and the engine speed 500 rpm.

25. A body of mass of 50 kg is supported by an elastic structure of stiffness 10 kN/m. The

motion of the body is controlled by a dashpot such that the amplitude of vibration decreases
to one –tenth of its original value after two complete cycles of vibration. Determine (i) the
damping force at 1 m/s; (ii) the damping ratio; and (iii) the natural frequency of vibration.

26. Two parallel shafts A and B of diameters 50 mm and 70 mm respectively are connected
by a pair of gear wheels, the speed of A being 4 times that of B. The mass moment of inertia
of the flywheel is 3 kg-m2. Is mounted on shaft A at a distance of 0.9 m from the gears. The
shaft B also carries a flywheel of mass moment of inertia 16 kg-m 2 at a distance of 0.6 m
from the gears. Neglecting the effect of the shaft and gear masses, calculate the fundamental
frequency of free torsional oscillations and the positions of node. Assume modulus of rigidity
as 84 GN/m2.
27. A mass of 500 kg is mounted on supports having a total stiffness of 100 kN/m and which
provides viscous damping, the damping ratio being 0.4. The mass is constrained to move
vertically and is subjected to a vertical disturbing force of the type F cos ωt. Determine the
frequency at which resonance will occur and the maximum allowable value of F if the
amplitude at resonance is restricted to 5 mm.

28. A machine of mass 75 kg is mounted on springs of stiffness 1200 kN/m and with an
assumed damping factor of 0.2. A piston within the machine of mass 2 kg has a reciprocating
motion with a stroke of 80 mm and a speed of 3000 cycles/min. Assuming the motion to be
simple harmonic, Find (i) the amplitude of motion of the machine, (ii) its phase angle with
respect to the existing force, (iii) the force transmitted to the foundation, and (iv) the phase
angle of transmitted force with respect to the exciting force.

29. In a Porter governor, the mass of the central load is 18 kg and the mass of each ball is 2
kg. The top arms are 250 mm while the bottom arms are each 300 mm long. The friction of
the sleeve is 14 N. If the top arms make 45° with the axis of rotation in the equilibrium
position, find the range of speed of the governor in that position.

30. A disk with radius of gyration 60 mm and mass of 4 kg is mounted centrally on a

horizontal axel of 80 mm length between the bearings. It spins about the axle at 800 rpm
counter-clockwise when viewed from the right-hand side bearing. The axle precesses about
vertical axis at 50 rpm in the clockwise direction when viewed from above. Determine the
resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and gyroscopic effect.