EDUFORUM TUTORIALS [EFT] Standard IX (CBSE, ICSE, IGCSE & MPBSE)

The word „statistics‟ seems to have derived from the Latin word „status‟ or the Italian word „status‟ or the Italian word „statistica‟ or the
german word „statistic‟ each of which means a “political state”. In ancient times, the government used to collect the information
regarding the “population” and “property” of the country. It was confined only to the affairs of the state but now it embraces almost
every sphere of human activity.

1). Facts or figures, collected with a definite purpose, are called data.
2). Statistics is the area of study dealing with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. In other words, Statistics is a
branch of mathematics dealing with the collection of data, organizing, summarizing, presenting and analyzing data and
drawing valid conclusions and thereafter making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis. How data can be
presented graphically in the form of bar graphs, histograms and frequency polygons.
3). There are two types of data (i) Primary Data (Raw Data) (ii) Secondary Data and we can represent the data by ungrouped and
grouped frequency distribution.
4). Data can also be represented by (i) Bar graph (ii) Histogram of Uniform Width and of varying Widths (iii) Frequency polygons.
5).The number of times an observation occurs in the given data is called the frequency of the observation.

6). There are two types of frequency distribution:

(a) Discrete (Ungrouped) frequency distribution.(b) Continuous (Grouped) frequency distribution.

7). TALLY METHOD : A bar called tally mark is put against the number when it occurs. When occurred four times, the fifth
occurrence is represented by putting diagonally a cross tally on the first four tallies. This technique facilitates the counting of the
tally marks at the end. We use these tally marks for counting , , etc., for counting.

8). VARIATE OR VARIABLE : Any character which is capable of taking several different values is called a variable.
Example : Suppose we make a survey of the workers in a factory and record the age, sex and income of each worker. Then, the three
variables are : age, sex and income. Here, age and income are quantitative variables. But the variable sex can take the value „male‟
and „female‟. So, sex is a qualitative variable.

9). CLASS INTERVAL : Each group into which the raw data is condensed, is called a class interval. Each class is bounded by two
figures, which are called class limits. The figure on the left side of a class is called its lower limit and that on the right is called its upper
limit. Eg 0 – 4. 0 is the lower limit & 4 is the upper limit.

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10). CLASS BOUNDARIES OR TRUE UPPER & TRUE LOWER LIMITS :
RULE I. In the exclusive form (or Continous Form), the upper and lower limits of a class are respectively known as the true upper limit
and true lower limit.

RULE II. In an inclusive form (or Discontinous Form) of frequency distribution, the true lower limit of a class is obtained by using
( ) .Now we will add the quantity obtained in lower
limits and subtract from upper limits of each class interval.

11). CLASS SIZE : The difference between the true upper limit and the true lower limit of a class is called its class size.

12). CLASS MARK OF A CLASS : ( )

REMARK The difference between any two successive class marks gives the class size.

13). RANGE : The difference between the maximum value and minimum value of the variate is called the range.
–

14). NUMBER OF CLASSES : No. of Classes

15). METHOD OF FORMING CLASSES OF A DATA :

(i) Determine the maximum and minimum values of the variate occurring in the data.
(ii) Decide upon the number of classes to be formed.
(iii) Find the range, i.e., the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value. Divide the range by the number of classes
to be formed.
(iv) Be sure that there must be classes having minimum and maximum values occurring in the data.
(v) By counting, we obtain the frequency of each class.

16). CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY : The cumulative frequency corresponding to a class is the sum of all frequencies up to and
including that class. A table which shows the cumulative frequencies over various classes is called a cumulative frequency distribution
table.
17). BAR GRAPH OR COLUMN GRAPH : As compared to written statements, the graphical representation of statistical data
has a more soothing effect on mind. We understand them more clearly.
In a bar graph, bars of uniform width are drawn with various heights. The height of a bar represents the frequency of the
corresponding observation.
18). HISTOGRAM : A histogram is the graphical representation of a frequency distribution (in exclusive form) in the form of rectangles
with class intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights, there being no gap between any two successive triangles.

19). METHOD OF DRAWING A HISTOGRAM :

Steps: (i) Convert the frequency distribution in an exclusive form, if it is in inclusive form.
(ii) Taking suitable scale, mark the class intervals on the axis.
(iii) Taking suitable scale, mark the corresponding frequencies on the axis.
(iv) Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights, by the following method:
NOTE : (i) If the class intervals are not continuous then they are to be converted into continuous distribution by the following
method.
Let (Lower limit of II class interval – Upper Limit of I class interval), Then subtract from the lower limits of each class

and add to the upper limit of each class.

(ii) If the mid points of class intervals are given, then compute the difference between the second and first mid point.

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Let this difference , find . Then subtract from each mid point to get the lower limit of each class and add to each
mid point to get the upper limit of each class.
(iii) Suppose first class interval starts from 20 (or any other number) and not from zero. We show it on the graph by making a
“kink” or a break on the axis.

20). HISTOGRAM WHEN CLASS INTERVALS ARE OF UNEQUAL SIZE : In this case, for each class interval, we calculate
the adjusted frequency by using the formula:

21). DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BAR GRAPH & HISTOGRAM :

(i) In histogram there is no gap in between consecutive rectangles as in bar graph.
(ii) The width of the bar is significant in histogram. In bar graph, width is not important at all.
(iii) In histogram the areas of rectangles are proportional to the frequency, however if the class size of the frequencies are
equal then each of the rectangle are proportional to the frequencies.

22). FREQUENCY POLYGON : It is a line graph of class frequency plotted against class mark. It can be obtained by two
methods:
(i) By using Histogram (ii) Without using Histogram

23). STEPS OF DRAWING FREQUENCY POLYGON (By Using Histogram) : It can be obtained by connecting mid points
of the top of the rectangles of a histogram.
STEP I. Draw the histogram from the given data.
STEP II. Obtain the mid points of the upper horizontal sides of each rectangle.
STEP III. Join these mid points of the adjacent rectangles by dotted lines.
STEP IV. Obtain the mid points of two class intervals of zero frequency, one adjacent to the first on its left and another
adjacent to the last, on its right.
STEP V. Complete the polygon by joining the mid points of first and last class intervals to the mid point of the imagined
class intervals adjacent to them.

24). STEPS OF DRAWING FREQUENCY POLYGON (Without Using Histogram) :

STEP I. Calculate the class marks (mid points of class intervals) of the given class intervals.

( )

STEP II. Mark along axis.

STEP III. Mark along axis.
STEP IV. Plot the points .
STEP V. Join the points by the line segments.

STEP VI. Take two class intervals of zero frequency, one at the beginning and other at the end. Obtain their mid points.

STEP VII. Complete the frequency polygon by joining the mid points of the first and last intervals to the mid point of the
imagined classes adjacent to them.
25). CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE OR OGIVE : Cumulative frequency curve or an ogive is the graphical
representation of a cumulative frequency distribution.
There are two methods of constructing an ogive. (i) Less than method (ii) More than method

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26). LESS THAN TYPE METHOD :

STEP I. If the frequency is in inclusive form convert it into exclusive form.

STEP II. Construct a cumulative frequency table.
STEP III. Mark upper class limits along axis.
STEP IV. Mark the corresponding cumulative frequency along y axis.
STEP V. Plot the points and join them by a free hand curve.
STEP VI. The lower limit of the first class interval becomes the upper limit of the imagined class with frequency 0. Join the
imagined point (lower limit of first, 0) with the first point of the curve and so on.

Now we get the required curve called an ogive.

27). MORE THAN TYPE METHOD : To construct an ogive by more than type method, we apply the following steps:

STEP I. Convert the frequency distribution into more than type cumulative frequency distribution by subtracting the frequency of
each class from total frequency.
STEP II. Mark the lower class limits on axis.
STEP III. Mark the corresponding cumulative frequency on axis.
STEP IV. Plot the points and join them by a free hand curve.

28). MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY : (a) MEAN (b) MEDIAN (c) MODE
(a) MEAN The average of a given set of numbers is called the mean or arithmetic mean of the given numbers.

Thus, the mean of observations is given by

∑
̅
where the symbol Σ, called sigma, stands for summation, and we write, ∑ .
∑ ̅ ∑ {∑ } ̅

(i) PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN

PROPERTY I If ̅̅̅̅is the mean of observations then
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
PROPERTY II The mean of observations is ̅ . If each observation is increased by the mean of the new
observations is ̅
PROPERTY III The mean of observations is ̅ . If each observation is decreased by the mean of the new
observations is ̅
PROPERTY IV The mean of observations is ̅ . If each observation is multiplied by a nonzero number the mean
of the new observations is ̅
PROPERTY V The mean of observations is ̅ . If each observation is divided by a nonzero number the
̅
mean of the new observations is
PROPERTY VI If ̅ & ̅ be the mean of two groups with size and then ̅ is the mean of two groups, given by

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̅ ̅
̅

(ii) ARITHMETIC MEAN OF GROUPED DATA OR DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION : In a discrete frequency distribution the
arithmetic mean may be computed by any one of the following methods :
Direct Method Short Cut Method Step Deviation Method
DIRECT METHOD Let observations consist of values of a variable , occurring with frequencies
respectively. Then, the mean, ̅ , of these observations is given by
∑
̅
∑

(b) MEDIAN A median is the value of the observation which divides the data into two equal parts,when the data is arranged in
ascending (or descending) order .

Calculation of Median
When the ungrouped data is arranged in ascending (or descending) order , the median of data is calculated as follows :
(i) When the number of observations (n) is odd, the median is the value of the observation.

(ii) When the number of observations (n) is even, the median is the average or mean of the and observation.

( ]

NOTE Item and Observation mentioned above are same thing. Don‟t get confused.

(c) Mode The observation that occurs most frequently, i.e., the observation with maximum frequency is called mode. Mode of
ungrouped data can be determined by observation/inspection.

29). EMPIRICAL FORMULA :

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QUESTIONS
Q1). The blood groups of 30 students of Class VIII are recorded as follows:
A, B, O, O, AB, O, A, O, B, A, O, B, A, O, O, A, AB, O, A, A, O, O, AB, B, A, O, B, A, B, O.
Represent this data in the form of a frequency distribution table. Which is the most common, and which is the
rarest, blood group among these students?

Q2). The value of upto 50 decimal places is given below:

3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510

(i) Make a frequency distribution of the digits from 0 to 9 after the decimal point.

(ii) What are the most and the least frequently occurring digits?

Q3). The distance (in km) of 40 engineers from their residence to their place of work were found as follows:

5 3 10 20 25 11 13 7 12 31 19 10 12 17 18 11 32 17 16 2 7 9 7 8 3 5 12 15 18 3 12 14 2 9 6 15 15 7 6 12
Construct a grouped frequency distribution table with class size 5 for the data given above taking the first interval as
0 5 (5 not included). What main features do you observe from this tabular representation?

Q4). The following data gives marks out of 60 obtained by 30 students of a class in a test :

Arrange them in ascending order and present it as a grouped data (i) in Inclusive form and (ii) in Exclusive form. [CCE
2011]

Q5). The marks obtained by 30 students of a class in a class in a test out of 10 marks are as follows
3, 5, 4, 0, 4, 3, 2, 5, 7, 9, 6, 0, 7, 4, 3, 8, 6, 9, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 9, 2, 8. Make a frequency distribution table for the
above data. Use the table to find: (i) The number of students passes, if the minimum pass marks is 40% (ii) How many
students failed? (iii) How many students secured the highest marks? (iv) How many students received more than 60%
of marks. [CCE 2011]
Q6). The monthly wages of 30 workers in a factory are given below:
830, 835, 890, 810, 835, 836, 869, 845, 898, 890, 820, 860, 832, 833, 855, 845, 804, 808, 812, 840, 885, 835, 836, 878,
840, 868, 890, 806, 840, 890. Represent the data in the form of a frequency distribution table with class size 10. [CCE
2011]

Q7). The class marks of a distribution are 61, 66, 71, 76, 81, 86, 91, 96, 101, 106. Determine the class size, class
limits and true class limits. [CCE 2011]

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Q8). The following data gives the weights (in grams) of 50 oranges picked from a basket. Construct a grouped
frequency distribution taking equal class intervals of width 20 in such a way that the mid value of the first class interval
is 10.
106, 107, 76, 82, 109, 107, 115, 93, 187, 95, 123, 125, 11, 92, 86, 70, 126, 68, 130, 129, 139, 119, 115, 128, 100, 18, 84,
99, 113, 204, 111, 141, 136, 123, 90, 115, 98, 110, 7, 90, 107, 81, 131, 75, 84, 104, 110, 80, 111, 82.

Q9). The following data gives weights of 30 persons (in kg)

45.7, 50.3, 49.8, 54.3, 60.5, 62.3, 67.8, 56.3, 50.1, 45.0, 72.4, 59.4, 47.5, 64.5, 48.8, 49.4, 62.3, 69.4, 64.2, 70.0, 60.3,
66.8, 44.6, 70.3, 64.7, 71.3, 59.9, 56.3, 66.6, 52.7.
(i) Construct a frequency distribution such that last class is 72 76. (ii) State the upper limit of first three class intervals.
(iii) State the maximum weight that can be included in the fourth class interval. (iv) State the class mark of each of the
classes. [CCE 2011]

Q10). Construct cumulative frequency distribution (less than type and more than type) from the following data:
[CCE 2011]

Marks obtained
No. of students
Q11). The following is the distribution (in kg) of 40 persons:

(i) Determine the class marks of the class , etc. (ii) Construct a cumulative frequency
distribution table. (Less than type and more than type)

Q12). The following is the distribution of marks of 180 primary school students of Allahabad: [CCE 2011]

Construct a cumulative frequency distribution table. (Less than type)

Q13). Make a frequency table for the following cumulative frequency distribution table :

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Q14). The following cumulative frequency distribution table shows the marks secured by students of IX class.

Construct a frequency table.

Q15). Find the unknown entries in the following frequency (distribution) table of heights of 50
students in a class : [CCE 2011]

Q16). Find the unknown entries from the following frequency (distribution) table of heights of
50 students in a class : [CCE 2011]
Frequency distribution table

Q17). Given below are the seats won by different political parties in the polling outcome of a state assembly elections:

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Political Party
Seats Won 75 55 5 37 7 29 10 37
(i) Draw a bar graph to represent the polling results. (ii) Which political party won the maximum number of seats?

Q18). Expenditure on Education of a country during a five year period (2002-2006), in crores of rupees, is given
below:

Represent the information above by a bar graph.

Q19). The following table gives the frequencies of most commonly used letters from a page of a book :

Letters
Frequency
Represent the information above by a bar graph.

Q20). Draw a histogram of the following distribution:

Q21). The following table gives the life times of 400 neon lamps:

–
–
–
–
–
–
–

(i) Represent the given information with the help of a histogram.

(ii) How many lamps have a life time of more than hours?

Q22). Construct a histogram for the following data:

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Q23). The length of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to one millimetre, and the obtained data is
represented in the following table:

–
–
–

(i) Draw a histogram to represent the given data.

(ii) Is there any other suitable graphical representation for the same data?

(iii) Is it correct to conclude that the maximum number of leaves are long? Why?

Q24). Construct a frequency polygon for the following data :

Q25). 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and a frequency distribution of the
number of letters in the English alphabet in the surnames was found as follows:

(i) Draw a histogram to depict the given information.

(ii) Write the class interval in which the maximum number of surnames lie.

Q26). The runs scored by two teams A and B on the first 60 balls in a cricket match are given below:

Represent the data of both the teams on the same graph by frequency polygons.

Q27). Construct a frequency polygon from the following data:

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Q28). Draw a histogram to represent the following data which shows the monthly cost of living index at a city in a
period of two years [CCE 2011]

Q29). Ages (in years) of the members of two sports club were recorded and the data collected is as under:

Q30). (i) Find the mean of 990, 850, 720, 1002, 988. (ii) Find the mean of 994, 996, 998, 1002, 1000.
(iii) Find the mean of first seven natural numbers. (iv) Find the mean of all factors of 8.
(v) Find the mean of all factors of 10. (vi) Find the mean of first 10 even natural numbers.
Q31). The mean of 10 numbers is 20, If 5 is subtracted from every number, what will be the new mean.

Q32). (i) If the mean of , , , is 24. Find .

(ii) If the mean of , is 14. Find .

Q33). If the mean of five observations is 11 find the mean of first three observation.

Q34). (i) Find the arithmetic mean of the squares of first five natural numbers.
(ii) Find the arithmetic mean of the cubes of first four natural numbers.

Q35). (i) The mean marks (out of 100) of boys and girls in an examination are 70 and 73, respectively. If the mean
marks of all the students in that examination is 71, find the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls.
(ii) The mean weight of 200 students in a school is 56 kg. The mean weight of the boys is 65 kg while that of the girls
is 50kg. Find the number of boys and that of the girls in the school. [CCE 2011]

Q36). (i) The mean of 5 numbers is 18. If one number is excluded, their mean is 16, find the excluded number.
(ii) The mean monthly salary of 10 members of a group is Rs. 1445, one more member whose monthly salary is Rs. 1500
has joined the group. Find the mean monthly salary of 11 members of the group.

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(iii) The mean of 200 items was 50. Later on, it was discovered that the two items were misread as 92 and 8 instead of
192 and 88. Find the correct mean.

Q37). (i) The mean of 8 numbers is 25. If each number is multiplied by 3, what will be the new mean? [CCE 2011]
Q38). (i) The average monthly consumption of petrol for a car for 7 months is 104 litres, and for next 5 months it is 86
litres. Find the average monthly consumption of petrol for the whole year.
(ii) In a school 90 boys and 30 girls appeared in a public examination. The mean marks of boys was found to be 45%
whereas the mean marks of girls was 70%. Determine the average marks % of the school.

Q39). Find the value of and ̅ in each of the following cases:

(i) ∑ and ∑ (ii) ∑ and ∑
(iii) ∑ and ∑ (iv) ∑ and ∑

Q40). (i) The sum of the deviations of a set of values ……… measured from 30 is 10 and the sum of deviation of
values from 20 is 80. Find the value of and the mean.
(ii) The sum of the deviations of a set of values ……… measured from 50 is and the sum of deviation of
values from 46 is 70. Find the value of and the mean.
(iii) The sum of the deviations of a set of values ……… measured from 15 & are & 54 respectively. Find
the value of and the mean.

Q41). If is the mean of and then prove that

Q42). Find the mean of the following :

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Q43). Find the missing frequencies in the following frequency distribution if it is known that the mean of
distributuion is 1.46.

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Q44). The mean of the following distribution is 50. Find the value of and hence the frequencies of 30 and 70.

Q45). Find the missing frequencies for the following distribution if the mean of the distribution is 34.

Total

Q46). In a school 60 boys and 40 girls appeared in a public examination. The mean marks of boys was found to be 40
and the mean marks of girls was 60. Find the mean marks of all the students of the school.
Q47). A class has two sections. The mean marks of one section of size 40 is 60 and mean marks of other section of size
60 is 80. Find the combined mean of the students of the school.
Q48). In a mathematics test given to 15 students, the following marks (out of 100) are recorded:
41, 39, 48, 52, 46, 62, 54, 40, 96, 52, 98, 40, 42, 52, 60 Find the mean, median and mode of this data.
Q49). The weight (in kg) of 11 students are as follows: 34,26,28, 31,42, 36,40, 33,27,35,43. Find the median. If the
weight 31 kg is replaced by 41 kg and 28 kg by 25 kg, find the new median.
Q50). Find the median of the first 12 prime numbers.

Q51). Find the median of the following data: 41, 43,127,99,71,92,61,58,57. If 58 is replaced by 85, what will be the
new median?
Q52). The following observations have been arranged in ascending order. If the median of the data is 63, find the value
of . .
Q53). A total of 25 patients admitted to a hospital are tested for levels of blood sugar, and the results
obtained were as follows :

87 71 83 67 85

77 69 76 65 85

85 54 70 68 80

73 78 68 85 73

81 78 81 77 75

Find mean, median and mode of the above data.

Q54). Find the median of the following data: . If 25 is replaced by 52, what will be
the new median.

Q55). For what value of , is the mode of the following data 25? .

Q56). For what value of . is the mode of the following data 27? 25,26,27,23,27 26, 24, , 27,26, 25,25

Q57). For the data , if the mean is 18, find the value of . Using the value of ,
also find the mode of the data. [CCE 2011]

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Q58). The numbers have been put in ascending order. If the median is 5, find .
Hence, find the mode of the above data.

Q59). The numbers have been put in the ascending order. If the median
is 55, find . Hence, find the mode of the above data.

ANSWERS
1). O and AB respectively as (maximum number of students) have their blood group as O, and
(minimum number of students) have their blood group as

2). The most frequently occurring digits are and and the least frequently occurring digit is .

3). Most of the engineers have their workplace up to km distance from their homes.

4). (i) Number of students who got pass marks (ii) Number of students failed

(iii) Number of students who secured highest marks (iv) Number of students who received more than

7). Class Size , True class limits same as class limits 9). (ii) (iii) (iv)

11). (i) 15). , , , , ,

16). , , , , , 17). (ii) Political party ‘A’ won maximum number of seats.
21). (ii) 184 23). (ii) Other suitable graphical representation of this data is frequency polygon.
(iii) No, as maximum number of leaves (i.e., 12) has their length in between 144.5 mm and 153.5 mm. It is not
necessary that all have their lengths as 153 mm. 25). (ii) The class interval in which the maximum number of surnames
lies is 6 − 8 as it has 44 surnames in it i.e., the maximum for this data.

30). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) 31). 32). (i) (ii) 33). 34). (i) (ii)

35). (i) (ii) 36). (i) (ii) (iii) 37). (i) 38). (i) (ii)

39). (i) ,̅ (ii) ,̅ (iii) , (iv) ,

40). (i) , (ii) , (iii) ,̅ 42). (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

43). 44). , & 45). 46). 48 47). 72

48). Mean , Median , Mode 49). 50). 51). 52).

53). Mean , Median , Mode 54). 55). 56). 57). Mode

58). Mode 59). Mode

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