The surface of earth is a collaboration of the various physical features.

These natural physical

features on the earth’s surface called as landforms. Landforms are defined as the natural physical
features found on the surface of the earth created as a result of various forces of nature such as
wind, water, ice, and movement of tectonic plates. Some landforms are created in a matter of few
hours, while others take millions of years to appear. There are many types of landforms on the
earth’s surface. Following are some of the common types of landforms and their characteristics

Mountains - are landforms higher than the surrounding areas. They are formed due to the tectonic
movements, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and erosion of the surrounding areas caused due to
wind, water and ice. Mountains are found in the oceans and on land

Plateaus Plateaus are flat highlands that are separated from the surroundings due to steep slopes.
They are formed by collisions of tectonic plates, magma action that causes the elevation in earth’s
crust.

Valleys Valleys are low-lying areas of land between hills and mountains that are formed due to the
actions of glaciers and rivers over millions of years. Depending on the shape they are classified as V
shaped valleys and U shaped valleys. V-shaped valleys are formed by the flowing rivers and U-
shaped valleys are formed due to glaciers.

Deserts Due to lack of adequate rainfall, desert is a dry piece of land with little or no vegetation.
They are mostly found mainly in rain shadow areas which are leeward of a mountain range with
respect to the wind direction. In deserts, the atmospheric air is very dry, and daytime temperature is
high.

Dunes Dunes are mounds or small hills made up of sand that are created due to the action of and
water flow (under water dunes). It may be dome-shaped, crescent-shaped, star-shaped, linear-
shaped, and many more. The height of a dune hill can be as low as 1 meter, or as high as 10 meter
and more.

Islands An island is a piece of land which is surrounded by water from all sides and formed either
due to volcanic eruptions or due to hot spots in the lithosphere. Plains Plains are flat or the low relief
areas on the surface of the earth. It might be formed as a result of the sedimentation of eroded soil
from the top of the hills and mountains or might be due to flowing lava deposited by the agents of
wind, water, and ice.

Rivers Rivers are natural flowing streams of fresh water descending from mountains. They mostly
flow toward a lake, sea, ocean or another river.

Oceans Oceans are the biggest water bodies found on earth and are saline in nature. Oceans cover
over 71% of the earth’s surface and are responsible in controlling the weather and climate of the
earth. Oceans originated due to continental drifts i.e. the movement of the earth’s tectonic plates.

Loess Loess are deposition of silt, with a little amount of sand and clay. They appear yellowish or
brownish in color. Wind action or glacial activities are responsible for formation of loess.

Glaciers Glaciers are slow moving huge bodies of ice formed due to the compression of the snow
layers. They move depending on the pressure and gravity. There are two types of glaciers, the
alpine glaciers which can be located in high mountains and the continental glaciers which can be
located in cold Polar regions.

Peninsulas Peninsulas are large land areas that extend into water bodies. They remain surrounded
by water on three sides. Peninsulas are formed by lithospheric movements and action of water
currents.
Deltas Deltas are low-lying, triangle-shaped areas, located at the mouth of rivers. In the course of
creating a delta, the sand, silt, and rock particles are accumulated in a nearly triangular shape.