The Fibonacci Sequence
Sequence – an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated
values. The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
Fibonacci Sequence – formed by adding the preceding two numbers. Ratios of
two Fibonacci numbers approximate the Golden Ratio, which is considered as the
most aesthetically pleasing proportion.
Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world.
Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world,
as well as helps human exert control over occurrence in the world for the
advancement of our civilization.
VARIABLES
- Thought of as mathematical “John Doe”
- As a placeholder when you want to talk about something but either
o You imagine that it has one or more values but you don’t
know what they are, or
o You want whatever you say about it to be equally true for all
elements in a given set, and so you don’t want to be
restricted to considering only a particular, concrete value for
it.
Illustration:
Is there a number with the following property: doubling it and adding 3
gives the same result as squaring it?
Q: Is there a number ___ with the property that 2•___ + 3 = ___2 ?
Writing Sentences Using Variables
Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.
a. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares
equals the square of their sum?
b. Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than the numbers
themselves?
c. Given any two real numbers, there is a real number in between.
Some Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements
A. Universal Statement
Says that a certain property is true for all elements in a set.
Ex. All positive numbers are greater than zero.
B. Conditional Statement
Says that if one thing is true then some other thing also has to be true.
Ex. If Fn is divisible by 21, the Fn is divisible by 3.
C. Existential Statement
Given a property that may or may not be true, an Existential Statement
says that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
Ex. There is a prime number that is even.
D. Universal Conditional Statement
Statement that is both universal and conditional.
Ex. For all animals t, if t is a dog, then t is a mammal.
They can be rewritten in ways that make them appear to be purely
universal or purely conditional.
For example, the previous statement can be rewritten in a way that
makes its conditional more explicit but its universal nature implicit:
If t is a dog, then t is a mammal.
Or: IF an animal is a dog, then the animal is mammal.
The statement can also be expressed so as to make its universal nature
explicit and its conditional nature implicit:
For all dogs t, t is a mammal.
Or: All dogs are mammals.
E. Universal Existential Statements
A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain
property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its
second part asserts the existence of something.
Ex. Every real number has an additive inverse.
F. Existential Universal Statements
 A statement that is existential because its first part asserts that a certain Ordered Pairs
object exists and is universal because its second part says that the object satisfies (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) means that 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Ex. There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive Cartesian Product
integer. Given sets A and B, the Cartesian Product of A and B, denoted A x B and
Some positive integer is less than or equal to every positive integer. read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b), where a is in A and b is in B.
Or: There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every Symbolically:
positive integer. 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = {(𝑎, 𝑏)| 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}
Or: There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer
Challenge:
is greater than or equal to m.
Or: There is a positive integer m with the property that for all Let 𝑌 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = {0,1}. Find 𝑌 𝑥 𝑍, 𝑍 𝑥 𝑌, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 𝑥 𝑌.
positive integers n, m ≤ n.

Challenge: Rewrite the given statements. The Language of Relations and Functions
1. There is a real number whose product with every number leaves Relation
the number unchanged. Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵. Given
2. For all equations E, if E is quadratic then E has at most two real an ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) in 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵, x is related to y by R, written 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦, if and only if
solutions. (𝑥, 𝑦) is in 𝑅. The set A is called the domain of 𝑅and the set B is called its co-
domain.
The Language of Sets Notation: 𝑥 𝑅 𝑦 means that (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
Set – a collection of elements
Axiom of Extension – says that a set is completely determined by what its Functions
elements are and by the order in which they might
be listed. Definition: A function 𝐹 from a set 𝐴 to a set 𝐵 is a relation with domain 𝐴
Set-Rooster Notation and co-domain 𝐵 that satisfies the following two properties:
Set-Builder Notation 1. For every element 𝑥 in 𝐴, there is an element 𝑦 in 𝐵 such that
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐹.
Subsets 2. For all elements 𝑥 in 𝐴 and 𝑦 and 𝑧 in 𝐵,
If A and B are sets, then A is called a subset of B, written ⊆ 𝐵 , if and only if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐹 and (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝐹, then𝑦 = 𝑧 .
if, every element of A is also an element of B.
Note: i. Every element of 𝐴 is the first of an ordered pair of 𝐹.
Proper Subset ii. No two distinct ordered pairs in 𝐹 have the same first element.
A is a proper subset of B if, and only if, every element of B is in B but
there is at least one element of B that is not in A.
Functions and Relations on Finite Sets Use the data in the table and
Length of Period of
Let 𝐴 = {4,5,6} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {5,6,7} and define relations 𝑅, 𝑆, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 from inductive reasoning to answer each of
Pendulum Pendulum
𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 as follows: For all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐴𝑥𝐵, the following questions.
1 1
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 means that 𝑥 ≥ 𝑦 4 2
𝑥−𝑦
(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑆 means that is an integer a. If a pendulum has a length of 64 9 3 units
2
𝑇 = {(4,7), (6,5), (6,7)} what is its period? 16 4
a. Draw arrow diagrams for 𝑅, 𝑆, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇. b. If the length of the pendulum is 25 5
b. Determine whether any of the three relations are functions. quadrupled, what happens to its 36 6
period?
Notation
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are sets and 𝐹 is a function from 𝐴 to 𝐵, then given any Counterexamples
element 𝑥 in 𝐴, the unique element in 𝐵 that is related to 𝑥 by 𝐹 is denoted 𝐹(𝑥) A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you
which is read "𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 ". can find one case for which a statement is not true, called a counterexample,
then the statement is a false statement.
Some Examples of Functions
A. The Squaring Function 𝑓 from 𝑹 𝑡𝑜 𝑹 is defined by the formula Examples:
𝑥 𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 for all real number 𝑥. (𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 ) a. 𝑥 = 1 b. 3
=𝑥+1 c. √𝑥 2 + 16 = 𝑥 + 4
B. The Successor Function 𝑔 from 𝒁 𝑡𝑜 𝒁 is defined by the formula
𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 1 . (𝑔: 𝑛 → 𝑛 + 1) B. Deductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying a
C. The Constant Function ℎ from 𝑸 𝑡𝑜 𝒁 is defined by the formula general assumption, procedures, or principles.
ℎ(𝑟) = 3 for all rational numbers 𝑟 . (ℎ: 𝑟 → 3)
note: 𝑓 = 𝑔 iff 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) for all 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 Example: Use deductive reasoning to establish a conjecture
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product,
Ex. Define 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 by the following formulas:
divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Logic Puzzles
Chapter 3: Problem Solving Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different
occupation (doctor, banker, teacher, or chef). From the following clues,
A. Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by determine the occupation of each neighbor.
examining specific examples. 1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the chef.
2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the doctor.
Ex. 2, 5,10, 17, 26, ___ 3. The chef and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the 4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
number by 9, add 15 to the product, divide the sum by
3, and subtract 5.
Problem Solving with Patterns Challenge:
𝑛
Difference Table shows the difference between successive terms of the 1. Compute the first five terms of the sequence using the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+1.
sequence. 2. Determine the nth term formula for the number of square tiles in the nth
figure.
Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, …
1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, …

Challenge: a. 1, 7, 17, 31, 49, 71, …

b. 9, 4, 3, 12, 37, 84, …

Solve the puzzles.

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
2x 64x 3
Problem-Solving Strategies
8+ 9+ 2
10 Polya’s Four-Step Problem-Solving Strategy
3+
9 7 12 1. Understand the problem.
15 2. Devise a plan.
1
3. Carry out the plan
4. Review the solution.

Finding an nth-term formula for a sequence Understand the Problem

 Can you restate the problem in your own words?
1. Consider the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛3 − 𝑛2.
 Can you determine what is known about these types of problems?
Determine the first five terms of the sequence.
 Is there ,missing information that, if known, would allow to solve the
2. Assume the pattern shown by the squared tiles in the following problem?
figures continues.  Is there extraneous information that is not needed to solve the problem?
 What is the goal?
Devise a Plan
 Make a list of the known information.
 Make a list of the known information that is needed.
 Draw a diagram.
a1 a2 a3 a4  Make an organized list that shows all the possibilities.
 Make a table or a chart.
a. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth  Work backwards.
figure of the sequence?  Try to solve a similar but simpler problem.
 Look for a pattern.
b. How many tiles are in the 10th figure of the sequence?
 Write an equation. If necessary, define what each variable represents.
c. Which figure will consist of exactly 332 tiles?
 Perform an experiment.
  Guess at a solution and then check your result.
Carry Out the Plan
 Work carefully.
 Keep an accurate and neat record of all your attempts.
 Realize that some of your initial plans will not work and that you may have to
devise another plan or modify your existing plan.
Review the Solution
 Ensure that the solution is consistent with the facts of the problem.
 Interpret the solution in the context of the problem.
 Ask yourself whether there are generalizations of the solutions that could
apply to other problem.
Example:
A baseball team won two out of their last four games. In how many different
orders could they have two wins and two losses in four games?
Review the Solution
The list has no duplicates and the list considers all possibilities, so it is
safe to say that there are six different orders in which a baseball team can win
exactly two out of four games.
Challenges:
1. A true-false test contains five questions. In how many ways can a
student answer the questions if the student answers two of the questions with
“false” and the other three with “true”?
2. There are 12 teams in the PBA. If each team play each of the other
teams exactly two times, how many games will be played?
3. How many different direct routes are there from point A to Point B in
the figure below?
A

Solution

Understand the Problem

B
There are many different orders. The team may have lost two straight
games and won the last two (LLWW).

Devise a Plan
Make an organized list of all the possible orders. An organized list is a list
that is produced using a system that ensures that each of the different orders will
be listed once and only once.
Carry Out the Plan
Each entry in the list must contain two Ws and two Ls. We will use a
strategy that makes sure each order is considered, with no duplications. One
such strategy is to always write a W unless doing so will produce too many Ws or
a duplicate of one of the previous orders. If it is not possible to write a W, then
and only then do we write an L. This strategy produces the six different orders
below.
1. W W L L
2. W L W L
3. W L L W
4. L W W L
5. L W L W
6. L L W W