Frequency of Reversals Required Frequent reversals of the direction of rotation of the motor impose large demands on the con- troller and the electrical distribution system. Spe- cial motors and special starting and running pro- teotive devices may be required to meet the conditions of frequent reversals. A heavy duty drum switch-controller is often used for this pur- ose SPEED CONTROL OF MOTORS NR EEE ‘The speed control is concerned not only with starting the motor but also with maintaining or controlling the motor speed while it is running. ‘There are a number of conditions to be considered for speed control. Constant Speed Constant speed motors are used on water pumps, figures 1-11 and 1-16, Maintenance of constant speed is essential for motor generator sets, under all load conditions. Constant speed motors with ratings as low as 80 rpm and horsepower rat- ings up to 5000 hp are used in direct drive units. The simplest method of changing speeds is by gearing. Using gears, almost any “predetermined” speed may be developed by coupling the input ‘gear to the shaft of a squirrel-cage induction mo- tor. A speed-reducing gear motor is shown in fig- ure 1-17. Varying Speed ‘A varying speed is usually preferred for cranes and hoists, figure 1-18. In this type of ap- plication, the motor speed slows as the load in- creases and speeds up as the load decreases. FIGURE 1.46 Multiple synchronous motors of 3000-hp and 225-1pm chiving water pumps (Courtesy Electric Machinery Mig. Co) 12 SECTION 1 SOLID-STATE DEVICES