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International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 58
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
However the oxide percentage and concentration of
other secondary components are highly unpredictable. It
changes from one batch to another and depends on sources,
raw materials, types of steel and furnace condition etc [8].
It has been showed that the use of relatively large amount
of Fe2O3 in steel slag as coarse aggregate enhances the
flexural and compressive strength of concrete. Use of air
cooled steel slag with low non-crystalline silica content and
large quantities of ferric oxides is not appropriate to work
in cement mixture. [9]. If the percentage of Chromium (Cr)
Fig 2: Electric Arc Furnace and its various functions. in any slag is higher than FeO than it is considered as risky
A. Physical properties of steel slag waste. In that case those steel slags having low FeO content
are further treated with Aluminium (Al) to refine.
Steel slag can replace both fine and coarse aggregates in Otherwise CaF2 can be used for further refinement then the
concrete. The sizes lies between 0-5mm and 5-25mm are slag will consist mainly CaO and SiO2 [8]. Chemical
considered as fine slag and coarse slag respectively. properties of Steel Slag from various authors are given in
Different sizes of particles take part in different roles in the Table 2.
maturity of strength in concrete. The density of steel slag
sandwiched between 1600-3600 kg/m3[4,7]. The solidity of TABLE 1
Physical Properties
concrete is lower when the slag is replacing the natural
aggregates fully. So this is an advantage when a less mass Properties
Water
concrete product is essential. The water absorption Specific Density Fineness
Color Absorp-
Gravity (kg/m3) (cm2/gm)
percentage of steel slag aggregate is higher than normal tion (%)
Author
aggregate. Sometime this value even exceeds the standard Patel et al.
Grey 3.28 -- -- --
value which is given in IS Code (IS 2386-Part-III-1963). [17]
But after curing by different procedure when it is entirely Devi et al.
Grey 3.0-3.84 -- 1.32-5 --
[1]
saturated, the absorption power of steel slag aggregate is Chunlin et 3.28-
highly reduced. Then the water which is used for hydration Grey -- 0.96-1.2 --
al. [3] 3.59
of cement is employed accurately and goes well with the Rosales et
Grey -- 2100 5.84 --
principle [1]. This hydration process depends on how much al. [7]
fine the steel slag are [6]. Physical properties of Steel Slag Qasrani [9] Grey 3.19 1940 0.8 --
from various authors are given in Table 1. Grubesa et
Grey -- 3210 3.7 --
al. [5]
B. Chemical properties of steel slag Ali et al.
Grey 3.45 1630 2.44 --
Mainly most of the steel slags are formulated of CaO, [24]
Mladenovic
MgO, SiO2 and FeO in the form of silicates, ferrites, et al. [20]
Grey -- 3048 -- --
aluminates and various oxides. That is why steel slag can Masoudi et
Grey 3.46 -- 1.3 --
be basically represented by a quaternary coordination al. [25]
among CaO–MgO–SiO2–FeO. Some free lime (CaO) is Sheen et al.
Grey 2.84 -- -- 4551
[13]
presented in steel slag. The upper bound value of free lime
Sheen et al. 2.85-
for asphaltic layers is 4%. For this reason steel slag is kept Grey -- 1.9-2.8 5500
[12] 2.90
in touch with water for six months before using it so that Yunfeng et 2940-
Grey -- -- --
hydration process takes place between lime and water. al. [15] 3300
Some process like outdoor aging or steam aging and Biskri et al
Grey -- 2800 -- 3800
[11]
autoclave treatment method can reduce the quantity of free
lime content within steel slag [6].
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 59
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
TABLE 2 2. Content of silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) is between 15-25%
Chemical Oxides and its percentages for steel slag but it is very low (<1%) for GGBFS.
Oxides 3. The main factor of chemical oxide comes when it is
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO MnO SO3 compared with Iron (Fe2O3) content. For each case the
Author
oxide percentage of Iron (Fe2O3) lies between 20-40%
Patel et al.
22.69 12.75 40.74 19.59 0.23 0.13 2.4 for steel slag but for GGBFS it comes less than1-2%.
[17]
Yi et al. [4] 11-20 10-18 5-6 30-50 8-13 5-10 -- Table 3 refers the comparisons of chemical oxides
Chunlin et between Steel Slag and GGBFS.
28.92 3.72 18 34.09 4.15 2.23 0.13
al. [3] Various sizes of Steel slag and GGBFS are shown in Fig
Rosales et 3 and Fig 4 respectively.
30.43 6 0.94 46.21 9.98 -- 0.39
al. [7]
Qasrani [9] 15.5 4.7 37 29.7 6.6 2.9 0.3 TABLE 3
Comparison of chemical oxides between Steel Slag and GGBFS
Shi [8] 24-32 3-7.5 -- 39-45 8-15 0.4-2 0.1-0.3
Oxides
Fe2O3
Al2O3
MgO
MnO
Marriage et
CaO
Sio2
SO3
11.45 2.32 27.32 37.44 9.32 3.65 0.28
al. [28] Author
Grubesa et
17.08 5.4 25.45 24.98 10.58 8.91 0.25
al. [5] Patel et
19.59 0.23 22.69 40.74 12.75 0.13 --
Mladenovic al. [17]
19.98 4.7 3.14 64.97 1.96 -- 1.54
et al. [20] Grubesa
Anastasiou 24.98 8.91 24.98 25.45 5.4 8.91 --
22.8 8.46 32.6 20.6 3.63 -- -- et al. [5]
Steel slag
et al. [10]
Qian et al. Ali et al.
10-15 1-5 3.14 40-50 12 -- -- 32.01 6.85 7.68 26.5 12.97 -- 3.1
[21] [24]
Tarawneh Xiaolu et
9-11 1.4-1.7 10-13 50-57 1-2 4-5 -- 39.44 2.19 15.77 16.28 5.21 -- 2.9
et al. [33] al. [16]
Masoudi et Liu et al.
17.32 4.15 25.28 39.43 5.72 -- 0.56 40.95 6.57 17.3 20.1 6.29 3.97 0.74
al. [25] [37]
Sheen et al. Marriaga
22.97 4 0.08 51.26 8.1 -- -- 38.7 7.75 34.5 0.74 13.16 0.45 1.75
[13] et al. [28]
GGBFS
Xiaolu et
15.77 5.21 16.28 39.44 2.19 -- 0.03 Siddique
al. [16] 41.99 8.04 35.34 0.35 11.59 0.45 --
[35]
Liu et al.
17.3 6.29 20.1 40.95 6.57 3.97 0.74 Xiaolu et
[37] 40.35 8.58 33.26 1.07 14.95 -- 0.05
al. [16]
C. Comparison between GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast
Slag) and Steel Slag.
1. GGBS is an industrial wastage from blast furnace
whereas Steel Slag is an industrial wastage from electric
arc furnace. But both are wastage from iron or steel
industries.
2. GGBS is very positive in design and enlargement of high
superiority cement mortar or concrete. For most of the
cases Steel Slag is applied for the improvement of (a)
flexible pavements with concrete.
3. GGBS is mostly known as GGBFS Steel slag is
commonly known as EAFS (Electric Arc Furnace Slag).
(b)
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 60
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
III. WORKABILITY
Workability is that property of concrete which
determines the effort required manipulating a freshly mixed
quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity.
A standard value of slump between 30-110mm (S2
class) is considered for nominal concrete mixtures [1,10];
130-220mm is for high strength concrete mixes[11] and the
slump & slump flow were considered in range of 250-
(c) 290mm & 430-695mm respectively for low strength
Fig 3: EAFS as (a) Coarse Slag (b) Fine Slag and (c) Powder
concrete[12]. It was concluded that the value of slump
comes down as the replacement percentage of aggregate by
steel slag increases. Normal river sand is much finer than
steel slag. Water absorption power of normal aggregate is
lesser than steel slag aggregate. So in a fixed water cement
ratio, steel slag absorbs more water than normal aggregate
[1]. For a constant slump value water-cement ratio should
decrease as the replacement percentage of steel slag is
increased [6, 13]. It was observed that the roughness &
multi angle in surface, increasing friction angle within
particles and the higher fineness of SS than OPC can also
cause the decrement of slump value [12, 14]. Reducing the
(a)
sizes & volume of voids in freshly mixed SS concrete also
can affect in the enhancement for workability [13, 15]. It
was also stated out that the activators of desulphurization
gypsum (DG), sodium sulfate (SS), and desulphurization
residue (DR) had no considerable effects on the slump
value of concrete [16]. Experiment signifies that bleeding
and viscosity of fresh steel slag in green concrete are better
than normal concrete without admixture [15]. Steel slag
concrete can acquire a better workability by mixing proper
amount of superplasticizer [6, 16].
(b) The values of slump from different sources are plotted
respectively in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 as fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement is substituted by
steel slag in concrete.
Table 4
Slump value when Fine Aggregate is replaced by Steel Slag
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 61
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
Table 5 Compressive strength of limestone mortar is slightly
Slump value when Coarse Aggregate is replaced by Steel Slag better than slag mortar because limestone is finer than slag
Author Devi et al. [1]
Anastasiou Netinger et that’s why limestone has a better filling effect and higher
et al.[10] al. [38] quantity of katoite {Ca3Al2(SiO4)1.5(OH)6} is present in
Grade of Conc 1:1.808: 3.85 M30 1:2.16:2.86 slag than limestone which may associated with lower
W/C Ratio 0.55 0.5 0.43 strength[20]. When the curing temperature was same, the
0 35 60 200 compressive strength at carbonation curing was greater
Percentage of replacement
10 22 -- --
compared with that curing at higher temperature only.
Through the analysis of the carbonation at various
Slump value (mm)
0 78 40
Slump value(mm)
5 -- 30
10 79 25 (a)
15 -- 15
20 103 10
30 98 --
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 63
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
Table 7
Values of compressive strength at 3, 7, 28,56,60,90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag.
% of
Replace
Replacement
Mixing ratio
W/C Ratio
ment
Author
type
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Curing
Days
Devi et al. CA-30% & 7 14 -- -- -- -- 16 21 -- --
1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55
[1] FA-40% 28 21 -- -- -- -- 22 28 -- --
7 46.74 -- 46.01 -- 41.28 26.9 -- -- --
Rosales et
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 Cement 28 57.03 -- 57.37 -- 51.64 33.6 -- -- --
al. [7]
90 63.03 -- 63.23 -- 57.39 39.5 -- -- --
Anastasiou 7 42 -- -- -- -- -- 31 -- --
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 FA
et al. [10] 28 51 -- -- -- -- -- 33 -- --
7 23 -- 25 -- 26 27 29.5 40 42
FA
Tarawneh 28 37 -- 39 -- 41 44 47 54 54
1:1.88:2.54 0.4
et al. [33] 7 23 -- 36 -- 34 36.5 37.5 34.5 44
CA
28 37 -- 49 -- 45 46.5 49 47 56
7 20 -- -- -- -- 21 -- -- --
Combined
Xiaolu et Admixture 28 37.5 -- -- -- -- 35 -- -- --
M30 0.6
al. [16] (GGBFS + 56 46 -- -- -- -- 43 -- -- --
Steel Slag)
90 47 -- -- -- -- 45 -- -- --
Liu et al. 3 37.5 -- -- -- 32 -- -- -- --
-- 0.4 FA
[37] 28 57 -- -- -- 48 -- -- -- --
3 51 -- -- -- -- -- -- 39 32.5
Netinger 28 69 -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 48
1:1.06:1.81 0.43 CA
et al. [38] 56 81 -- -- -- -- -- -- 69 59.5
90 77.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 66 63
3 17.5 13 23 14 12 -- -- -- --
7 27 19.5 27 20 18 -- -- -- --
Roslan et 28 35 28.5 37.5 34.5 25 -- -- -- --
1:2.46:2.46 0.58 Cement
al. [42]
60 37 33 40 38 37 -- -- -- --
90 38 37 41.5 40 39 -- -- -- --
Chunlin et Both
-- 0.5 28 45.4 -- -- -- -- -- 59.6 -- --
al. [3] Aggregate
3 30 -- -- 22 -- 15 -- -- --
Kourounis 7 46 -- -- 38 -- 29 -- -- --
-- 0.25 Cement
et al. [44]
28 62 -- -- 55 -- 45 -- -- --
90 68 -- -- 63 -- 55 -- -- --
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 64
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
Table 8
Values of flexural strength at 3, 7, 28, 56, 90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag.
% of
Mixing Ratio
Replace-
Replacement
W/C Ratio
ment
Author
type
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 100
Curing
Days
Devi et al. CA-30% & 7 2 -- -- -- -- 3 4 -- --
1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55
[1] FA-40% 28 2 -- -- -- -- 4 7 -- --
7 8.85 -- 6.5 -- 7.25 8.07 -- -- --
Rosales et
1:3(C:FA) 0.5 Cement 28 11.09 -- 12 -- 10.8 9.58 -- -- --
al. [7]
90 13.01 -- 14 -- 13.4 10.2 -- -- --
3 8.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7.7 5.4
Table 9
Values of tensile strength at 3, 7, 28, 56, 90 days with various percentage replacement of cement/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate by steel slag from
various sources
% of Replace-
Replaceme
W/C Ratio
ment
Mixing
Author
nt type
Ratio
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50
Curing
Days
7 2 -- -- -- -- 2.25 2.5 --
Devi et al. [1] 1: 1.81: 3.84 0.55 CA & FA
28 2.5 -- -- -- -- 2.5 3 --
International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 65
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
(E-ISSN 2250–2459, UGC Approved List of Recommended Journal, Volume 7, Special Issue 2, December 2017)
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International Conference on Innovations in Structural Engineering (IC-ISE-2017), Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Page 67