4/25/2017

BUILDING RESILIENCY:
STRENGTHENING
PREPAREDNESS, AWARENESS,
AND ENFORCEMENT
Engr. Frederick Francis M. Sison, M.ASEP, M.PICE, M.ACPE
President

Association of Structural Engineers

of the Philippines (ASEP)
• A non-profit professional organization exists to
advance the structural engineering practice in the
Philippines
• A proactive voice in the development of codes and
standards
• Contributes to nation building by advocating public
safety and welfare and sustainability of built
structures
• For more than four decades, ASEP has been the
sole provider, recognized by DPWH, of the NSCP, a
referral code of the National Building Code

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Vulnerability vs. Resilience

Resilience refers to how far a system can be

pushed and still bounce back to its equilibrium.

Vulnerability refers to how much impact a given

degree of disturbance will have an a system

Seismic resilience can be achieved by reducing its

probability of failure during an earthquake, as well
as reducing the consequences from such failures
and the time of recovery.

Are our Buildings Vulnerable?

During the design and construction, each hazard might (may) have
been difficult to assess accurately

Many buildings were (are) barely complying with the codes and
standards applicable during their original design and construction

Government codes for new buildings aim(ed) for life safety

Dr. Benito M. Pacheco, University of the Philippines

protection (only?) and not necessarily for property damage

prevention

Subjected to wear and tear without corresponding maintenance

Standards were (are) periodically upgraded in view of lessons

learned from recent disasters and new research, thereby rendering
many pre-existing buildings sub-standard

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Are we prepared?

Preparedness – policy development, awareness,

and enforcement

Policy Development – Building codes are the

foundation for resilience (codes are developed based
on previous disasters and best practices worldwide)

Awareness – checklists, guidelines, manuals, etc.

Enforcement – ordinances, accreditation agencies,

national and local government

TIMELINE OF NSCP EDITIONS

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES, 7TH EDITION (NSCP 2015)
• Earthquake Loads are a function of proximity to an active
fault, underlying soil, importance of the structure, etc.

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Occupancy Category
Occupancies having surgery and emergency
treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and
emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness
centers,
Aviation control towers,
Structures and equipment in communication centers
and other facilities required for emergency response,
I Essential Facilities for power-generating equipment for
Facilities Category I structures,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or
supporting water or other fire-suppression material
or equipment required for the protection of
Category I, II or III, IV and V structures
Public school buildings,
Hospitals,
Designated evacuation centers and
Power and communication transmission lines.
Occupancies and structures housing or supporting
toxic or explosive chemicals or substances,
II Hazardous Non-building structures storing, supporting or
Facilities containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
Earthquake Load Provisions
A function of the following
Structure’s proximity to an identified fault system
Seismic source (fault system) classification
Subsurface soil profile
Structural system and natural period
Structural irregularities
Use of spectral acceleration based on ASCE/SEI
7-10 is recognized as an alternative procedure for
determining earthquake forces
4/25/2017
Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant
capacity of 1,000 or more,
Educational buildings such as museums, libraries,
auditorium with a capacity of 300 or more
occupants,
Buildings used for college or adult education with
a capacity of 500 or more occupants,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more
III Special incapacitated patients, but not included in
Occupancy Category I,
Structures Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and
other buildings where personal liberties of
inmates are similarly restrained,
Churches, Mosques, and other Religion
Facilities,
All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more
persons,
Structures and equipment in power-generating
stations, and other public utility facilities not
included in Category I or Category II, and
required for continued operation.
All structures housing occupancies or having
IV Standard
functions not listed in Category I, II or III and
Occupancy
Category V.
Structures
Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over
V Miscellaneous
1.5mhigh.
Structures
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Earthquake Load Provisions

Earthquake Load Provisions

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Fault Map of the Philippines

Surigao EQ
M 6.7 2.15.2017

Negros Oriental EQ
M 6.9 2.6.2012

Bohol EQ
M 7.2 10.15.2013

Earthquake Provisions
• Chapter 4- Concrete
• Section 418 – Earthquake-Resistant Structures
• Section 426 – Construction Documentation and
Inspection
• Design information, compliance requirements, and
inspection requirements should be specified in the
construction documents
• Section 427 – Strength Evaluation of Existing
Structures

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Earthquake Recording
Instrumentation
• To improve the understanding of the actual
dynamic behavior of buildings under earthquake
loading and confirm the design according to NSCP
• Data can be used to improve structural
code…reducing loss of lives and properties during
future damaging earthquakes.
• Used as basis for the government’s earthquake
disaster mitigation and rehabilitation strategies
• Used to set off alarms at specified intensity levels
• Trigger automatic switching off utilities

Earthquake Recording
Instrumentation Requirements
Type/Height of Buildings Location Requirements
Buildings
Hospitals, schools and other buildings above At least three (3) accelerographs ERI in compliance
fifty (50) meters in height located at: with the IRR
1. Ground floor/lowest basement;
2. Middle floor; and
3. Floor below the roof
Hospitals with fifty (50) bed capacity or One (1) accelerograph installed at ERI I compliance
more and schools with twenty (20) classrooms Ground floor/lowest basement with the IRR
or more but not less than three (3) storeys

Commercial Buildings with occupancy of at

least 1,000 persons or gross floor area of at
least 10,000 sq.m.
Provincial/City/Municipal Halls and Buildings One (1) accelerograph installed at ERI in
the Ground floor/Lowest Basement compliance
Industrial Buildings with occupancy of at least with the IRR
1,000 persons and gross floor area of at
least 10,000 sq.m.

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Checklists and Guides derived from

Structural Codes
Rapid Visual Screening Form (FEMA 154) adapted by
PICE and ASEP under the Earthquake Quick Response
Program (EQRP)

DILG Infrastructure Audit Form developed under World

Bank and DILG in support of DRRM Program

Checklist of Minimum Structural Design Documents

prepared by ASEP for use of the Building Officials

Residential Design and Construction Guidelines by Build

Change
How Safe is my House? By DOST, Phivolcs, and ASEP

EQRP Rapid Visual Screening

The main purpose of this form/exercise is to

aid in the identification of buildings that are
potentially seismically hazardous

Once identified as potentially hazardous,

such buildings should be further evaluated
by a design professional experienced in
seismic design to determine whether they
are actually seismically hazardous

The RVS is intended as the preliminary

screening phase of a multi-phase procedure
for identifying potentially hazardous
buildings

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LGU Infrastructure Audit Form

LGU Infrastructure Audit Form

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Checklist of Minimum Structural

Design Documents

Residential Design and Construction

Guidelines

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Residential Design and Construction

Guidelines

How Safe is my House?

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How Safe is my House?

General Observations on Recent

Earthquakes
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Misamis Oriental EQ (M4.6)

M5.0
December 2014

Valencia City, Bukidnon EQ (M5.2)

November 2011 Cotabato EQ (M5.3)
M5.5 June 2013
Batangas EQ (M5.7)
June 2014 Lanao Del Sur EQ (M5.8)
Bukidnon EQ (M5.6) Zambales EQ (M5.9) April 2017
Surigao EQ (M5.9)
M6.0 Sultan Kudarat EQ (M5.9) December 2014 Zamboanga Del Norte EQ (M6.0)Batangas EQ (M6.0)
March 2012
September2012 Surigao Del Norte EQ (M6.1) April 2016 April 2017
Coast of Mindanao EQ (M6.2) July 2015
Ilocos Region EQ (M6.4) Davao Oriental EQ (M6.3)
February 2013
M6.5
March 2011 September 2016

Surigao EQ (M6.7)
Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9)
M7.0 February 2017
February 2012
Bohol EQ (M7.2)
October 2013 Sulu Coast EQ (M7.3)
Moro Gulf EQ (M7.3)
M7.5 July 2010 January 2017

Samar Coast EQ (M7.8)

M8.0 August 2012

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Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9) 2012

Negros Oriental EQ (M6.9) 2012

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Bohol EQ (M7.2) 2013

Bohol EQ (M7.2) 2013

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Bohol EQ (M7.2) 2013

Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

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Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

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Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

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Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

Surigao EQ (M6.7) 2017

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Tainan EQ (M6.9) 2016

Tainan EQ (M6.9) 2016

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Summary
Strengthening Building Resiliency through Policy
Development, Awareness, and Enforcement
The National Structural Code of the Philippines
has been in place since 1972 as a referral code of
the National Building Code
There are several developed checklists for
structural audit and construction best practices
Structural deficiencies observed due to non-
compliance with the code in the design and
construction

Perceived Gaps
No complete and comprehensive structural
inventory of public and private buildings
Lacks enforcement on both the structural design
and construction implementation
No comprehensive guidelines for Building
retrofitting/strengthening
No extensive researches for code development
All Civil Engineers can design any structure

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Action Points
Short Term
Initiate building inventory and structural audit of key
buildings in a major metropolitan area
Initiate an earthquake risk reduction program to a
specific set of essential structures in a major
metropolitan area. Possibly hospitals, power
generation and distribution systems
Review and update existing building codes and their
enforcement, specifically for earthquakes
Initiate development of guidelines for structural
retrofitting/strengthening

Action Plan
Medium Term
Complete the earthquake risk reduction program to a
specific set of essential structures
Strengthen Building Official’s Office to better
supervision and enforcement including inspection of
construction practices and materials
Conduct training for engineers and non-engineers in
earthquake risk identification and reduction.
Mandate recognition of Structural Engineers by an
accredited organization
Initiate programs and funding for research works for
code development particularly in earthquake
engineering

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Action Plan
Long Term
Initiate long-term earthquake risk reduction
programs to impact all key public sectors
Support/initiate long-term earthquake risk reduction
programs for the highest risk private structures
Pass legislation to require strengthening of private
sector structures and infrastructure with or without
public financing but with incentives, such as…
Reduction of tax, exemption of specific building codes to
encourage retrofitting, etc.

Best Practices

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INDONESIA SAFE SCHOOL

PROGRAM

Presentation of Dr. Fauzan, MSc. Eng., WB 2013

INDONESIA SAFE SCHOOL

PROGRAM
Presentation of Dr. Fauzan, MSc. Eng., WB 2013

• Method of retrofitting introduced can be easily

followed by local workers
• Use of local material, if possible
• Material used are available at low cost (chicken
wire mesh, etc.)

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Istanbul Seismic Mitigation and Emergency

Preparedness Program (ISMEP)

Presentation of Engr. Peter I. Yanev, WB 2011

Istanbul Seismic Mitigation and Emergency

Preparedness Program (ISMEP)
Presentation of Engr. Peter I. Yanev, WB 2011

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 4/25/2017

BUILDING RESILIENCY:
STRENGTHENING
PREPAREDNESS, AWARENESS,
AND ENFORCEMENT
Engr. Frederick Francis M. Sison, M.ASEP, M.PICE, M.ACPE
President

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