Chapter – I

Introduction
 CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION

“Labour is not a commodity. All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or

sex, have the right to pursue both their material well being and their spiritual
development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic
security and equal opportunity”.

- Declaration of Philadelphia 1944

Labour law generally known as employment law is the body of laws,

administrative orders and precedents which address the legal rights and
restrictions on the industrial workers and their organizations. As such, it
mediates many aspects of relationship between trade unions, employers and
employees. Labour laws define the rights and obligations of workers, union
members and employers in the work place. Labour legislations enacted post
Constitution of India have sought to tackle various problems relating to
working conditions, 1 industrial safety, hygiene and welfare, 2 wages, 3 trade
unionism, 4 social security. 5

After independence of India, under the Constitution of India, Labour is a

subject in the concurrent list. 6 A large number of Labour laws have been
enacted on different aspects of labour. 7 The labour legislations can be
categorized under different heads. Labour laws enacted by the Central

                                                            
1
The Industrial Disputes Act 1947 and The Industrial Employment ( Standing Orders) Act 1946 
2
The Factories Act 1948 
3
The Payment of Wages Act 1936 and Minimum Wages Act 1948 
4
Trade Union Act 1926 
5
The Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923 ( Now it is Employees’ Compensation Act 1923) and The
Employees State Insurance Act 1948 
6
Entries 22 to 25 of List III of the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution 
7
Namely, Occupational Health, Safety, Employment, Training of Apprentices, Fixation, Fixation
and Revision of Minimum Wages, Payment of Compensation on Industrial Accident, Bonded
Labour, Contract Labour, Investigation and Settlement of Industrial Disputes, Social Security,
Working Conditions of certain specific categories 

1 
 
Government and having the sole responsibility for enforcement, 8 Labour laws
enacted by the Central Government and enforcement by the Central and State
Government, 9 Labour laws enacted by the Central Government and
enforcement by State Government 10 and Labour laws enacted and enforced by
the State Governments. Apart from the above enactments both the Central and
State government have enacted Rules for the implementation of the various
labour legislations.

Portugal’s global explorations in the 16th century linked continents,

economies and cultures as never before. Globalization in its largest extent
began a bit before the turn of the 16th century in Portugal. Globalization in its
literal sense is the process of making, transformation of some thing or
phenomena into global one. It can be described as a process by which the
people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This
process is a combination of economic, technological, socio cultural and
political forces. Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization,

                                                            
8
The Employees’ State Insurance Act 1948; The Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous
Provisions Act 1952; The Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act 1988; The Mines Act
1952, The Iron ore Mines; Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund
Act 1976; The Iron ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare
(Cess) Act 1976; The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1946, The Beedi Workers Welfare
Cess Act 1976; The Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1972; The Cine
Workers Welfare ( Cess ) Act 1981; The Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act 1976; The Cine
Workers Welfare Fund Act 1981;  
9
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986; The Building and other construction
workers(Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996,;The Contract Labour
(Regulation and Abolition ) Act 1970; The Industrial Disputes Act 1947; The Equal Remuneration
Act 1976;The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946; The Interstate Migrant
Workmen (Regulation of employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1979; The labour Laws
(Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers By certain Establishments) Act
1988; The Maternity Benefit Act 1981; The Minimum Wages Act 1948; The Payment of Bonus Act
1965; The Payment of Gratuity Act 1972; The Payment of Wages Act 1936, The Cine Workers and
Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1981; The Building and Other
Construction Workers Cess Act 1996, The Apprentices Act 1961. 
10
The Employers’ Liability Act 1938; The Factories Act 1948; The Motor Transport Workers Act
1961; The Personal Injuries (compensation Insurance) Act 1963; The Personal injuries (Emergency
Provisions) Act 1962, The Plantation Labour Act 1951; The Sales Promotion Employees
(Condition of Service) Act 1976; The Trade Unions Act 1926; The Weekly Holidays Act 1942;
The Working Journalists and other Newspapers Employees (Conditions of Service) and
Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1955; The Employee’s Compensation Act 1923; The Employment
exchange (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act 1959; The Children ( Pledging of Labour)
Act 1976; The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976; The Beedi and Cigar Workers
(Conditions of Employment) Act 1966.  

2 
 
that is, integration of national economies into the international economy
through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the
spread of technology. The word ‘globalization’ has been used by economists
since the 1980s. However, its concepts did not become popular until the latter
half of the 1980s and 1990s.

The earliest written theoretical concepts of globalization were penned by

an American entrepreneur turned minister Charles Taze Russell, who coined
the term ‘corporate giants’ in 1897.11 During and after 1990, globalisation has
become a buzzword. Liberalisation, which is conterminous with deregulation is
a process of rationalization and simplification of laws, rules and procedures
which will be conducive for any industry to face competitive pressures.
Deregulation is a process of change intended to make government policies,
regulations and institution respond to the market process and requirements. In
wider sense these relate to the move towards market oriented economies in
terms of greater integration in the global economy.

Globalization has resulted in global division of labour. The huge

expansion in cross border capital, trade technology and information flows have
become a defining feature of globalization. The advent of World Trade
Organisation coupled with the lending policies of IMF and the World Bank has
resulted in globalization. With globalization, the employment structure of
India, especially in the organized sector has been undergoing changes. In order
to effectively compete in the global market, the industrial sector demands
reforms in the existing labour laws. Establishing and maintaining a state of
order at the work place is a crucial aspect of management. No organisation,
industry or enterprise can be managed in a state of chaos and normlessness. But
it is a known fact that conflict is an integral part of modern work context due to
the diversity of interests of the members of the organisation.
                                                            
11
Ramon Mullerat, International Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Corporations in the
Economic Order of the 21st Century, Kluwer Law International, 2010 

3 
 
1.1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The early labour legislations were enacted with the background of the
doctrine of laissez faire to protect the interest of the employers. After the
Second World War the doctrine was shifted to welfare state. The theories of Sir
Henry Maine have been reversed from contract to status. The labour
legislations witnessed considerable change by laying down service conditions
of workers. 12 Later the concept of social justice is founded on the basic ideal of
socio economic equality. The competing claims of the employees were
resolved by finding a solution, which is just, fair and reasonable to both the
parties with the intention to establish a harmonious relationship between the
labour and management. 13 India became a member of the International Labour
Organization and has ratified many of the International Labour Conventions.
The commitments on ratification along with pressure from the employers and
workers organization have found expression in labour laws and policies. The
constitutional mandate also protects the rights of the labour through
fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy. Former Chief
Justice of India, Justice M.C. Chagla, points out that “We are always much
reluctant to put any interpretation upon labour legislation, which is likely to
prejudice the rights or welfare of Labour. We are fully conscious of the fact
that our legislature has put labour legislation on the statue book primarily for
the purpose of redressing the balance between employers and employees and
that we would not, unless we are compelled to do so by the clear language used
by the legislature put any construction upon any provision of labour legislation
which will in any way prejudicially affect their rights”. 14

During 1990 the new demands of international competition and

advancement in the information technology forces for globalized economy and
there was a substantial change in the nature of labour market. The change in the
international trend has created a new market orientation called liberalisation.

                                                            
12
D N Banerji v. P R Mukherjee AIR 1953 SC 58 
13
J K Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills v. Labour Appellate Tribunal AIR 1964 SC 737. 
14
Mahadeo Dhondu Jadhav vs Labour Appellate Tribunal AIR 1955 Bom 394 

4 
 
 The Liberalization was forced by globalization due to greater integration
in world markets and international economic interdependence. The industrial
peace and harmony is the soul of industry as the same is very important for the
increase in productivity. Globalisation is understood as a deliberate effort to
liberalise and deregulate markets. In Thomas Friedman’s words, “globalisation
is the inexorable integration of markets, nation states and technologies to a
degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals,
corporations and nation states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper
and cheaper than ever before”. 15 A Report of the Director-General of the ILO
(1997) pointed out that globalisation threatens the autonomy of states to
maintain labour standards. 16 So globalisation tends both to undermine national
labour standards as an economic matter and to weaken the control that
democratic institutions exercise over market activity. Globalisation is not, of
course, simply a disembodied process; it has its agents, chiefly the
multinational corporations and their global production networks. Much of the
debate over globalisation is essentially about whether and how citizens,
organised geographically or otherwise, can effectively govern the conduct of
the multinational corporations and their supply chains, or ‘whether global
competition spells the end of national economic strategy and the welfare
state’. 17

After the introduction of the New Economic Policy during 1991- 92

there has been a vast change in the labour policy in India and the Trade unions
were in great fear about their future. 18 The new economic policy has made it
possible for the managements to be repressive in dealing with the issues of
industrial workers on industrial relations, social security and wages. Under the
                                                            
15
Friedman, T.L. The Lexus and the Olive Tree, Anchor Books, NewYork 2000, pp. 444–50; and
Fukuyama, F. The End of History and the Last Man, New York; London: Avon Books; Penguin,
1992, pp. 314–16. 
16
The ILO, Standard Setting and Globalisation, Report of the Director-General, International Labour
Conference, 85th Session, 1997, Geneva, p 5. 
17
D Held and A McGrew, ‘The Great Globalisation Debate: An Introduction’, pp 1–50 in D Held and
A McGrew (eds), The Global Transformations Reader (2nd edn), (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2003),
at p 19. 
18
K. Johri, “Industrial Relations as regulated by Law: Suggestions for Change”, Indian Journal of
Industrial Relations, Vol.31, No.4, April 1996. P.439. 

5 
 
new economic policy job security become important issues. New type of
working environment like home based workers, fixed term employment were
developed. The judicial interpretation takes a diversion from the beneficial
interpretation to strict interpretation. The judiciary in recent years has
consistently put burden of proof on the workman to show that he was in
continuous service. 19 In setting aside an illegal termination the awarding of
back wages has never been a normal rule. 20 The fixed term appointments have
been the normal rule. 21 Now outsourcing becomes a fashion and the contract
labours become an identity. Even on the abolition of contract labour, workmen
will be in a worse condition since the contractor is neither obliged to employ
them nor is there any obligation cast on the principal employer to engage them
in his establishment. 22 The Government does not intervene in the settlement of
strikes as much as they used to in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Nearly 50% of the
strikes ended in workers returning to their work voluntarily. 23 The industrial
workers are losing their strength on collective bargaining. The labour
legislations were not amended to the present needs. Even the recommendations
of the second National Labour Commission were not implemented. Even
though there are many social security schemes it has not reached all the
industrial workers, employers escaping from the coverage of the schemes on
onside and inspector raj on the other side is evident everywhere. The High
Courts of Calcutta, 24 Karnataka, 25 Andhra Pradesh, 26 Rajasthan, 27 and Delhi 28

                                                            
19
Municipal Corporation, Faridabad v. Sri Niwas, (2004) 8 SCC 195; M.P. Electricity Board v.
Hariram, (2004) 8 SCC 246; Rajasthan State Ganganagar S. Mills Ltd. v. State of Rajasthan, (2004)
8 SCC 161. HUDA v. Jagmal Singh, (2006) 5 SCC 765. 
20
Ram Ashrey Singh v. Ram Bux Singh (2003)11 LLJ 176; M.P. State Electricity Board v. Jarina Bee
2003 LLR 848; U.P. State Brassware Corporation Ltd., v. Uday Narain Pandey (2006) 1 SCC 479. 
21
Amendment in the Industrial Employment (Standing orders) Act 1948 
22
Gujarat State Electricity Board v. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (1995) 5 SCC 27 
23
Sudha Deshpande and Lalit K.Deshpande, “Impact of Liberalisation of Labour Market and
industrial relations in India”, Indian Journal of Labour Economics. Vol.39, No.3, July - September,
1966, p.555. 
24
Hindustan Motors Ltd. v. E.S.I. Corporation, 1979 Lab IC 852 (Cal). 
25
M/s Hind Art Press v. The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (1989) 89 FLR 778; 1990 Lab
IC 744. 
26
Employees’ State Insurance Corporation v. Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd., AIR 1978, A.P. 18
(FB). 
27
National Engineering Industries v. The Employees ' State Insurance Corporation (1991) 63 FLR
277 (Raj). 

6 
 
had held overtime wages, batta, are included in the definition of ‘wages’ and
other parts like incentives paid not continuously for two months, certain
allowances were not included in the definition of ‘wages’. No two definitions
of the term ‘wages’ is alike and the difference has brought a loop hole for
evasion in calculating the contributions to the social security schemes,
retirement benefits and leads to many litigations.

While reforms in many other critical competitiveness enhancing areas

like infrastructure, financial sector and taxation were undertaken, labour
legislations were left untouched. Indian employers demanded reforms in labour
laws so that the Indian industry is made more competitive through introducing
changes in the existing legal provisions. On the other side by saying cost
effective the industrial worker is made to suffer. Now there is a need for
striking a balance between the interest of the industrial workers and the
industrial growth in the era of globalisation and liberalisation.

Thus, the topic chosen by the researcher in most significant to study the
impact of globalisation and liberalisation on industrial workers.

1.2. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The workplaces of our new world are being transformed by the dynamic
push of international trade patterns, capital investment flows, and migratory
labour movements. But the regulation of these workplaces remains the
province of national labour and employment laws that are increasingly unable
to either protect or adapt in the changing employment scenario. Compared to
the winds of change in the international economy and international labour
standards, domestic labour legislations have largely stood still over the past
fifteen years and the judiciary has made attempts to fill the places of
uncertainty in order to maintain industrial peace and harmony. In part this has
been the result of new fiscal and economic policies pursued by successive

                                                                                                                                                                          
28
Birla Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills Ltd. v. Employees State Insurance Corporation 1977 Lab
IC 119 (Del). 

7 
 
governments and international institutions that have opened up labour markets
and weakened the ability of trade unions and liberal forces in society to seek
enhanced employment conditions and improved legislation.

National labour laws the primary legal structure for promoting fair
employment practices enabling workers to achieve collective representation,
for regulating the differences between employers and employees, for
diminishing the patterns of discrimination and exclusion at work. But
increasingly these laws are unable to accomplish their public purpose. The
declining numerical strength of trade unions, the shrinking public resources
devoted to the enforcement of legislative standards, and the rise of contingent
and unregulated work relationships all point to a widening gap between labour
law norms and workplace realities.

The impact of globalisation and liberalised economy on the Indian

society is an Inter disciplinary field of research involving various disciplines
such as History, Economics, Socio cultural and Law. This has attracted mostly
the Socio cultural and Economic scholars to conduct research studies. Even in
the legal area it further specifically involves the disciplines of law relating to
labour, foreign investment, consumerism and social institutions. Even in the
labour laws area it further specifically involves the impact on the industrial
workers, unorganised sector workers. Sufficient number of legal studies has
been conducted by the scholars from the legal fraternity to address the issues
and problems relating to foreign investment and consumerism, labour laws in
general, but not much detailed empirical legal studies have been made on
impact on the industrial workers.

The impact of the globalisation and liberalisation on the industrial

workers goes with the effectiveness of the dispute settlement mechanism,
changing trends of working environment, status of the workmen, terms and
conditions of engagement and service conditions of the labour, implementation
of the social security legislations and various benefits and privileges available

8 
 
to the industrial workers, structure and effectiveness of wage settlement
mechanism, change in service conditions are available. There is no adequate
statistical information on these areas.

The present study in these regards is considered important to estimate

and assess information in the context of legal background of the above in India
with special reference to Tiruchirappalli district in TamilNadu State. In this
backdrop, the study will make an useful attempt to address the legal issues and
identify the problems of labour laws comprehensively by making a special
reference on the industrial relations, social security and wages with legal
remedial measures and suitable recommendations.
 The study is an attempt to identify and understand the issues and
problems of industrial workers due to globalisation and liberalisation
and to analysis the effectiveness of existing labour laws on the industrial
workers in tackling the issues and problems.
 The study highlights the findings which are identified through the
empirical study in the Tiruchirappalli District of TamilNadu state. The
findings to be presented in the proposed study indeed present effective
guidelines for the policy conceivers, policy makers and policy executors
and all those who are interested in this research field.
 The empirical generalization made out in the proposed study shall go a
long way in strengthening the legal literature.
 The study makes an attempt to plug loopholes in the labour laws, which
is having impact on the industrial workers after the globalised and
liberalised economy and suggest measures to rectify the lacunae in the
existing law.
 The study would provide valuable input to the policy makers for tuning
the policies to bring attention on the government for the better
governance and to launch legal remedial measures to curb the issues and
problems of labour laws, due to the impact of globalisation and
liberalisation on industrial workers.

9 
 
  The study provides a valuable insight into the issues involved. It will be
extremely helpful for the research scholars for the extensive and
intensive study on impact of globalisation and liberalisation on
industrial workers and to suggest suitable policy implications for the
further improvement.
 The study will add to the existing body of knowledge and literature in
field of study and will incite thought and discussion among all
stakeholders for future course of action.

1.3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature on impact of globalisation and liberalisation on Indian socio,
economic, cultural and labour is abundantly available. Literature on the concept
of globalisation and its impact on the international labour standards are also
available. The study makes a useful attempt to review the available literatures
on impact of globalisation and liberalisation on India to get a better insight into
the issues and problems. The review intends to identify the research gaps on the
topic and it will help for detailed discussion in the study.

Samir Dasgupta and Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2009) analysed the

existing definitions of capitalism and argue that globalization and the
consequent growing multi polarity in world politics is not a crisis but a
prolification of capitalisms. The compilation by the social scientists across the
globe is an empirical and theorectical exploration of the socio political
responses to globalisation. 29

Professor Venkata Ratnam assesses the social and economic impact

of structural adjustment on labour in India. He has addressed the important
question of aligning economic policies and labour laws with those of industrial

                                                            
29
Edited by Samir Dasgupta and Jan Nederveen Pieterse Politics of globalization Sage Publication
India Pvt. Ltd. 2009 

10 
 
relations. He emphasizes the need to develop sound labour management
relations instead of concentrating merely on dispute resolution. 30

P.D. Sheno (2006) made a study on realizing the aspirants of ordinary

working people, entrepreneurs, the organized and the unorganised, the
protected and unprotected. Further he focused on the vast challenges of India,
but it also is a useful contribution to the wider understanding of how to deal
with the globalization processes that characterize the beginning of the 21at
century. 31

Andrzej Marian Świątkowski (2011) starts from the assumption that

the most recent economic phenomenon of globalization poses real threats to
terms and conditions of work in the modern world as well as deteriorates the
quality of working life. In order to address that risk, the author encourages
labour lawyers and social policy scientists to initiate the process of judicial
globalization at the European level. 32

Indira Hirway, Neha Shah (2011) On examining the dynamics of the

processes of change in the status of labour and employment in the rapidly
globalising state of Gujarat in India, this study shows that the rapid growth in
the state has not been shared by labour. This has resulted in the state slipping in
poverty reduction, human development and in hunger removal. This study also
argues that an unfair deal to labour need not be a part of neo-liberal economic
reforms and that providing a just share to labour can contribute towards
promoting labour-intensive and equitable growth in the state. 33

World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalisation (2004)

has urged that they were spurred on by the realization that action to build a fair
and inclusive process of globalization was urgent. This could only happen in
                                                            
30
C.S.Venkata Ratnam, Globalization and Labour Management relations Dynamics of change
Response Books, 2001. 
31
P.D.Shenoy, Globalization its impact on industrial relations in India, New Dawn Press Group, 2006 
32
Verslo ir teisės aktualijos / Current Issues of Business and Law ISSN 1822-9530 print / ISSN 2029-
574X online 2011, 6(2), 185–191 http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/1822-9530.2011.10 
33
Indira Hirway, Neha Shah, Economic & Political Weekly EPW may 28, 2011 vol xlvi no 22 

11 
 
the future through forging agreements among a broad spectrum of actors on the
course for action. We are convinced that our experience can and should be
replicated on a larger and wider scale, expanding the space for dialogue aimed
at building consensus for action. 34

Debashish Bhattacherjee’s (1999) study on the role of the organised

labour in India, in a structural and historical context attempts to trace the
economic, political and social effects of the trade union movement and its
strategies over time. 35

John W.Cioffi, (2000) analysed various stages of corporate governance

in term of financial market regulation, employment promulgated by nations or
nation state groupings, rather than the globalization of the corporate
governance reflecting the unimportance of the nation state. It reflects a change
in the style of regulation. 36

Christine Kaufmann (2007) constitute a major study to reconcile

market driven economic law with labour rights by looking at the existing
tension between core labour rights defined by the ILO and the interests of
international economic institutions. 37

Fallon and Lucas (1991) study examines economic effects of

amendments in Chapter VB in the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947 on the
demand for regular workers in India’s organised sector. 38

Besley and Burgess (2004) study codifies state wise strictness of labour
regulation in India were steer enough to provide empirical basis to many
                                                            
34
A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities For All, ISBN 92-2-115426-2, ILO Publications,
International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland 2004, 
35
Debashish Bhattacherjee, IIM Calcutta Organised Labour and Economic Liberalization India : Past,
Present and Future accessed from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/1999/du105  
36
John W. Cioffi, Journal of law and Society, Vol.27, No.4, Dec’ 2000 ISSN 0263 – 323X pp.572 –
600. 
37
Christine Kaufmann Portland, Globalisation and labour rights The conflict between core labour
rights and International economic law, Hart Publishing Ltd., 2007 
38
Fallon, P and Lucas R. (1991): “The Impact of Changes in Job Security Regulations in India and
Zimbabwe”, World Bank Economic Review, 5(1), 33-58. 

12 
 
prominent studies that analysed the negative effects of labour regulation on
firms’ decision for the plant location.39

Amin (2009) study shows that there was a declining trend in youth
employment in Indian retail sector. 40

Hasan (2007) study shows that States with flexible labour laws and
having pro employer regime has experienced increases in labour demand
elasticity when the trade liberalization is conditioned.41

Aghion (2008) examines the potential negative impact of Licence Raj

on employment, firm entry and output levels in both flexible and rigid labour
regulation states. 42

Ramaswamy (2013) study shows that the labour regulation is subject to

employment threshold criteria. This recent study analyses the effects of labour
regulation as constructed on firms response to labour demand conditioned on
threshold effects of the Industrial Dispute Act of 1947. 43

Golder and Aggarwal (2012) studies confirms the compensating

effects of labour regulation on the growth of contract workers in India’s
organised manufacturing sector and on the incidence of informal
employment. 44

                                                            
39
Besley, T and Burgess, R (2004): “Can Labour Regulation Hinder Economic Performance?
Evidence from India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 199(1),91-135. 
40
Amin, M (2009): “Labor Regulation and Employment in India’s Retail Stores”, Journal of
Comparative Economics, 37(1),47-61. 
41
Hasan, R and K. Jandoc (2012): “Labor Regulations and the Firm Size Distribution in Indian
Manufacturing.” in J. Bhagwati and A.Panagariya, eds. Reforms and Economic Transformation in
India, Delhi, Oxford University Press. 
42
Aghion, P Burgess, R Redding, S and Zilibotti, F (2008): “The unequal effects of liberalization:
Evidence from dismantling the license Raj in India”, American Economic Review, 98(4), 1397–
1412. 
43
Ramaswamy K V (2013): “Size-Dependent Labour Regulations and Threshold Effects: The Case of
Contract-worker Intensity in Indian Manufacturing,” IGIDR Working Paper No 12. 
44
Golder, B and Aggarwal, S (2012): “ Informalisation and Industrial Labour in India: Effects of
Labour Market Rigidities and Import Competition” The Developing Economies, 50(2), 141–69. 

13 
 
 Bhattacharjea (2006) constructed a labour regulation index. The index
has important institutional measure on assessing the adversity of industrial
relation climate in India. 45

There are many studies that have attempted to quantify the Impact of
Labour Regulations on Output, Labour Productivity and Labour Market
Flexibility in India.

Fallon and Lucas (1993) study was relating to the amendments to the
ID Act1947 for the period between 1959 to 1983, with the result that the
amendments inhibit employment growth up to 17.5 per cent in organised industry.46

Dutta Roy (2002) study was relating to amendments to the ID Act1947

for the period between 1966 to 1975 and between 1976 to1983 with the
inference that there was no effect on employment but inhibited and labour
market flexibility. 47

Hasan (2003) was relating to amendments to the ID Act 1947 for the
period between 1980 to 1991 and between 1992 to 1997 with the result that the
flexible labour markets associated with and more vigorous response to trade
liberalisation. 48

Sanyal and Menon (2005) relates to amendments to the ID Act for the
period between 1994 to 1999 states that the pro-workers amendments and
lockout variables are the significant deterrents in project location. 49

                                                            
45
Bhattacharjea, A (2006): “Labour Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India: A
Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence”, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 39(2),211-239. 
46
Fallon, P. and Lucas, R.E.B. (1993), ‘‘Job Security Regulations and the Dynamic Demand for
Labour in India and Zimbabwe", Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 40, pp. 241-275. 
47
Dutta Roy, S. (2002), “Job Security Regulations and Worker Turnover: A Study of the Indian
Manufacturing Sector”, Indian Economic Review, Vol. 37, pp. 141-62. 
48
Hasan, Rana; Mitra, Devashish; and Ramaswamy, K.V. (2003), “Trade Reforms, Labour
Regulations and Labour Demand Elasticities: Empirical Evidence from India,” Working Paper,
No. 9879, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. 
49
Sanyal.P and Meno. N (2005): “Labour Disputes and the Economics of Firm Geography: A Study
of Domestic Investment in India”, Economic Development & Cultural Change, 53(4), 825-839. 

14 
 
 Ahsan and Pages(2006) relates to the amendments to the ID Act for the
period between 1985 to 1997 shows that there was an adverse effect of ID
amendments on output ameliorated by use of contract labour. 50

The literatures on the pro’s and con’s of globalization such as

Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004), 51 Stiglitz, Joseph E (2002) 52 and (2006), 53
Rodrik, Dani (1997), 54 Easterly, William (2001), 55 Sachs, Jeffrey D
(2000) 56 and (2005), 57 Wolf, Martin (2004), 58 Collier, Paul (2007) 59 shows
that the rapid economic, commercial, technology integration with different
levels of development triggered the processes of market expansion, diffusion of
technology, transfer of know how and increase of entrepreneurship and
managerial skills but at the same time it had created a social tension. The
studies shows that the open markets brings about a quick reshuffling of
domestic jobs.

Kucera D Sarna R (2006) shows that there was a empirical study

finding a substantial positive correlation between export manufacturing ability
and union rights indices, or more generally democracy indices. 60

1.4. RESEARCH GAP

The review of literature reveals that there is no scarcity of research
studies on globalisation and liberalisation and labour laws. It shows that the
conceptual analysis has been made relating the labour laws with the global
                                                            
50
Ahmad, Ahsan and Pages, Carmen (2006), “Helping or Hurting Workers? Assessing the Effects of
De Jure and De Facto Labor Regulation in India”, Paper presented at the Conference on India:
Meeting the Employment Challenge, 28 July 2006, Institute for Human Development, New Delhi. 
51
Bhagwati Jagdish (2004), In defence of globalization, Oxford University Press. 
52
Stiglitz Joseph E. (2002), Globalization and its discontents, Norton & Company, New York 
53
Stiglitz Joseph E. (2006), Making globalization work, Norton & Company, New York. 
54
Rodrik Dani (1997), “Has globalization gone too far?”, Institute for International Economics,
Washington. 
55
Easterly William (2001), The elusive quest for growth, Cambridge University Press. 
56
Sachs Jeffrey D. (2000), Globalization and patterns of development, Review of World 
57
Sachs Jeffrey D. (2005), The end of poverty. How can make it happen in our lifetime, Penguin
Books, London. 
58
Wolf Martin (2004), Why globalization works, Yale University Press.  
59
Collier Paul (2007), The bottom billion. Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be
done about it, Oxford University Press. 
60
Kucera D. Sarna R. (2006), Trade Union rights, democracy and exports: a gravity model approach,
Review of International Economics, 14, 5, 859-882. 

15 
 
market economic changes. Only few studies have been made on the impact of
globalisation and liberalisation on industrial workers. It is also evident that
even though few studies were made with reference to industrial workers of
India, no empirical study on impact of the globalisation and liberalisation on
the industrial workers were made relating to labour laws. When compared to
the national level no studies were made on industrial workers referring to
TamilNadu. It is pertinent to note that the authorities of state of the TamilNadu
have no data base or detailed report on the impact of liberalisation and
globalisation on industrial workers. In view of the above considerations the
socio legal study on the impact of liberalisation and globalisation on the
industrial workers with special reference to Tiruchirappalli district is very
important. Therefore the present study will throw light on the legal aspects of
industrial relations, social security and wages due to the impact of globalisation
and liberalisation on the industrial workers.

1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are set out as under:
1. To trace out and examine the historical background of labour laws in
India.
2. To analyze the impact of liberalisation and globalisation on the
industrial workers in relating to industrial relations.
3. To analyze the impact of liberalisation and globalisation on the
industrial workers in relating to social security.
4. To analyze the impact of liberalisation and globalisation on the
industrial workers in relating to wages.
5. To examine the functional process involved in the administration of the
labour legislations in India.
6. To identify the contours of the labour laws to suit the present market
scenario.
7. To examine the magnitude of the problems faced by the employer and
employee due to globalisation and liberalisation.

16 
 
 8. To examine the effectiveness of the various machineries in settlement of
labour disputes.
9. To suggest legal remedial measures to combat the problems faced and
protecting the rights of the stake holders of the industry namely the
employer and the employee.

1.6. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

Based on the review of available literature and the objectives set out for
the study, the following hypotheses are developed in the context of the present
study:
 The laws relating to industrial relations are inadequate to protect the
rights of the stake holders in view of liberalisation and globalisation.
 The social security laws are inadequate to protect the rights of
workforce in view of liberalisation and globalisation.
 The laws relating to wages are inadequate to protect the rights of
workforce in view of liberalisation and globalisation.

1.7. KEY RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To test the hypotheses, the study makes an attempt to answer the
following research questions:
1. Whether the global market economy results in the reduction of
benefits to the workers?
2. How the global market economy has altered the job security?
3. Whether the dispute resolving methods already available still holds
good for the present scenario?
4. Whether the wage fixation, policies are detrimental or boost to the
labour welfare?
5. Is there any need to alter the existing labour laws on industrial
relations, social security and wages for securing India as good place
of employment?

17 
 
 6. How far the conditions, duties, and responsibilities as described
under the labour laws are being followed by the respective
stakeholders such as workers, employers and enforcement
authorities?
7. What is the effectiveness on enforcement of existing labour laws?
8. Whether invent of fixed term employment and contract labour
system created uncertainty on the job security?
9. What is the change in attitude of the enforcement and inspecting
authorities under the labour laws?
10. Is there any shift in the judicial pronouncements after the impact of
the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on Indian labour laws?
11. Whether the impact of globalisation and liberalisation on Indian
labour market lead to casualization and contractualization of labour?
12. Whether unified single window of all the social security schemes is
possible to achieve its scope and object and make positive step in
attracting more capital and employment opportunity?
13. What are the defects in the existing dispute settlement mechanism
and how it can be rectified for effective and quicker remedy?
14. What is the level of the knowledge, awareness and access to the
rights and benefits entitled under various labour laws by the
workers?
15. Is there any gap in the existing legal and policy framework and
approaches for protecting the welfare of the workers?
16. Is there any relaxation in the policy of the government on industrial
licensing, control and regulation under the labour laws to avoid the
hindrance in the economic growth?

18 
 
1.8. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
The study first attempts at a macro analysis of impact industrial workers
in view of globalisation and liberalisation in India and Tamil Nadu state and a
micro analysis of Tiruchirappalli district. The scope of the study is limited only
with respect to the issues and challenges relating to industrial relations, social
security and wages.

In the laws relating to industrial relations it is limited to Industrial

Disputes, Industrial Employment standing orders.

In the laws relating to social security it is limited to accident

compensation, retirement benefits and work environment safety.

In the laws relating to wages it is limited to wage fixations, minimum

wage and payment of wages.

The scope of the present study is limited to three different industrial

sectors on manufacturing, service and Information Technology sectors in
Tiruchirappalli district. The Tiruchirappalli district is having 478096 industrial
workers 61 . With regard to the period limitation, the period of the study is
limited from April 2015 to April 2016.

1.9. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF STUDY

Tiruchirappalli District is located centrally in Tamil Nadu. The district
in its present size was formed in September 1995 by trifurcating the composite
Tiruchirappalli district into Tiruchirappalli, Karur and Perambalur districts.

1.9.1. Location, Geographical Area and Population

The Tiruchirappalli district has an area of 4403.83 Sq.Kms. It is bound
by Perambalur and Ariyalur districts on the north, Thanjavur district on the
east, Pudukkottai and Dindigul districts on the south and Karur district on the
west. Being a place located centrally in the State, it has excellent transport link
                                                            
61
Census India 2011. 

19 
 
to all other districts in the State. The district lies between 11” 00’ and 12” 00’
degrees of the northern latitude and between 77” 28’ and 78” 50’ degrees of the
eastern longitude.

Table No.1.1
Population of Tiruchirappalli district comparison of 2001 and 2011 census
report

Description 2011 2001

Actual population 2722290 2418366
Male 1352284 1208534
Female 1370006 1209832
Population Growth 12.57% 10.10%
Area in Sq.KM 4509 4509
Population Density / KM2 604 536
Population proportion to the State 3.77% 3.885%
Source: Census Report 2001 and 2011

As shown in the Table No. 1.1. the total population of the district is
2722290 persons. There is an increase of 2.47% in the population from 2001 to
2011. The district has a population density of 604 people per sq.km according
to 2011 census comparing to 536 during the 2011 census. The district has an
urbanization rate of 49% and an average literacy rate of the district was
83.23%. The Tiruchirappalli district holds 3.77% of the total population of the
state. 62

1.9.2. Position of labour force in the Tiruchirappalli District

The position of the labour force in Tiruchirappalli district as per the data
obtained from the district statics department shown in the 2011 census is show
here under. The Tiruchirappalli is having a total work force of 1064521 in
which there were 478096 industrial workers. The total industrial workers alone
are 44.91% of the total workers in the district.

                                                            
62
Tamil Nadu Industrial Policy 2014 Industries Department Government of Tamil Nadu page 10 

20 
 
 Table No.1.2
Strength of labour force in the Tiruchirappalli District

Nature of Workers Strength of the workers

Male workers 687814
Female Workers 376707
Rural workers 671320
Urban Workers 393201
Cultivators 203874
Agricultural Labourers 245875
Household workers 136676
Industrial Workers 478096
Total 1064521
Source: Census report of 2011

Figure No.1.1
Strength of labour force in the Tiruchirappalli District

21 
 
1.9.3. Industrial Profile of Tiruchirappalli District
Major public sector industries like BHEL, HAPP, OFT and Golden
Rock Railway workshop are functioning in the district. The district is renowned
for fabrication industry, Gem Cutting, Mat Weaving and Readymade
Garments. The Tiruchirappalli city is also the centre for the surrounding cities
on the retailing market for costumes, automobile spares, electrical and building
materials etc., The district is also meant for its textiles and Readymade
Garments, boiler manufacturing, CNC Machining, Advanced Welding
technologies, Food Processing, Fabrication works in Energy sector, Forgings
for automobile industries, Software Development and BPO’s.

1.9.4. Distribution of major Industries in Tiruchirappalli District

The Tiruchirappalli district is having the major industries in seven
blocks and the distribution ratio on each of those blocks is as shown here
under 63
Table No.1.3
Blockwise distribution of major industries in Tiruchirappalli
Name of the block Distribution ratio
of Industries in each block
Trichy City 11
Thiruverambur 15
Musiri 6
Thuraiyur 2
Manappari 3
Pullambadi 1
Lalgudi 1
Source : Government of TamilNadu, Global investor meet 2015 district profile

The Trichy city and the Thiruverambur blocks alone have more than
50% of the major industries.

                                                            
63
District profile issued by the Government of TamilNadu on the Global investor meet 2015. 

22 
 
1.9.5. Distribution of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in
Tiruchirappalli District
The Tiruchirappalli district is having the major industries in fourteen
blocks and the distribution ratio on each of those blocks is as shown here under
in Table No.
Table No.1.4
Blockwise distribution of MSME in Tiruchirappalli district
Name of the block Distribution ratio of MSME in each block
Lalgudi 592
Manapparai 676
Manachanallur 440
Musiri 624
Thiruverambur 725
Thuraiyur 897
Trichy City 5415
Anthanallur 166
Manikandam 99
Pullambadi 92
Thathaiyankar Pettai 87
Oppiliyapuram 356
Thottaiam 397
Vaiyampatti 85
Source: Government of TamilNadu, Global investor meet 2015 district profile
23 
 
 Among the fourteen block of the district Trichy City bloc alone have
51% of the micro, small and medium industries. It is evident that the major
work force is on the urban blocks.

1.10. METHODOLOGY
The study is combination of both Doctrinal and Non-Doctrinal. In order
to get information and materials for the study more effective research methods
such as historical method, evaluative method, comparative method, analytical
method and statistical method are used. Historical method is used to trace out
the origin and concept of labour laws in India. Evaluative method is used to
find out the effective implementation of various laws. The comparative method
is used to compare the international labour standards and the effective
implementation of the same together with the other international instruments on
labour rights. It is also use to compare and study the impact of liberalisation
and globalisation on the industrial workers in the manufacturing, service and IT
sectors. Analytical method is used to analyse the data and information collected

24 
 
from primary and secondary sources. The researcher conducted social survey
among industrial workers, employers and other stake holders of the industry in
order to assess the impact of liberalisation and globalisation on the industrial
workers in particular the service conditions, industrial relations, social security
and welfare measures, wage fixation and other socio economic aspects of the
industrial workers among the three sectors. The data collected through survey
among the different stake holders of the industry will be analysed by using
statistical method.

1.10.1. Sources of Data

The present study is mainly based on the primary data collected from the
industrial workers, employers, trade union office bearers and other connected
stake holders of the manufacturing, service and IT sectors in Tiruchirappalli
district.

The primary data was collected from the 700 respondents who were
employees working in different types of establishments, employers, contract
workers, office bearers of trade union and employers association in
Tiruchirappalli district.

In addition to the primary data, secondary data was also used, which
includes published and unpublished sources. The secondary data includes Text
Books, Laws, Enactments, Legal documents, Journals, Articles, Reports,
documents of the Labour department of Government of Tamil Nadu and
Central Government and publications of the International labour Organisation.
The secondary source also covers website materials and data. The secondary
data for the study is derived from Census by Government of India, District
Industrial Profile published by the Government of TamilNadu for the 2015
Global Investors meet, NSSO, ILO, Reports of NCL, Reports from the
Statistical Department of Government of TamilNadu. The secondary source
also covers media reports, printed, online materials and data.

25 
 
1.10.2.Sample Selection
By considering the strength of the industrial workers, nature and
distribution of industries in each block of the district and with number of
industrial workers in Tiruchirappalli district in accordance with the 2011
census, 700 samples were selected for data collection on the basis of random
sampling method for the present study.

Necessary measures were taken to ensure that the sample is being

collected from the respondents all the stake holders from the various types of
industries of the manufacturing sector, service sector and IT sector. Adequate
measures were also taken to collect samples industries of different employees
strength, covering all genders, different marital status, possible educational
qualifications, all age groups, from different blocks of the Tiruchirappalli
district.

Out of the 700 samples there were only 640 valid samples and the same
is considered for the study. It is significant to point out that the random
sampling is justified for investigative study. The random samples have been
selected on three different sectors namely the manufacturing, the service sector
and IT sector. The impact on the industrial workers was also analyzed by
comparing the three above mentioned sectors.

The population sizes of three sectors were 478096. Making use of the
sample size calculator (Right size) software, the required sample size was
calculated as 640 with Confidence Coefficient of 99.9% and confidence
interval of ±6.5%. The respondents were classified into three strata (sectors),
Manufacturing sector, Service sector and IT sector and to collect the data. The
researcher has used a sample size of 640 which is equal to the calculation made
through sample size calculator and therefore feasible. The impact on the
industrial workers was also analyzed by comparing the three above mentioned
sectors.

26 
 
 Table No.1.5
Percentage of samples collected on different nature of industries

Nature of the Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Industry Percent Percent
Manufacturing 230 35.9 35.9 35.9

Service sector 210 32.8 32.8 68.8

IT sector 200 31.3 31.3 100.0

Total 640 100.0 100.0

Source: Field Survey

Among the valid samples collected 35.9% covers the manufacturing

sector, 32.8% covers the service sector and 31.3% covers the IT sector. The
samples distribution from the manufacturing, service and IT sectors were more
or less equally made for the purpose of comparing the impact of globalisation
and liberalisation on industrial workers on the different sectors taken for the
study.

While collecting the sample equal importance was given to the

manufacturing, service and IT industries. Out of the total valid samples 230

27 
 
were from manufacturing sector, 210 were from service sector, 200 were from
the IT sector. This was shown in the above table No. 1.5.

The following tables and diagrams will show that the random sampling
of 640 respondents cover all the possible nature of respondents.

Table No.1.6
Number of samples achieved on the basis of gender

Gender Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Male 480 75.0 75.0 75.0
Female 160 25.0 25.0 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

The above Table No. 1.6. shows that among the valid samples collected
there were 480 males and 160 females. On the total valid samples there were
75% male and 25% female.

28 
 
 Table No.1.7
Marital Status of the valid samples
Marital Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Status Percent
Single 120 18.8 18.8 18.8
Married 520 81.3 81.3 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

The above table No. 1.7 shows that among the total valid samples 120
samples were single and 520 samples were married. On the total percentage of
the samples 18.8 % were single and 81.3% are married.

29 
 
 Table No.1.8
Age distribution of the valid samples collected
Cumulative
Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Percent
Upto 30 years 179 28.0 28.0 28.0
31 to 58 years 427 66.7 66.7 94.7
Above 58years 34 5.3 5.3 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

On the basis of age the valid samples have been categorized into three as
shown in the table No.1.8. The samples upto 30 years, which constitute 28%,
from 31 years to 58 years, which constitute 66.7% and above 58 years, which
constitute 5.3%.

30 
 
 Table No.1.9
Distribution of samples on the basis of the Educational Qualification
Educational Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Qualification Percent Percent
Upto 8th Standard 43 6.7 6.7 6.7
Completed School
68 10.6 10.6 17.3
Education
ITI 72 11.3 11.3 28.6
Diploma 164 25.6 25.6 54.2
Graduate 245 38.3 38.3 92.5
Post Graduate 48 7.5 7.5 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

As seen from the above table it is evident that the major part of the
samples had completed graduation. The second major part of the samples
completed diploma. This was shown in the above table No.1.9.

On the basis of the educational qualification of the samples 6.7% were

having education upto 8th standard, 10.6% had completed school education,
11.3% were ITI holders, 25.6% were diploma holders, 38.3% are graduates and
only 7.5% were post graduate.

31 
 
 Table No.1.10
Distribution of the samples on the basis of category
Valid Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Employer 28 4.4 4.4 4.4
Employee 486 75.9 75.9 80.3
Contract labour 88 13.8 13.8 94.1
Trade Union Office
38 5.9 5.9 100.0
bearer
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

The above table No. 1.10. shows that among the valid 486 were
employees, 88 were contract labours, 28 were employers, 38 were trade union
office bearers.

On the valid samples collected 4.4% were employers, 75.9% were

employees, 13.8% were contract labourers, 5.9% of the total sample were
office bearers of the trade unions.

32 
 
 Table No.1.11
Classification of the industry on the basis of strength of employees

Strength of Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
employees Percent
Below 10 19 3.0 3.0 3.0
Upto 20 173 27.0 27.0 30.0
Upto 100 302 47.2 47.2 77.2
Above 100 146 22.8 22.8 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

The above table No.1.11. shows that among the total valid samples
collected from the industries having different employees’ strength. In the
industry having below 10 employees there were 19 samples, 173 samples from
industry having employees strength upto 20 had been collected, 302 samples
have been collected from industry having employee strength upto 100, 146
samples have been collected from the industry having employee strength
above 100.

33 
 
 While collecting samples priority was given to the industries having
more than 10 employees as for most of the Labour Legislations 10 or more than
10 employees are required for applicability of the legislations to an industry.
Out of the valid samples collected 3.0% was from the industry where below 10
employees were employed, 27.0% was from the industry where up to 20
employees were employed, 47.2% was from the industry where up to 100
employees were employed and 22.8% was from industry where above 100
were employed.

Table No. 1.12

Nature of your engagement of the valid samples
Valid Cumulative
Response Frequency Percent
Percent Percent
Manual 62 9.7 9.7 9.7
Skilled 210 32.8 32.8 42.5
Unskilled 35 5.5 5.5 48.0
Technical 105 16.4 16.4 64.4
Managerial 84 13.1 13.1 77.5
Casual 47 7.3 7.3 84.8
Fixed term 71 11.1 11.1 95.9
Professional 26 4.1 4.1 100.0
Total 640 100.0 100.0
Source: Field Survey

34 
 
 In order to assess the real impact of globalisation and liberalisation on
the industrial workers samples have been collected from all the possible nature
workers from manual, skilled, unskilled, technical, managerial, casual, fixed
term, and professional. The above table and relevant figure would show that the
order of percentage of the samples on the basis of their nature of engagement
is in the order of skilled 33%, technical 16%, managerial 13%, fixed term
11%, manual 10%, casual 7%, unskilled 6%, professional 4%.

In order to carry out the study effectively, well drafted structured and
semi structured interview schedules were designed carefully in accordance with
the objectives of the study. Even though the questions were designed in English
in the course of field visit the same were translated to Tamil languages. The
schedule was pre tested well in advance. All the schedules were checked and
ensured that the information written were proper so as to facilitate the
subsequent analysis of the data.

The present study employed descriptive research design using ‘ ex post

facto’ method to describe the present knowledge in the relevant socio legal
details of the industrial workers in the Tiruchirappalli district. On this ‘ex post
facto’ method the researcher is not having control over the variable studied and
can report what has happened / what was happening and their knowledge. Thus
method is also used for descriptive study by means of measuring the variable.

1.11. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1.11.1.Desk Review
All the existing literatures on the subject matter of the study were
accessed and reviewed on the first step. The desk review was made by
assessing and reviewing the secondary data collected for the present study. On
the basis of the desk review the researcher had developed list of study
indicators and the same was validated with the consultation of the field experts.
The outcome was used for formulating and designing questionnaire, sampling
tools, field work logistics and tabulation plan.

35 
 
1.11.2.Pilot study
The pilot study was conducted among 12 percent of the sample size. The
sample for the pilot study was randomly selected from industries of different
employees strength, covering all genders, different marital status, possible
educational qualifications, all age groups, from different blocks of the
Tiruchirappalli district. Through the pilot study the validity and reliability of
the data collection tools were established. The study cross checked the results
derived from one respondent with the other, who were expected to have
knowledge about the person. The validity was also tested through the primary
observation.

1.11.3. Statistical Tools Used

The data collected have been coded and tabulated in terms of dependent
and independent variables in statistical tables. The Statistical Package for social
Sciences had been used for analysing the generated data by using simple
frequency percentage table and one way ANOVA. The Pie Chart, Bar Diagram,
column, line diagram, etc., had been used wherever necessary to demonstrate
the data presented in the table and statistical analysis had also been used. In
place where there was no possibility to use the statistical analysis the
descriptive analysis was made.

1.12. THE STRUCTURE OF THIS THESIS

The study has been systematically arranged into seven chapters besides
bibliography.

Chapter – I: Introduction
The first chapter presents introduction to the subject of the study,
significance of the study, review of available literatures and statement of the
problem. It explains the objectives of the study, hypotheses formulated for the
study, key research questions, Scope and limitation of the study, Geographical
area of study, Methodology, Sources of data, Structure of the Thesis

36 
 
Chapter – II: Impact of Globalisation and Liberalisation on
International Labour Standards
The second Chapter presents the International Labour Standards, the
impact of Globalisation and liberalisation on the international industrial
workers. It had also make insight into the effective implementation of the
international labour standards together with the other international instruments
on labour rights.

Chapter III: Origin and Historical development of the Labour Laws in

India
The third chapter deals with basis of various labour laws in India to
trace development, changes occurred in the labour laws to understand the
historical background and the real scope and object of the labour laws.

Chapter – IV: Impact of Globalisation and Liberalisation on Industrial

Workers relating to Industrial Relation Laws
The fourth chapter makes an attempt to study and analyse the various
impacts on the industrial workers due to changes in the industrial relation laws
and corresponding judicial pronouncements in view of globalisation and
liberalisation and the data collected from the field and analyse the data.

Chapter – V: Impact of Globalisation and Liberalisation on Industrial

Workers in Relating to Social Security Laws
The fifth chapter makes an attempt to study and analyse the various
impacts on the industrial workers due to changes in the social security laws and
corresponding judicial pronouncements in view of globalisation and
liberalisation and the data collected from the field and analyse the data.

37 
 
Chapter – VI: Impact of Globalisation and Liberalisation on Industrial
Workers in Relating To Wage Laws
The sixth chapter makes an attempt to study and analyse the various
impacts on the industrial workers due to changes in the wage laws and
corresponding judicial pronouncements in view of globalisation and
liberalisation and the data collected from the field and analyse the data.

Chapter – VII: Conclusion and Suggestions

The seventh chapter presents the major findings and suggestions.

38