NURSING THEORISTS
force at this time.
History of nursing theory:
 The history of Professional nursing began with Florence
Nightingale.
 The word Nurse is derived from the Anglo-French “Nurice”
both of means Nourish.
Nursing Associations:
 RNAO- Registered Nurses Associations of Ontario
 CNA- Canadian Nurses Associations
 CNO- College of Nurses of Ontario
Why Nursing is Important?
 It helps to interpret Data
 Help nurses make decisions based on relevant Informations
 Helps plan for care
 Helps predict and evaluate outcomes
 It also helped to differentiate nursing from other disciplines.
The Nursing Metaparadigm:
 Nurse
 Person
 Health
 Environment
Curriculum Era:
 Addressed the question of what content nurses should study
to learn how to be a nurse.
 The idea of moving nursing education from hospital-based
diploma into colleges and universities.
Research Emphasis Era:
 Nurses began to participate in research, and research courses
were included in nursing curricula in early graduate nursing
programs.
 Nursing research revealed that nursing studies lacked
conceptual connections and theoretical Frameworks,
accentuating their necessity for the development of
specialized nursing knowledge.
 The standardization of curricula for a nursing master’s
education by the national league for nursing accreditation
criteria for baccalaureate and higher-degree programs, and
the decision that doctoral education for nurses should be in
nursing.
Graduate Education Era:
 Nursing Master’s program began to include courses in concept
development and nursing models, introducing students to
early nursing theorists and knowledge development process.
 The development of nursing knowledge was a major
 1970, nursing continue to make the transition from
vocation to profession.
Theory Era:
 Was a natural outgrowth of the research and the
graduate education eras.
 The explosives proliferation of nursing doctoral
programs from the 1970’s and nursing theory
literature substantiated that nursing doctorates
should be in nursing rather than in other disciplines.
 Doctoral education in nursing began to developed
with a strong emphasis on theory development and
testing.
 Accelerated as early works developed as frameworks
for curricula and advanced guides began to be
recognized as theory.
 Fawcett seminal proposal of four global nursing
concepts as a nursing metaparadigm.
Kuhn’s 1970, his philosophy of science clarifies an
understanding of the evolution of nursing theory
through paradigm science.
Fitzpatrick and whall said “nursing is on the brink of an
existing new era”
Theory Utilization Era:
 Middle-range theory and the value of the nursing
Framework for thought and action in nursing
practice was realized.
 Continues to emphasize the development and use of
nursing theory and to produce evidence for quality
professional practice.
Curriculum Era (1900-1940)
 What curriculum content should student nurses
study to be a nurse?
Research Era (1950-1970)
 What is the focus of nursing research?
Graduate Education Era (1950-1970)
 What knowledge is needed for the practice of
nursing?
Theory Era (1980-1990)
 How do these frameworks guide research and
practice?
Theory utilization Era (21st Century)
 What new theories are needed to produce evidence for
quantity care?
Early Theorists of historical significance:
1. Hildegard E. Peplau (1909-1999)
 Theory of interpersonal Relations
2. Virginia Henderson (1897-1996)
 Definition of Nursing
3. Faye Glenn Abdellah (1919-Present)
 Twenty One Nursing Problems
4. Earnestine Wiedenbach (1900-1996)
 The helping art of clinical nursing
5. Lydia Hall (1906-1969)
 Core, Care, Cure model
6. Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
 Human to Human relationship Model
7. Kathryn E. Barnard (1938-Present)
 Child health Assessment
8. Evelyn Adam (1929-Present)
 Conceptual model for nursing
9. Nancy Roper (1918-2004)
 A model of nursing based on a model of living
10. Winifred Logan (1931-2010)
 A model of nursing based on a model of living
11. Alison J. Tierney
 A model for nursing based on a model of living
12. Ida Jean Orlando Pelletier (1926-2007)
 Nursing Process theory
“The idea of nursing, historically rooted in the care of the sick and
in the provision of nurturance for those vulnerable to ill health is
foundation to the profession” Wolf, 2006
Hildegard E. Peplau (1909-1999)
 The mother of psychiatric nursing
 Her scoop of influence in nursing includes her contributions as
a psychiatric nursing expert, educator, author, and nursing
leader, and theorist.
 She provided major leadership in the professionalization of
nursing.
 Executive director and president of the American nurses
associations (ANA)
 She Promoted Professional standards and regulations through
credentialing.
 She discusses Four Psychobiological experiences that compel
destructive or constructive patient responses, as follows:
NEEDS, FRUSTRATIONS, CONFLICTS, AND ANXIETIES.
 Theory of interpersonal Relations.
 She identified Four Phases of the nurse-patient
relationship: ORIENTATION, IDENTIFICATION,
EXPLOITATION, RESOLUTION
 Diagrammed changing aspects of nurse-patient
relationship and proposed and described six nursing
roles: STRANGER, RESOURCE PERSON, TEACHER,
LEADER, SURROGATE, COUNSELOR.
 Her work on nurse-patient relationship is known well
internationally and continue to influence nursing
practice and research.
Virginia Henderson (1897-1996)
 Definition of Nursing
 She viewed the patient as an individual who requires
help toward achieving independence and
completeness or wholeness of mind and body.
ICN- International council of nurses.
Ernestine Weidenbach (1900-1996)
 The helping art of clinical nursing
 Theory development and maternal infant nursing
 She directed the major curriculum in maternal and
new born health nursing.
 Authored books used widely in nursing education.
“People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few
would disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for
someone in a motherly fashion”
 Four elements of clinical nursing: PHILOSOPHY,
PURPOSE, PRACTICE, ART.
 Her work is considered a philosophical of the art of
nursing.
Lydia hall (1906-1969)
 Core, Care, Cure Model
 Hall used three interlocking circles to represent
aspects of the patient and nursing functions.
 CARE represents the patients Body, CURE represents
the disease, CORE represents inner feelings.
 She recognized professional nurses and encourage
them to contribute to patient outcomes.
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
 Human to Human relationship model
 She proposed that the goal of nursing was to assist an
individual, family, or community.
 She proposed that nursing was accomplished through
human to human relationship that began with:
1. The original encounter and progressed through
stages of
2. Emerging identities
3. Developing feelings of empathy and later
4. Sympathy, until
5. The nurse and the patient attained rapport in the final stage.
“it is believed the spiritual values a person holds will determine,
to a great extent, his perception of illness. The spiritual values of
the nurse or her philosophical beliefs about illness and suffering
will determine the degree to which he or she will be able to help
ill persons find meaning, or no meaning, in these situations”.
Kathryn E. Barnard (1938-2015)
 Child health assessment
 She was an internationally recognized pioneer in the field of
infant mental health.
 She was a renowned researcher, teacher and innovator.
 She was the founder of the nursing child assessment satellite
training project (NCAST)
 She modeled the role of researcher in clinical practice and
engaged in theory development in practice for the
advancement of nursing science.
Evelyn Adam (1929-Present)
 Conceptual model for nursing
 She contributed to theory development with clear explanation
and use of earlier works.
 Adam’s work is a theory of nursing.
Nancy Roper (1918-2004), Winifred W. Logan (1931-2004), Alison
J. Tierney
 A model for nursing based on a model of living
 Nancy roper is described as a practical theorist who produced
simple nursing theory.
 Nancy roper published principles of nursing
 Nancy authored the elements of nursing in 1980, 1985, and
1990.
 The trio collaborated in the fourth and most recent edition of
the elements of nursing: A model for nursing based on a model
of living (1996).
 The trio prepared a monograph about the model titled the
roper-logan-tierney model of nursing: based on activities of
living.
 The ALS (activities of living) include maintaining a safe
environment, communicating, breathing, eating, and drinking,
eliminating, personal cleansing and dressing, controlling body
temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing
sexuality, sleeping, and dying.
 The five groups of factors that influence the ALS are
biological, psychological, socio-cultural, environmental,
and politico-economic. (those can be used to described
the individual in relation to maintaining health,
preventing disease, coping during periods of sickness
and rehabilitation, coping positively during period of
chronic ill health, and coping when dying.)
 Four phases: ASSESSING, PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING,
EVALUATING.
Ida Jean Pelletier (1926-2007)
 Nursing process theory
 The study was carried out by observing and
participating in experiences with patients, students,
nurses, and structors, and was derived inductively
from field notes for this study.
“if I had been more courageous in 1961, when this book
was first written, I would have proposed it as ‘nursing
process theory’ instead of as a ‘theory of effective
nursing practice’”.
 The discipline and teaching of nursing process: an
evaluating study.
 According to her, persons become patient who
require nursing care when they have needs for help
that cannot be met independently because they have
physical limitations, have negative reactions to an
environment, or have an experience that prevents
them from communicating their needs.
 Orlando proposed a positive correlation between the
length of time the patient experiences unmet needs
and the degree of distress.
History of Nursing Science: (Bruce, Rietze, Lim 2014)
1. What is real- Antology
2. What is knowable- Epistemology
3. Is this just?- Ethics
4. Is there an art to caring?- aesthetics
Science is a method for describing, explaining, and
predicting causes or outcomes of interventions.
Being a scientific discipline means identifying
nursing’s unique knowledge for the care of patients,
families, and communities.
Historical views of the nature of science:
 Two competitive philosophical perspective used in
science are rationalism and empiricism.
Epistemology- theory of knowledge for
understanding how to uncover the answer to a
question.
Nursing science has been characterized by two
branching philosophies of knowledge as the discipline
developed:
1. Empiricist, Mechanistic, Quantitative, Deductive.
2. Interpretive, Holistic, Qualitative, Inductive.
Rationalism:
 Emphasizes the importance of a prior reasoning as the
appropriate method for advancing knowledge.
Theory-then-Research Strategy:
 Theoretical assertions derived by deductive reasoning are
then subjected to experimental testing to a corroborate the
theory. (Reynolds 2014)
“as the continuous interplay between theory construction
(invention) and testing with empirical research progresses, the
theory becomes more precise and complete as a description of
nature and therefore more useful for the goals of science”
(Reynolds, 1971)
Empericism:
 Based on a certain idea that scientific knowledge can be
derived only from sensory experience.
 Bacon believed that scientific truth was discovered through
generalizing observed facts in the natural world.
Inductive Method- Base on the idea that the collection of facts
precedes attempts to formulate generalizations, or as Reynolds
called it, research-then-theory strategy.
Skinner asserted that advances in the science of Psychology could
be expected if scientist would focus on the collection of
empirical data.
Early 20th Century views of science and theory:
 Philosophies focused on the analysis of theory structures,
whereas scientist focused on empirical research.
Positivism- Term used by comte.
Modern logical positivist believed that empirical research and
logical analysis were two approaches that would produce
scientific knowledge. (Brown, 1977)
Emergent views of science and theory in the late 20th Century:
 Presented analysis challenging the positivist position.
Foucault (1973) Published his analysis of the epistemology
(knowledge) of human sciences from the 17th to the 19th
centuries.
Brown identified the following three different views of the
relationship between theories and observations:
1. Scientist are merely passive observers of occurrences in the
empirical world.
2. Theories structure what the scientist perceives in the
empirical world.
3. Pre supposed theories and observable data interact
in the process of scientific investigation.
Nurses uses evidence-based science to support the
interventions performed in the care of patients.
According to Kuhn, science progress from a pre science,
to a normal science, to a crisis, to a revolution, and
then to a new normal science.
Interdependence of theory and research:
 A theory is accepted if the scientist agree.
 Consensus is based on accumulated evidence.
3 key areas of scientific consensus:
 Agreement on the boundaries
 Agreement on the logic used
 Agreement that the theory fits the data collected
Theory must meet the criteria to be personalized.
Science as a social enterprise:
 Human beings do science- Gale.
 Typologies- Systematic arrangements within a given
category.
 Science progresses by the diversity of dialogue within
the discipline of nursing.
THEORY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:
‘To advance nursing science, it is critical for nurses to
have a comprehensive understanding of the
philosophical and theoretical foundations of the
discipline.” (Yancey, 2015)
THEORY COMPONENTS:
 Identified six theory components and specified the
contributions they make to theory. Three categories
of theory components are presented as a basis for
understanding the function of each element in the
theory-building process: CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION,
RELATIONAL STATEMENTS, AND THE LINKAGES AND
ORDERING.
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS:
Concepts- The building blocks of theories classify the
phenomena of interest.
Scientific progress- based on critical review and testing
of a researcher’s work by the scientific community.
Concepts may be abstract or concrete.
Abstract concepts are mentally constructed independent of a Accessibility- addresses the extent to which empiric
specific time or place, whereas concrete concepts are directly indicators for the concepts can be identified and to what
experienced and relate to a particular time or place. extent the purposes of the theory can be attained.

Abstract concepts Concrete concepts Importance- a parallel can be drawn between outcome
and importance.
Transport Stretcher, wheelchair,
hospital bed, ambulance MODERN NURSING:
Vascular disease Stroke, myocardial FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910)
infarction, peripheral
vascular disease  Environmental theory
 Founder of modern nursing
Telemetry Electrocardiogram, holter  Born May 12, 1820
monitor  Lady with the lamp
 Five essential components of environmental
Loss of relationship Divorce, widowhood, health: PURE AIR, LIGHT, CLEANLINES, EFFICIENT
suicide DRAINAGE, PURE WATER
 Major assumptions: NURSING, PERSON, HEALTH,
Nurse competency Cultural, IV insertion, drug
ENVIRONMENT
calculation
 She define nursing as “the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in this
Continuous concept Permits classification of dimension or recovery”
gradations of a phenomenon, indicating degree of marital conflict.  Three Major relationship: ENVIRONMENT TO
Labeled concepts specifies boundaries for selecting phenomena PATIENT, NURSE TO ENVIRONMENT, NURSE TO
to observed and for reasoning about the phenomena of interest. PATIENT.
New concept may focus attention on new phenomena or facilitate
thinking about phenomena in a different way. Concept analysis is JEAN WATSON (1940-PRESENT)
an important beginning step in the process of theory development  Human Caring
to create a conceptual definition.
 Ten Carative Factors: Formation of a
RELATIONAL STATEMENTS:
Humanistic-altruistic system of values,
Statements in a theory may state definitions or relations among Instillation of faith-hope, Cultivation of
concepts. sensitivity to one's self and to others,
Development of a helping-trusting, human
Theoretical assertions are either a necessary or sufficient
caring relationship, Promotion and acceptance
condition, or both.
of the expression of positive and negative
Analysis of theory: feelings, systematic use of a creative problem-
solving caring process, Promotion of
Analysis of theory is carried out to acquire knowledge of transpersonal teaching-learning, Provision for a
theoretical adequacy. supportive/protective, and/or corrective
The analysis of process is useful for learning about the words and mental/ physical/ societal/and spiritual
is essential for nurse scientists who intend to test, expand, or environment, Assistance with gratification of
extend the works. human needs, allowance for existential-
phenomenological-spiritual forces.
Clarity- speaks to the meaning of term used, and definitional  Ten Caritas Processes:
consistency and structure speak to the consistent structural form 1. Cultivating the practice of loving-kindness
of terms in the theory. and equanimity toward self and others as
Simplicity- is highly valued in nursing theory development. foundational to caritas consciousness.
2. Being Present to, and Supportive of, the
Generality- speaks to the scope of application and the purpose Expression of Positive and Negative Feelings
within the theory. 3. Cultivation of One's Own Spiritual Practices

and Transpersonal Self, Going beyond Ego-Self.

4. Developing and Sustaining a Helping-Trusting, Caring
Relationship.
5. Being Present to, and Supportive of, the Expression of
Positive and Negative Feelings
6. Creative Use of Self and All Ways of Knowing as Part of the
Caring Process; Engage in the Artistry of Caritas Nursing
7. Engage in Genuine Teaching-Learning Experience That
Attends to Unity of Being and Subjective Meaning –
Attempting to Stay Within the Other's Frame of Reference
8. Creating a Healing Environment at All Levels
9. Administering Sacred Nursing Acts of Caring-Healing by
Tending to Basic Human Needs
10. Opening and Attending to Spiritual/Mysterious and
Existential Unknowns of Life-Death
MARILYN ANNE RAY (1938-PRESENT)
 Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
 Major concepts and definition: Caring, Spiritual-Ethical
Caring, Educational, Physical, Social-Cultural, Legal,
Technological, Economic, Political.
PATRICIA BENNER
 Stages of Expertise Nursing Philosophies
 She described five levels of nursing experience which are:
Novice, Advance Beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert.
KARI MARTINSEN (1943-PRESENT)
 Philosophy of caring
 Martinsen emphasizes care as being basic to human
existence.
 “Care is to be concrete and present in a relationship by our
senses and our bodies. It is always to be in a movement
away from ourselves and towards the other,”
 Theoretical sources: Karl Marx: Critical Analysis—A
Transformative Practice, Edmund Husserl:
Phenomenology as the Natural Attitude, Merleau-Ponty:
The Body as the Natural Attitude, Martin Heidegger:
Existential Being as Caring, Knud Eiler Løgstrup: Ethics as a
Primary Condition of Human Existence, Max Weber:
Vocation as the Duty to Serve One’s Neighbor through
One’s Work, Michel Foucault: The Effect of His Method
Intensifying Phenomenologists’ Phenomenology, Paul
Ricoeur: The Bridge-Builder.
 Major concepts & definitions:
 CARE
 PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT AND
DISCERNMENT
 MORAL PRACTICE IS FOUNDED ON CARE
 PERSON-ORIENTED PROFESSIONALISM
 SOVEREIGN LIFE UTTERANCES
 THE UNTOUCHABLE ZONE
KATIE ERIKSSON (1943-PRESENT)
 Caritative Caring Theory
 “Caritative caring means that we take “caritas”
into use when caring for the human being in
health and suffering …. Caritative caring is a
manifestation of the love that ‘just exists’…Caring
communion, true caring, occurs when the one
caring in a spirit of caritas alleviates the suffering
of the patient”
 born on November 18, 1943
 MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
1. Caritas- Caritas means love and charity.
2. Caring communion- Caring communion
constitutes the context of the meaning of
caring and is the structure that determines
caring reality.
3. The act of caring- The act of caring contains
the caring elements (faith, hope, love, tending,
playing, and learning), involves the categories
of infinity and eternity, and invites to deep
communion.
4. Caritative caring ethics- comprises the ethics
of caring, the core of which is determined by
the caritas motive.
5. Dignity- constitutes one of the basic concepts
of caritative caring ethics.
6. Invitation- refers to the act that occurs when
the carer welcomes the patient to the caring
communion.
7. Suffering- an ontological concept described as
a human being’s struggle between good and
evil in a state of becoming.
8. Suffering related to illness, to care, and to life-
These are three different forms of suffering.
Suffering related to illness is experienced in
connection with illness and treatment.
9. The suffering human being- the concept that
Eriksson uses to describe the patient.
10. Reconciliation- Reconciliation refers to the
drama of suffering.
11. Caring culture- concept that Eriksson uses
instead of environment.
NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODEL:
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE (1921-1996)
 The Conservation Model
 Conceptual diagram of conservation Model:
1. WHOLENESS- exploring the parts of the whole to
understand the whole.
2. ADAPTATION- Adaptation is a process of change whereby
the individual retains his integrity within the realities of his
internal and external environment.
3. ENVIRONMENT- each individual as having his or her own
environment, both internally and externally.
4. ORGANISMIC RESPONSE- The capacity of the individual to
adapt to his or her environmental condition is called the
organismic response.
 FIGHT OR FLIGHT- The most primitive response is
the fight or flight syndrome.
 INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE- This defense
mechanism protects the self from insult in a hostile
environment.
 RESPONSE TO STRESS- It is characterized by
irreversibility and influences the way patients
respond to nursing care.
5. PERCEPTUAL AWARENESS- It occurs only as the individual
experiences the world around him or her.
6. TROPHICOGNOSIS- an alternative to nursing diagnosis. It is
a scientific method of reaching a nursing care judgment.
7. CONSERVATION- Conservation describes the way complex
systems are able to continue to function even when
severely challenged
8. CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES- The goals of the Conservation
Model are achieved through interventions that attend to
the conservation principles.
9. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY- The individual requires a
balance of energy and a constant renewal of energy to
maintain life activities.
10. CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY- Healing is a
process of restoring structural and functional integrity
through conservation in defense of wholeness.
11. CONSERVATION OF PERSONAL INTEGRITY- The conservation
of personal integrity includes recognition of the holiness of
each person.
12. CONSERVATION OF SOCIAL INTEGRITY- Life gains meaning
through social communities, and health is socially
determined. Nurses fulfill professional roles, provide for
family members, assist with religious needs, and use
interpersonal relationships to conserve social integrity.
MARTHA E. ROGERS (1914-1994)
 Unitary Human beings Theory
 Major concepts & definitions:
1. ENERGY FIELD- An energy field constitutes the
fundamental unit of both the living and the
nonliving.
 The unitary human being- defined as an
irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional
energy field identified by pattern and
manifesting characteristics that are
specific to the whole and that cannot be
predicted from knowledge of the parts.
 Environmental field- defined as an
irreducible, pandimensional energy field
identified by pattern and integral with the
human field.
2. UNIVERSE OF OPEN SYSTEMS- The human and
environmental fields are in continuous process
and are open systems.
3. PATTERN- Pattern identifies energy fields.
4. PANDIMENSIONALITY- a nonlinear domain without
spatial or temporal attributes.
DOROTHEA E. OREM (1914-2007)
 Self- care deficit theory
 Nursing practice sciences:
 Wholly Compensatory Nursing- the nurse is
expected to do all the patients therapeutic
self-care.
 Partly Compensatory Nursing- Partnership
between the nurse and the patient.
 Supportive-Developmental Nursing- Requires
assistance in decision making, behavior
control, acquisition of skill.
 MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS:
 SELF-CARE- describes why and how people care
for themselves.
 DEPENDENT CARE- refers to the care that is
provided to a person who, because of age or
related factors, is unable to perform the self-
care needed to maintain life, healthful
functioning, continuing personal development,
and wellbeing.
 SELF-CARE REQUISITES- a formulated and
expressed insight about actions to be
performed that are known or hypothesized to
be necessary in the regulation of an aspect(s)
of human functioning and development,
continuously or under specified conditions and
circumstances.
 UNIVERSAL SELF-CARE REQUISITES- Universally required  HEALTH- defined as dynamic life experiences of a
goals are to be met through self-care or dependent care, human being, which implies continuous adjustment
and they have their origins in what is known and what is to stressors in the internal and external
validated, or what is in the process of being validated, environment through optimum use of one’s
about human structural and functional integrity at various resources to achieve maximum potential for daily
stages of the life cycle. living.
 DEVELOPMENTAL SELF-CARE REQUISITES  NURSING- defined as a process of action, reaction,
 HEALTH DEVIATION SELF-CARE REQUISITES- exist for and interaction whereby nurse and client share
persons who are ill or injured, who have specific forms of information about their perceptions in the nursing
pathological conditions or disorders, including defects and situation.
disabilities, and who are under medical diagnosis and  SELF- is a composite of thoughts and feelings which
treatment. constitute a person’s awareness of his [/her]
 THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND- consists of the individual existence, his [/her] conception of who
summation of care measures necessary at specific times or and what he [/she] is.
over a duration of time to meet all of an individual’s known
BETTY NEUMAN (1924-PRESENT)
self-care requisites.
 SELF-CARE AGENCY- a complex acquired ability of mature  Systems Model
and maturing persons to know and meet their continuing  MAJOR CONCEPTS:
requirements for deliberate, purposive action to regulate  WHOLISTIC APPROACH
their own human functioning and development.  OPEN SYSTEM
 DEPENDENT-CARE AGENCY- refers to the acquired ability of  Function or Process
a person to know and meet the therapeutic self-care  Input and Output
demand of the dependent person and/or regulate the  Feedback
development and exercise of the dependent’s self-care  Negentropy
agency.  Stability
 SELF-CARE DEFICIT- a relation between persons’ therapeutic  ENVIRONMENT
self-care demands and their powers of self-care agency in  Created Environment
which the constituent developed self-care capabilities  CLIENT SYSTEM
within self-care agency are not operable or are not  Basic Client Structure
adequate for knowing and meeting some or all components  Lines of Resistance
of the existent or projected therapeutic self-care demand.  Normal Line of Defense
 NURSING AGENCY- developed capabilities of persons  Flexible Line of Defense
educated as nurses that empower them to represent  HEALTH
themselves as nurses.  Wellness
 NURSING DESIGN- a professional function performed both  Illness
before and after nursing diagnosis and prescription.  STRESSORS
 NURSING SYSTEMS- Nursing systems are series and  DEGREE OF REACTION
sequences of deliberate practical actions of nurses  PREVENTION AS INTERVENTION
performed at times in coordination with the actions of their  Primary Prevention- the nurse should reduce
patients. the encounter of stressor.
 HELPING METHODS- A helping method from a nursing  Secondary Prevention- intervention or
perspective is a sequential series of actions that is treatment given to the individual who has just
performed. encounter with the stressor.
 BASIC CONDITIONING FACTORS- refer to those factors that  Tertiary Prevention- rehabilitation held
condition or affect the value of the therapeutic self-care restoration and palliative care.
demand and/or the self-care agency of an individual.  RECONSTITUTION
IMOGENE KING (1923-2007)

 Conceptual system and middle range theory of goal

attainment
 MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS:
SISTER CALLISTA ROY (1939-PRESENT)

 Adaptation Model
 MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS:
 SYSTEM- a set of parts connected to function as a
whole for some purpose and that does so by virtue of
the interdependence of its parts.
 ADAPTATION LEVEL- Adaptation level represents the
condition of the life processes described on three
levels as integrated, compensatory, and
compromised.
 ADAPTATION PROBLEMS- broad areas of concern
related to adaptation. These describe the difficulties
related to the indicators of positive adaptation.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL-PHYSICAL MODE- basic needs
 SELF-CONCEPT-GROUP IDENTITY MODE- it deals with
the individual conceptions of physical and personal
values.
 ROLE FUNCTION MODE- concern with individual
performance of roles on the basis of the position
between the society.
 INTERDEPENDENCE MODE- it deals with the
development of the maintenance of satisfying
affectional relationship with the significant other.

DOROTHY E. JOHNSON (1919-1999)

 Behavioral system model

 MAJOR CONCEPTS:
 BEHAVIOR
 SYSTEM
 BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM
 Attachment-Affiliative Subsystem
 Dependency Subsystem
 Ingestive Subsystem
 Eliminative Subsystem
 Sexual Subsystem
 Achievement Subsystem
 Aggressive-Protective Subsystem