EXPERIMENT 1

ORIFICE AND FREE FLOW JETS

CE123L – B06

Date Performed: August 2, 2018

Group 1

Balingit, Johanne Christian

Ilagan, Emmanuel Jafferson

Laza, Andrei Paulo

Martinez, Janine Aira

Saguinsin, Julia

Panganiban, Jester

Submited To:

Engr. Ada Vianca Rebutiaco

I. INTRODUCTION
An orifice is an opening where the fluids is discharging in a form of a jet.

The discharge strongly depends on how high the level of the head and

how small is the diameter of the orifice. For theoretical amount, the famous

Bernoulli’s equation was used for the analysis. However, experimental value is

always lesser than the theoretical amount because of the viscosity of the fluid

used.

In this experiment, a small circular orifice with a constant head was used

and several trials were made in order to determine the coefficient of discharge.

OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the coefficient of discharge for a small circular orifice

subjected to a constant head

 To measure the trajectory of a horizontal jet issuing from an orifice and

hence determine the coefficient of velocity for the orifice

II. METHODOLOGY
 The equipment that were used in the experiment are constant head inlet

tank, hydraulic bench and a circular orifice. This instruments were used to

determine the data that were needed in the said experiment.

For the procedure, first, position the overflow connecting tube so that it will

discharge into the volumetric tank; make sure that this tube will not interfere with

the trajectory of the jet flowing from the orifice. Then, turn on the pump and open

the bench valve gradually.

Start the pump and set up an

inlet head of 25 cm. The jet trajectory is obtained by using the needles mounted
 on the vertical backboard to follow the profile of the jet. Start measuring the flow

rate using the graduated cylinder. Measure the trajectory of the jet using the hook

gauge. Record the horizontal and vertical distances from the plane of the orifice

to the co-ordinate point marking the position of the first needle.

III. DATA AND RESULTS

Diameter (mm) 3

H (cm) 25 20

√ H (cm) 5 2 √5

Volume (L) 0.110 0.090

Time (s) 9.81 9.84

m3
Qactual ( )
s 1.1213 x 10
−2
9.1463 x 10
−3

Diameter of orifice 3
(mm)
H(cm) 25 20
X(cm) Vertical distance below the orifice center
line, y (cm)
0
5 0 0
10 0.8 1.4
15 2.3 2.9
20 4.2 5.3
25 6.6 8.4
30 9.7 12.2
35 13.3 17
40 17.5 22.9

COMPUTATIONS:
@H=25;
 3
Qactual ( )
m
s
=
Volume 0.110
Time
=
9.81
=1.1213 x 10−2

Slope 3.9152 x 10−3

C d= = 2
=1.2504 x 10−3
A √2 g π ( 0.3 cm)
4
√(2)(9.81)(100)
1 1
C v= = =25.54
Slope 2 √ H 3.9152 x 10−3 (2) √ 25

@H=20;
3
Qactual ( )
m
s
=
Volume 0.090
Time
=
9.84
=9.1463 x 10−3

−3
Slope 3.91529 x 10 −4
C d= = 2
=1.7585
A √2 g π ( 0.3 cm)
4
√(2)(9.81)(100)
1 1
C v= = =28.56
Slope 2 √ H 3.9152 x 10−3 (2) √ 20

11 3
−
Slope: 981 328
=3.9152 x 10
−3

5−√ 20

In this experiment, we measured the actual discharge of water flowing

through an orifice. We made two trials for the determination of the actual

discharge of the water; we used two different levels of water, 25 cm head and 30
cm head, to measure the difference and to know if there is a relationship

between the results.

9.84

Ti me (s ) 9.81

90

Vol ume (mL) 110

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
25 cm Head 20 cm Head

Figure 1Flow rate of water flowing through the orifice

This figure shows the measured volumes of the discharged water per water

head. This data will be used to calculate the Flow Rate of the water as it escapes

the tank.

1.20E-02

1.00E-02

8.00E-03
Di scha rge

6.00E-03

4.00E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00
15 20 25 30 35 40
Head

Q actua l

Figure 2 Head vs Discharge

.

This figures shows the relationship of the discharge of the water at certain

head. As you can see it shows a positive relationship, so we can say that the

higher the head the stronger the discharge.

The second part of the experiment is the determination of the path of water

when flowing through an orifice. We measured and traced the flow with the help

of some guideline, graphing paper and a ruler to measure the distance of the

water from the top of the paper at a certain location. This will help us understand

the experiment because this way, we can visualize the behavior of water.
 25

20

15
deepness (cm)

25 cm Head
10 Li near (25 cm Head)
20 cm Head
Li near (20 cm Head)
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Length (cm)

Figure 3 Actual measurement of distance

This shows the actual measurements that was measured by the ruler.
 30

25

20
Height (cm)
15 25 cm Head
Li near (25 cm Hea d)
10 20 cm Head
Li near (20 cm Hea d)
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Length (cm)

Figure 4 Actual flow of water

This figure shows the actual flow path of the water. You can see through

the graph, the water with 25 cm head is higher with the water with 20 cm head.

As you can see higher head makes the graph rise. The reason for that is the

difference in pressure in each head. The higher the head the higher the pressure

and that result to drastic increase of the y component

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As observed in the experiment, the trajectory of a free flow jet with an orifice

on the side of the tank will discharge water trajectory to a downward like

parabola, since it is subjected to gravity forming a downward force. As

mentioned, this experiment is needed to be done to determine the coefficient of

discharge (Cd) of a small circular orifice subjected to a constant head, and to

measure the trajectory of a horizontal jet issuing from an orifice and hence

determine the coefficient of velocity (Cv) of the orifice.

The coefficient of discharge obtained in the experiment are 1.2504x10 -3 and

1.7585x10-4 for constant heads of 25 cm and 20 cm, respectively. On the other

hand, the theoretical coefficient of velocity for the same constant heads are 25.54

and 28.56, respectively.

Based on the data gathered, calculated, and presented, the computed actual

flow rate (Qactual) is directly proportional to the square root of a constant head (

√ H ) resulting to a positive linear graph of plotting Qactual vs. √ H for each

constant heads as mentioned in the discussion.

Plotting the vertical distance from the orifice centerline ( √ y) against

horizontal distance from the orifice(x) shows that they are directly proportional

also resulting to a positive linear graph for each constant head as mentioned in

the discussion.