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As the development of Malaysia improved, the economic growth has created a higher demand in
construction activities especially housing industry. Hence, modern technologies or new ideas are
introduced to cope with high consumer’s needs. One of the new technologies introduced was the
Industrialised Building System or IBS system.
Industrialised Building System (IBS) in Malaysia is defined as a construction technique which the
manufacturing of the structural components happen in a factory or supervised environment, both off site
or on the site, then transported, placed and assembled into construction works. The concept of the IBS is
based on buildability, economy and standardization of components. The government has made it
compulsory for all government projects to contain 70% of IBS system in the construction work. In
Malaysia, there are 6 main IBS which are
1. Precast System
2. Formwork System
3. Steel Framing System
4. Block Work System
5. Prefabricated Timber Framing
6. Innovative System
Base on these few types of IBS system, we will design a 3-storey apartment block in this group
assignment and document our understanding in this report.
2. Compilation of drawings
Scale 1:200
2.9.1 Door and window legend
Scale 1:200
2.9.3 Components schedule
3. IBS system
3.1 Precast Concrete System
Precast concrete system is the system which the construction product was produced in a
controlled environment and standardized, and then was transported to the site for
assembly. These structural components are manufactured by industrial methods
according in mass production to build a large number of buildings in more efficient way
either in time or cost.
3.1.1. Feature
The system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whole or part of
a building. There are two categories of ab systems depending on the extent of
prefabrication used in the construction. However the system that we used are full prefab
open system. In this system, almost all the structural components are prefabricated.
3.1.3 Elements of Precast Concrete System
A wall panel is defined as a single piece of material in this case is concrete usually flat and cut into a rectangular shape. A prefabricated wall panel is a panel
fabricated at an offsite location.
The type of panels that are used are hollow core panels. Hollow core panels are named after its circular voids or cores which run throughout the slab in them that
reduce weight and cost, and also may be utilized for electrical or mechanical runs. Hollow core can be installed either horizontally or vertically to provide an
effective wall cladding system, often used with steel structures.
The units have a smooth finish and maximum capacity of 2.3 kn/sqm over a 16m span. They are available in standard 1200mm widths and in depths of 150, 200,
250, 300 and 400 mm. In our case, we used 200mm for external walls and 150 mm for internal walls. They can be used effectively in all types of building providing
a fast and cost-effective structure. This helps keep the construction process on track and adds another layer of efficiency to the project. Walls can be classified as
infill or cantilever. Infill walls rely on connecting composite action with the frame which is beam and column while cantilever walls or boxes act as deep beams to
which the frame is attached. The other benefits of hollow core panels are:
Figure 3.1.3.1. Example of hollow core panels on site. Diagram 3.1.3.2. Section of hollow core panel.
B) Hollow Core Slab
Precast concrete slab is a horizontal member, a large, thick, flat piece of stone or concrete which
is rectangular in shape. It is used for floor and roof deck. Similar to the wall, hollow core slab is
used as flooring in our building.
Hollow core slab is known as a voided slab and these voids add structural stability, reduce
weight and therefore, reduce cost. The result is sound proof, fire rated, low maintenance system
and shallow depths. Hence, it is a precast slab of prestressed concrete typically used in the
construction of floors in multistory apartment buildings. The precast concrete slab has tubular
voids extending the full length of the slab. The slabs are 200mm in thickness and 1200mm in
width. The reinforcing steel wire rope provides resistance to bending moment from loads. Slabs
in prestressed concrete are usually produced in lengths of up to 200 meters. Hollow core can
spans up to 16.5 m which minimizes column requirements and aid design flexibility. Lower cost,
lower weight, fast assembly.
Diagram 3.1.3.4. The voids as the services systems.. Diagram 3.1.3.6. Dimensions of Hollow core slab.
C) Precast Concrete Columns
Precast concrete columns are designed in a modular form in order to be made into different heights. Generally, the widths will be 12”, 18” and 24” and 12” was used in
this case as the building is just a small apartment. Columns are not structural, but can be used as such only after a structural engineer has adapted them to a
building. Precast columns are available as single storey corbel column or multi storey corbel column. Rectangular single storey corbel columns are used for the site.
Diagram 3.1.3.7. Types of precast concrete Figure 3.1.3.8. Assembly of single storey corbel Diagram 3.1.3.9. Column to footing and Column to
columns. columns on site. beam connections
Beams are used as ledges for other forms of precast flooring to sit
on. They are usually manufactured to suit each particular situation.
Beams can be either reinforced or prestressed, however, in our case,
reinforced concrete beams are used.
Rectangular beams are used and these beams get their name from
the end profile. These beams are usually used to span clear sections.
Diagram 3.1.3.10. Precast Reinforced concrete Figure 3.1.3.11. Precast Reinforced concrete beam
beam
E) Precast Staircase
F) Toilet Block
Boxtype construction system are used to construct the toilet pod. In this system, the toilet blocks are prefabricated and erected at site. This system derives its stability
and stiffness from the box unit which are formed by the four adjacent walls. Walls are jointed to make rigid connections among themselves. The box unit rests on the
plinth foundation which is precast type.
Diagram 3.1.3.14. Different types of units of toilet blocks Figure 3.1.3.15. The interior of the toilet block.
3.1.4. Frame System
Precast frames are usually constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub assemblages. The use of linear elements generally means placing
the connecting faces at the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to help the shear transfer
from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases, when
the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured. The components of a precast reinforced concrete. The components
of the system are shown below.
Figure 3.1.3.17. Components are usually linear Figure 3.1.3.18. The beams are seated on corbels
elements. of the pillars.
2. Assembly of
moulds
8. Erection at site
7. Transport to site
Precast elements are manufactured in casting High-strength steel strands are strung across the The strands are tensioned.
beds, 800 ft or more in length. bed.
Low-slump concrete for hollow core slabs is being Concrete is placed. Conventional reinforcing, weld plates, blockouts,
formed over tensioned strands using an extrusion lifting loops, and other embedded items are
process. added as needed.
7. Cutting notches, adding weld plates and core 8. Inspection 9. Cutting
fill.
10. Loading and final inspection 11. Out for delivery 12. Installation
Individual sections are lifted from the casting bed Precast concrete elements are shipped to the The planks are erected on site by crane.
and stockpiled to await shipping to the construction site by truck.
construction site.
C) Manufacturing of Toilet pod
1.The land where toilet block is 2. All the other necessary 3. Mark out the center line of 4. Prior to surface grouting the 5. The 2nd panels are moved
to be fitted is levelled and arrangements are made different walls and door of joints the surface receiving the right angle to 1st panel as
compacted.The pocket and before Toilet blocks floor, wall toilet in reference with toilet grout is washed thoroughly, above. Crow bar, Sprite liquid
hole for air vent pipe between and roof is being assembled pan before positioning the 1st the grout is mixed and applied level and timber wedges are
2 panels are cut as per or constructed. panel for installation properly. Apply surface grout used to align the wall panel
dimension of ceramic toilet on the bottom and on one with each other.
pan. face of panel to be erected
vertically.
6. Similarly, fix all the 7. Make use of Cavity Anchors 8. Top roof panel is placed on 9. Now fill cement mortar in 10. The toilet block is ready to
remaining panels to make “U” in shape for further locking the wall by interlocking them the gaps at top and bottom of transport to site and install.
walls of toilet block. Cavity and holding of panels. in tongue and groove and each panel. Check all the walls
Anchors “L” can be use to for Services like electrical wiring, fiberglass mesh is placed on and then plaster and level it
further locking and holding at plumbing and other services the jointing area and with skim coat of Birla white
the corners of walls at top and etc. can be concealed within cementations jointing putty cement.
bottom. the core of the Hollow core compound to seal the gap if
wall panel after installation of any.
walls.
3.2 Formwork System
Formwork is the use of support structures and moulds to create structures out of concrete which is poured into the moulds. Formwork can be made using moulds out of
steel, wood, aluminium and prefabricated forms.
Climbing formwork is a special type of formwork for large vertical concrete structures. Climbing
formworks will represent an effective solution for structures that require seamless walls, or their
form is very repetitive. There are several types of climbing formwork, depending on the type of
building being built. They can move on their own, using hydraulic or electric jacks, commonly known
as ‘self –climbing formwork’, or they can be relocated with cranes and other equipment.
The lift shaft formwork is used for installing and stripping internal planking in lift shafts with no need
to dismantle the individual components. It allows to remove the planking set easily from the lift shaft
and move it with the crane to any construction site area.
3.2.2. Feature
Climbing formworks shall be assembled or might be rented along with the following components:
Diagram 3.2.3.1. Section of Jumping Formwork Diagram 3.2.3.2. Jumping Formwork System
System
3.2 Steel Framing System
Steel framing system is used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Apart from that, it is extensively
used for light steel trusses consisting of cost-effective profiled cold formed channels and steel portal frame systems
as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections.
3.2.1 Feature
The main features of this construction system are:
• They are super-quick to build at site, as it is prefabricated at the factory.
• They are lightweight material. They are saving the foundation required and easily for on-site handling
• They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or
earthquake forces.
• A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available
• They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type of material
• They are durable and low in maintenance.
• They are recyclable.
Purlin
Top Chord
King post
Heel Truss
Web
Diagram 3.2.2.1. Component of mono truss Figure 3.2.3.1. Steel Purlin Diagram 3.2.3.2 Example of steel roofing
structure
3.2.4 Layers of roofing
Steel roof deck- It is a cold formed corrugated steel sheet supported by
gable frame. It used to support insulating membrane of a roof.
Gypsum overlay board- To distribute the loads over a wider area thereby
reducing the potential for such damage.
2. Forming
To form trusses, both press baking and rolling techniques are used. These allows for an enormous range of metal thickness, sizes and shapes for versatile applications.
Standard trusses use a series of triangle. Truss type is built according to its purpose.
3. Assembly
This is the final process to weld pieces together, bring to the final product together to serve as a truss. Experienced truss fabricator can create optimal trusses that are
lightweight without compromising structural stability. They must also meet stringent building compliance codes.
4. Sequence of Construction
4.1. Excavation
Excavation need as the footing and the foundation should be installed on undisturbed soil.
The foundation method using in this project is precast concrete foundation. It is pre-engineered
systems manufactured in a controlled environment; therefore code submissions are performance Diagram 4.2.1 Connection of ground Diagram 4.2.2 Piling
based. Before start building foundation, soil type and bearing capacity needed to be determined to floor beam with the footings
ensure that a precast concrete foundation system can safely support all calculated loads.
The precast footings and ground beam are casting in factory conditions to tight tolerances. The
manufacturing facilities accredited to ISO 9001, 14001 and OHAS 18001 (Occupational Health &
Safety Management System)
Installation process:
1) Piling
The piling operation commences and pile positions need to be monitored. Their positions are
affect the design of ground beams as it manufactured to accommodate installed positions. Diagram 4.2.3 Pile cap Diagram 4.2.4 Beam and footing
placement
Pile cap are cast-in-situ with a rebar to connect the column.
4) Grouting
Diagram 4.2.5 Cast in duct in precast Diagram 4.2.6 Grouting of ground
Cast in grout tubes and joints are filled using high-strength non-shrink grout and the ground beam beam and footing
installation is complete.
4.3. Floor slabs
Installation details
Diagram 4.3.1. Showing the
handling of the hollow core slab
HCS slabs are installed on a leveling neoprene strip, fastened to the bearing structure. Prior to using metal hanging rope
installation the slabs on wall slabs, the smoothness of the bearing surface should be checked.
To level a resting surface, plastic or metal (50mm x 75 mm) leveling plates-spacers of thickness
from 1 to 20 mm should be used. The overall height of the leveling plates should be not less than
15 mm so that the concrete may run under the resting part of the slab.
One should pay attention to the fact that the leveling plates should be placed under vertical
walls of the floor slab.
The installers direct the hoisted floor slab into the proper position – directly above the bearing Bearing surface min. 8cm
surface and unhook the safety chains. After the banksman has commanded, the item shall be
lowered into the planned position. Prior to unhooking the slab from the crane, its lateral position
is verified and also the length of the bearing surface. The minimum length of the bearing Diagram 4.3.2 Neoprene strip Diagram 4.3.3 MInimum length of
beneath the slab bearing surface between beam and
surface of a floor slab shall be as follows: on masonry – 10 cm. on concrete or metal -8 cm. slab
Step-by-step instruction:
Diagrams 4.3.8
1) Install Shaft formwork 2) Install latch box 3) Install tie rod 4) Install out-side shaft
5) Clamp reinforce 6) Pouring Concrete, and wait 7) Detach the formwork from the wall 8) Uninstall the clamp/ fastener
by twisting the strip-ping spindle
anti-clockwise
9) Strip the outside shaft formwork 10) Uninstall the tie-pod 11) Lift the inside shaft by tower crane,
after the concrete completely cured. and assemble the inside shaft
12) Drop the internal shaft into the 13) Adjust the level of platform by using 14) Repeat the process started from
latch installed before the guideline at the side of the interior step 3-6 until built up into desired floor
shaft level. The continues, which is normally
three to five days. Faster times can be
achieved but it will need a really
specialized and trained crew.
4.5 Installation of precast column
The columns shall be unloaded from the transportation vehicle using double-branch strops,
with the lifting capacity of which corresponds to the weight of the column. It needed to be
stored on a smooth firm base, putting supporting members in 2 resting points under the
lifting eyes.
1. Marking axis on the footing and check whether the anchor bolts are precisely
concreted. Then, the nuts shall be screwed on the anchor bolts and washers placed on
footing.
Storage of the material Showing two different methods to handling wall panels Setting out the wall position Applying a layer of Putting up second panel
should be near the site and and secure 2x2 timber at wall cement of wall slab
protected edge to guide wall
Fitting two slabs by its Grouting of the wall panels at its connection to slabs, and between wall panels. Wood wedges are using to secure the position of the walls
tongue and groove before grouting.
The cross section of Grilling holes on the wall to connect wire through Finishing the wall
clothes the wall
4.7 Installation of floor beam
3. After the item has been elevated into the proper height, one should
turn the item via help of ropes in a way allowing hole occurrence
above the column bolts. Carefully lowering the item, the installers
that stand on installation areas shall adjust the item so that it will
evenly prop on consoles at equal distances from the columns
(about 2 cm)
Diagram 4.7.1 The hanging of beam must be in horizontal Diagram 4.7.4 Beam to column detail drawings
position without exceeding 30 mm at one side
1) Precast concrete stairs are flown into place and landed on temporary support frames.
2) The unit is released from the crane hook immediately and eased into exact position by
adjusting screw-jacks in the frame members.
3) Lifting hardware fits into the top of two temporary support frames.
4) The frames fit close to the stair riser to allow maximum foot space on the tread .
5) Assemble the landing of the staircase with the floor slab (Diagram 4.10.3 )
Diagram 4.10.1. Lifting precast stairs Diagram 4.10.2 . The details of the
by carne connection between the supporting
frame and the precast stairs
Connection detail of precast staircase
Detail 2&3: Connection between the landing Diagram 4. 10.4 Exploded axonometric detail
and the wall of the staircase
4. Referring to the roof framing layout, mark out truss positions on the
top plate.
6. Use hex head tek screws through the fixing bracket at each heel
connection into the side of the top plates once the gable truss is in Diagram 4.11.1 The appropriate way Diagram 4.11.2 Bolt and nut
to handle roof truss connection between the steel
position. roof deck and the roof structure
8. As per Steps 4 and 5 install the next truss in its set-out position and
temporarily brace the truss.
9. With the flush end towards apex, install purlins. Purlin will sit on top
of the gable truss and butt into the face of the first standard truss.
10. Using 12-14x20mm tek screws fix purlin to the lip of first standard
truss.
11. Using two 12-14x20mm tek screws, fix purlins down to gable truss.
12. Install trapezoidal liner sheet and vapour control layer, then fixing its
position by using aluminium ST clip.
1. Construction Area
2. Structural Systems
3. Wall System
Precast beams + Precast 224.16m2 1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
columns + Hollow core slab
Ground floor area : 224.16 m2
Precast beams + Precast 224.16m2 1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
columns + Hollow core slab
1st floor area : 224.16 m2
Precast beams + Precast 224.16m2 1.0 (224.16 / 961.4) = 0.23 0.23 x 1.0 x 50= 11.5
columns + Hollow core slab
2nd floor area : 224.16 m2
Roof Truss using Steel Frame 288.92m2 1.0 (288.92 / 961.4) = 0.30 0.30 x 1.0 x 50= 15
Roof Truss area : 288.92 m2
Precast concrete panel 104.350m 1.0 104.35/ 113.35= 0.92 0.92 x 1.0 x 20= 18.4
In-situ concrete with reusable 9m 0.5 9/ 113.35= 0.08 0.08 x 0.5 x 20= 0.8
system formwork
Total Part 3 - - - 10
78.7
6. Conclusion
In a nutshell, constructing a building with IBS can speed up the construction period. If the building is designated to use IBS in the
construction, most of the materials can be saved to the lowest wastage through a good IBS design. Before deciding the use of IBS
in the construction, the architect should consider the standardized structural members used to make use of them fully in the
construction. Besides, the consideration of transporting the materials should also take place before the construction starts, as
storage is a critical problem in the construction site as well.
There are always problems during the erection on site, the connection between the structural members, openings which needs
extrusion of holes on the precast concrete, and the minor variance in real world construction with the digital which may lead to the
gap between the structural members or the structural members could not fit in. That is why skilled labours are needed or required
in the IBS construction.
Lastly, construction using IBS is more durable and requires lower maintenance compared to the Cast-in situ construction system.
However, one must have a well thoroughly plan before the implementation of IBS in the construction, otherwise it will be a disaster
to the construction team, as many on site construction problems will arise and need to be encountered.
7. References