Random Reviewer: �

1. Manila Bulletin- the oldest existing newspaper since 1900 in the Phil.
2. Aliguyon- the hero of Ifugao epic Hudhud.
3. Bantugan- the hero of Maranaw epic Darangen.
4. Book burning- the event marked the 1st literary demonstration in Phil.
5. Balagtas- Fil.poet snobbed by Huseng Sisiw.
6. Ladino- a person who could read and write in Spanish and Tagalog.
7. Poet of the Love- Jose Corazon de Jesus
8. Mi Ultimo Adios- Rizal's best work
9. 17- letters of Alibata
10. Ninay- 1st Fil.social novel by Pedro Paterno
11. Pascual Poblete- Father of Fil. Newspapers
12. Genoveva Edroza Matute- 1st Palanca Awardee for short story.
13. Kwento ni Mabuti- written by Genoveva E.M. which won Palanca Awards for short story.
14. Dionisio Salazar- 1st Palanca Awardee for Play.
15. Social Aspect- focus of MAKAMISA.
16. Ambrosio Bautista- author of Declaration of Phil. Independence.
17. Leona Florentino- 1st Poetess of the Phil.
18. Angel Magahum- called Literary Colussus of the Visayas.
19. Tomas Pinpin- Prince of Fil. Printers
20. Severino Reyes- Father of Fil. Drama
21. Epifanio delos Santos- Greatest among the Great Fil. Scholars.
22. Pedro Serrano Laktaw- Filipino Tutor of Spanish King
23. Clemente Zulueta- Historian of the Revolution.
24. Theogony- origin of gods in mythology
25. Theomachy- battle among the gods of supremacy between good and evil in mythologies.
26. Titanomachy- the war between the Titans and Olympian gods.
27. Theophany- visible appearance of a god to a man.
28. Amphion- son of Zeus and Antiope who built a wall around Thebes by charming the stones into place with a
lyre.
29. Ahasuerus- the Wandering Jew in Eugene Sue's novel.
30. August Strindberg- a Norwegian writer best known for his problem/social play like "Ghosts".
31. Li Po- Greatest Chinese Poet before Revolution.
32. Tolstoy- great Russian short story writer (God sees the truth but waits).
33. Tagore- Greatest Indian writer.
34. Goethe- wrote the Tragedy of Faust.
35. Eugene O' Neill- dramatist known as The Most Modern of Moderns.
36. Oresteia- the only extrant trilogy
37. Kabuki- the drama of Japanese bourgeoisie.
38. Kalidasa- India's Shakespeare.
39. Eris- Greek goddess of Discord
40. Athena- Zeus' favorite daughter; goddess of cities, civilization, and wisdom.
41. Lope de Vega- established the National Theater in Spain.
42. Elizabeth I - during golden age in England
43. Pericles- during golden age in Greece.
44.Lethe- the river of forgetfulness in Greek Myth.
45. Argos- the dog that guards the entrance to Hades.
46. Song of Hiawatha- epic of US.
47. Hemingway- writer of Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Killers.
48. Flaubert- writer of Madame Bovary
49. Sartre- writer of Le Stanger.
50. Pirandello- an Italian who established the Teatro del Speechio and whose plays used mirrors for effect.
51. Hauptman- German playwright and exponent of Theater of the Absurd and Happy Days.
52. Arthur Miller- American playwright on expressionism and wrote The Glass Menagerie.
53. Edict of Nantes- the law that granted religious tolerance to Protestants.
54. Robinson Crusoe- often called the first true novel in English.
55. Princess of Cleves- 1st important French novel by Marie de la Fayette.
56. Faust- a character based on true-to-life person.
57. Emily Dickinson- a poet that had an eccentric use of punctuations, making use of dashes liberally for
emphasis.
58. Madame Bovary- showpiece of French realism.
59. War and Peace- a historical novel about Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812.
60. Leo Tolstoy- become the leader of religious cult.
61. Chekhov- implied his works of pessimism.
62. James Joyce- best identified with modernism.
63. Virginia Woolfe- an ardent feminist.
64. Franz Kafka- known for his work The Metamorphosis
65. 100yrs. Of Solitude- novel by Gabriel Marquez.
66. Battle Horn- most cherished weapon of a boy in The Song Of Roland.
67. Mercutio- Romeo's bestfriend who was slain by Tybalt, Juliet's relative.
68. Antigone- child of Oedipus who helped him during his last days.
69. Carmen- a novel which became one of the worlds famous operas.
70. Children of God- a novel tells the story of Joseph Smith and how he founded the Mormon religion in Utah.
71. Jane Eyre- a psychological romance by Charlotte Bronte. About a young orphan who becomes a
governess and catches the attention of her employer.
72. Charon- he ferries the dead in the river Acheron.
73. Frankenstein- the creator of the monster.
74. Cupid and Psyche- a beautiful maiden achieves immortality becoz her love and faith triumphs over
mistrust.

Acronyms

PPST-Philippine Professional Standard for Teachers

NCBTS-National Competency Based Teacher Standard
PQF-Philippine Qualifications Framework
PD-Presedential Decree
RA-Republic Act
NESC-New Elementary School Curriculum
NSEC-New Secondary Education Curriculum
BESRA-Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda
RBEC-Revised Basic Education Curriculum
NSAT-National Secondary Assessment Test
NAT-National Achievement Test
SMART-Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-Bound
HOTS-Higher Order Thinking Skills
LOTS-Lower Order Thinking Skills
CHED-Commission on Higher Education
TESDA-Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
DepEd-Department of Education
PAGASA-Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration
PRC-Philippine Regulatory Commission
MTB-MLE- Mother Tongue Based Multi Lingual Education
OBE-Outcome Based Education

Here are the republic acts for all teachers in the Philippines:
REPUBLIC ACT No. 137 -Board of Textbooks. It provided for all public schools to use only those books
approved by the board for a period of six years from the date of their adoption.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1425 -The inclusion of a course on the life, works and writings- especially the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curricula of all public and private schools.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 4670 -The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.
REPUBLIC ACT 1079 - Commonwealth Act No.117. Civil Service Eligibility shall be permanent and shall be
valid throughout a person’s lifetime.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 6728 -The Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private
Education. (Scholarship Programs)
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7722 -Creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) composed of a chairperson
and four (4) commissioners.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7743 - The establishment of public libraries and reading centers in every barangay and
municipality of the country.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7784 - The Centers of Excellence Law
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7796 - The TESDA Law
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7836 - Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
REPUBLIC ACT No. 7877 - Anti Sexual harassment Act of 1995
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 27 - the inclusion of subject courses on human rights in the school curricula,
textbooks, and other reading materials
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 189 - All public Secondary School teachers under the administrative supervision and
control of DECS. Issued by former President Corazon Aquino.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A - Known as the Educational Development Decree of 1972, and was
implemented by the late former President Ferdinand Marcos.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 146 - This decree requiring ALL senior high school students to pass the
National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) as pre-requisite for admission to any post- secondary
academic or professional degree program.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No.451 - This law repealed R.A No. 6139 and authorized the Sec. of Education and
Culture to regulate the imposition of tuition fee and other school fees in all private educational institutions.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 688 - This law gave the Civil Service Commission the power and authority to
give the appropriate examination for all public school teachers.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1139 - This decree issued on May 13, 1977, created the position of the
undersecretary for NON-FORMAL Education who shall make an overall assessment of the existing non formal
education programs and shall take charge of all non-formal education programs of DECS.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 1, s.1973 - This DECS order reiterates the policy on the use of locally published
textbooks of Filipino authorship in all levels of education, both public and private.
DEPARTMENT ORDER No. 25, s.1974 - The implementation of BILINGUAL EDUCATION Program which
mandates the use of English and Filipino as separate media of instruction.
MEC ORDER No. 22, s.1978 - ALL institutions shall offer in all their curricular programs at least six (6) units of
Filipino, starting the FIRST SEM Of school year 1979- 1980.
DECS ORDER No. 30, s. 1993 - This order issued on May 20, 1993, providing for a National Elementary
Achievement Test (NEAT) for ALL grade six pupils in Public and Private schools
DECS ORDER No. 38, s. 1994 - Provided for a National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) to be
administered to ALL graduating public and private high school.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 1265 - The Law on the Observance of Flag Ceremony
EXECUTIVE ORDER No. 200, sec.3 -The Law prohibits fund raising in school
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 3:2 -The Law teaches and imposes discipline
BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232, sec. 13:2 / 1987 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XIV, sec 5:2,/ 1973
CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE XV, sec. 8:2 -the Law recognizes Academic Freedom
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec 48-49 - The Law requires to have a fixed
calendar
1992 MANUAL OF REGULATION FOR PRIVATE SCHOOL, sec. 44-47 - The Law on Education specifies
faculty qualification
R.A No. 1054 AS AMENDED BY P.D.’s Nos. 442, 570-A, 622, AND 643 - The Law requires Education to
provide Medical and Dental Services
CIVIL CODE, ARTICLE 349 - The Law considers teachers, professors, and administrators to be in LOCO
PARENTIS to their pupils and students
1987 CONSTITUTIONS ARTICLE XIV, sec. 5:4 - The Law requires Education to provide professional
advancement teachers.
(ctto)
www.letqa.blogspot.com

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● John Locke � was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character (mental,
physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon �was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of
scientific method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau �was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th
century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On Education;
Human Development
● Edgar Dale �was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"
● Erik Erikson �was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his
theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi �was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified
Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life"
his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel �was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of modern
education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart �was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic
discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike� was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational psychology;
connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
● IDEALISM � Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be
● REALISM � Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM �always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM �Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM �William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through
interaction to the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM �Robert Hutchins
focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM � William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM �Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM�Jean Piaget
Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas.
Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM �George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing
people for creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of education
ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction
and reading.
ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the next
generation
Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and generate
greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and potential
development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the psychological school
of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only known
through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA #7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA #7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very fundamental
legal basis of education in thr philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the Establishment &
Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education
● RA #4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA #6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
● RA #7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
● RA #⃣9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education
● RA #⃣7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
● RA #⃣90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary
Curricula & Appropriating funds
● RA #⃣10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations; narrates
heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles against
agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate 〰 imitate Vouchsafe 〰 grant Abeyance 〰 suspended
Denigrate 〰 malign Dubious〰doubtful Transmuted - change
Furtive 〰 sneaky Incriminates〰accuse Apocalyptic - prophetic
Remonstrate 〰protest Frivolous〰worthless Impertinent - irrelevant
Corroborate 〰confirm Susceptible〰inclined Pulchritude - loveliness
Gullible〰easily deceived Impertinent〰irrelevant Loquacious - verbose
Germane〰relevant Ostracized 〰excluded Rancor - bitterness
Plebeian〰common Conglomeration〰diffusion Aplomb - composure
Vulpine〰cunning Cacophonous 〰 loud and Dexterity - manual skill
Spendthrift〰spender unpleasant Penchant - fondness
Impolitic〰unwise Carnal〰worldly Volition - will
Terse〰concise Aplomb〰composure Amorphous - shapeless
Parsimonious〰stingy Candor 〰honesty Carnal - worldly
Stupefy〰make numb Contemptuous 〰 scornful Profanity - obscenity
Pariah〰outcast Feeble 〰 weak Patriot - hero
Wizened〰shrivelled Inevitable 〰 certain

FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva � unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
(ctto)

FILIPINO�
��JULIAN FELIPE- Composer of the Philippine National Hymn.
��MANUEL GUERRERO- Filipino doctor who discovered Tiki-Tiki.
��PEDRO BUCANEG- The earliest Ilocano poet on record.
��DEL SUPERIOR GOBIERNO- First Newspaper in the Philippines.
��ANAHAW- The National Leaf of the Philippines.
��JOSE PALMA- Filipino poet who set words to the National Hymn.
��APARTHEID- complete segregation of white from black.
��AGUSTINIAN CHURCH- First church in the Philippines.
��TAGAILOG- Pen name of Antonio Luna.
��PINEAPPLE- The newest source of alcohol in the Philippines.
��KOHAUTEK- comet of the century
⭐SINTAKS/SINTAKSIS/PALAUGNAYAN - sangay ng barirala na tumatalakay sa masistemang pagkaka-ayus-
ayos ng mga salita sa pagbuo ng mga parirala at pangungusap
⭐PEN NAMES OF FILIPINO PROTAGONISTS
⭐ANDRES BONIFACIO – May Pag-asa, Agapito, Bagumbayan
⭐ANTONIO LUNA – Taga-Ilog
⭐EMILIO AGUINALDO - Magdalo
⭐EMILIO JACINTO – Di Masilaw, Tingkian
⭐GRACIANO LOPEz JAENA – Diego, Laura
⭐JOSEMA. PANGANIBAN ¬– JoMaPa
⭐JOSE RIZAL – Dimas alang, Laon laan
⭐JUAN LUNA – Buan
⭐MARCELO DEL PILAR – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat
⭐MARIANO PONCE – Tikbalang, Naning, (Satanas), Kalipulako
��MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP:
1. EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
Halimbawa: Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2. MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3. PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4. SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5. SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6. TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1. PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2. TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3. HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4. LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
��Quijano de manila- pen name of Nick Joaquin
��Mark twain- pen name of samuel clemens
��Pedro Bukaneg- father of ilokano literature
��Lola basyang- pen name of severino reyes
��Manila bulletin- oldest existing newspaper in the country.
��Jose corazon de jesus- father of tagalog poetry
��Alejandro Abadilla- father of modern tagalog poetry
��Noli me tangere- rizals literary crowning achievement
��Mahabharata- longest epic in the world
��Alibata- first filipino alphabet
��Kundiman- song about love
��Ambition- cause of Macbeth's tragic end
��Steven javellana- author " Without seeing the dawn
��Paz m. Benitez- author " dead stars
��Ares- god of war
��Stratosphere- layer of the ozone
��Food web- system of food chain
��Sahara desert- largest ecosystem
��Skin- largest organ
��Dinoflagellates- cause red tide
��Philippines- ring of fire
��Type O- universal donor
��Teoryang pooh- pooh- tunog mula sa silakbo ng damdamin
��Teoryang bow wow- tunog mula sa likha ng kalikasan
��Scanning- pahapyaw na pagbas
��Skimming- pinakamabilis na pagbasa
��Francisco lopez- sumulat ng unang balarilang ilokano
��Mariano perfecto- ama ng panitikang bisaya
��Santiago magean- ama ng moro-moro sa pangasinan
��Jorge fajardo- ama ng panitikang pampango
��Eriberto gumban- ama ng panitikang bisaya
��Pascual poblete- ama ng pahayagan, unang nagsalin ng noli sa tagalog
��Amado hernandez- makata ng mga manggagawa
��Graciano lopez jaena- fray botod
��Liwayway arceo- uhaw ang tigang na lupa
��Narciso reyes- lupang tinubuan
��Severino reyes- walang sugat
��Lope k. Santos- banaag at sikat
��Zoilo galang- a child of sorrow
��Aurelio tolentino- kahapon, ngaun at bukas
��UST- pinakamatandang university
♦Monalisa- most famous work of art of leonardo da vinci
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless society - State plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
(AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDut)
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
- Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT) – bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC) - fight global warming decreasing greenhouse gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION - environment and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election - Bonifacio elected as Director Imperator
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS - recognition of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free foreign trade

MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS

1. AUGUSTINIANS – most intelligent
2. FRANCISCANIANS – sends medical aids
3. DOMINICANS – richest
4. JESUITS
5. RECOLETOS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong” and hid there.�

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
LIST OF KEYWORDS

1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal

2. realism- science
3. empiricism- senses
4. naturalism- innate
5. existentialism- choice,decision,unique
6. essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental
7. perrenialism- classic, literature, traditional
8. pragmatism- activation of skills
9. progressivism-child-centered
10. Epicureanism- perfection
11. Agnosticism- aetheist, unknown
12. stoicism- passionate emotions
13. hedonism- pleasure
14. humanism- humans
15. constuctivism- prior knowledge activation
16. reconstructionism- solution to problem
17. scholasticism- rationalization of church

Theories
1.Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking
2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome bruner, concrete to abstract
3. behaviourism- environment, watson
4. connectionism- classroom environment, thorndike
5. humanism- carl rogers, child centered
6. operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment,skinner
7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli
8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers,
Ausubel
9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge,problem solving, kohler
10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg
11. need theory- needs, maslow
12. attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby
13. identity statuses- jame marcias, confusion
14. field theory- internal and external environment
15. bioecological- system of environment, Brofenbrenner
16. choice theory- glasser, decision
17. social learning- bandura, modelling
18. socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding moreknowledgeable other(mko)
Commonly used terms
Metacognition- thinking about thinking
Recitation- thinking aloud
Schooling- system controlled by teacher
Rebus- making a poem out of a concept
Indoctrination- religion, without addition norsubtraction
KASH
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, SKILLS AND HABITS
KCAASE - Blooms taxonomy

� APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHIES IN EDUCATION �

� NATURALISM
⏩ Naturalism stands for a democratic and universal way-everyone must be educated in the same manner
⏩ Education is in accordance to human development and growth
⏩ Emphasis is given more on the physical development-informal exercise-and hygiene of the person rather of
the 3 R’s
⏩ Aims to unfold the child’s potential not to prepare him for a definite vocation or social position-but to prepare
him to adapt to the changing times and needs
⏩ Consequently, one’s conduct is governed by impulse, instincts and experience.
⏩ It puts the child at the center of educational process and prepares him to experience life as it is.

� IDEALISM
⏩ Ideas are the only true reality, the ultimate truths for matter is nothing but just a mere representation of
ideas.
⏩ Emphasis is given on knowledge obtained by speculation and reasoning for its central tenet is that ideas are
the only things worth knowing for
⏩ Focus is on conscious reasoning of the mind in order to attain truth. This includes the activities pertinent to
the human mind such as introspection and intuition and the use of logic
⏩ Its aim is to discover the full potentials in child and cultivates it in order to prepare him for a better position in
the society and for him to serve the society better
⏩ Emphasis is given on subjects—philosophy, literature, religion and history—that will develop and enhance
the mind of the child
⏩ Methods used in teaching include lecture, discussion and Socratic dialogue
⏩ Character development is through emulation of examples and heroes

� REALISM
⏩ The most effective way to find about reality is to study it through organized, separate and systematically
arranged matter—emphasis is on subject matter concerning Science and Mathematics
⏩ Methods used in teaching include recitation, experimentation and demonstration
⏩ Character development is through training in the rules of conduct

� EXISTENTIALISM
⏩ Subject matter is personal choice
⏩ Learning is based on the willingness of the student to choose and give meaning to the subject
⏩ Emphasis is given on the students rather than on the curriculum content
⏩ Students should not be treated as objects to be measured and standardized
⏩ Methods are geared on giving opportunities for the students for self-actualization and self-direction
⏩ Character development is through the responsibility of every individual in making a decision

� ESSENTIALISM
⏩ Schooling is practical for this will prepare students to become competent and valuable members of the
society
⏩ Focuses on the basics-reading, writing, speaking and the ability to compute (arithmetic)
⏩ Subjects that are given emphasis include geography, grammar, reading, history, mathematics, art and
hygiene
⏩ Stresses the values of hard work, perseverance, discipline and respect to authorities
⏩ Students should be taught to think logically and systematically-grasping not just the parts but the whole
⏩ Methods of teaching center on giving regular assignments, drills, recitation, frequent testing and evaluation

� PRAGMATISM
⏩ Involves students to work in groups
⏩ Methods of teaching include experimentation, project making and problem solving.
⏩ Stresses on the application of what have learned rather that the transfer of the organized body of knowledge

� PERENNIALISM
⏩ Some of the ideas in the past are still being taught because they are significant
⏩ Curriculum should contain cognitive subjects that cultivate rationality, morality, aesthetics and religious
principles. This includes history, language, mathematics, logic, literature, humanities and science.
⏩ Curriculum must be based on recurrent themes of human life for it views education as a recurring process
based on eternal truths
⏩ The teacher must have the mastery of the subject matter and authority in exercising it.
⏩ Aims for the education of the rational person—to develop man’s power of thought—the central aim of this
philosophy

� PROGRESSIVISM
⏩ Focuses on the child as a whole rather than of the content or the teacher
⏩ Curriculum content comes from the questions and interests of the students
⏩ Emphasis is given on the validation of ideas by the students through active experimentation
⏩ Methods of teaching include discussions, interaction (teacher with students) and group dynamics
⏩ Opposes the extreme reliance on bookish method of instruction, learning through memorization, the use of
fear and punishment and the four walled philosophy of education

� CONSTRUCTIVISM
⏩ A philosophy of learning which asserts that reality does not exist outside of human conceptions. It is the
individual who constructs reality by reflecting on his own experience and gives meaning to it.
⏩ Learning is the process of adjusting one’s mental modes to accommodate new experience.

� RECONSTRUCTIVISM
⏩ Schools should originate policies and progress that will bring social reforms and orders
⏩ Teachers should be an instrument to encourage and lead students in the program or social reforms
⏩ Curriculum emphasizes on social reforms as the aim of education. It focuses on student experience and
taking social actions on real problems
⏩ Method of teaching include the problem-oriented type (students are encouraged to critically examine cultural
heritage), group discussions, inquiry, dialogues, interactions and community-based learning
⏩ The classroom will serve as a laboratory in experimenting school practices “bringing the world into the
classroom”

� BEHAVIORISM
⏩ Asserts that human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment
⏩ The only reality is the physical world

� NATIONALISM
⏩ The most important development was the creation of common language
⏩ Stresses on the teaching of the principles of democracy, and duties of citizenship
⏩ Stimulates the development of the state which includes the control and support of public school system
⏩ Curriculum includes the teaching of grammar, geography and history
⏩ Method of teaching gives emphasis on the content regarding on nature studies, physical exercises and play
activities

� HUMANISM
⏩ Education is a process and should not be taken abruptly. The unfolding of human character proceeds with
unfolding of nature
⏩ The learner should be in control of his destiny
⏩ Concern is more on methods which include theme writing rather than oral discussions, drills and exercises,
playing
⏩ Asserts the importance of playing in the curriculum
⏩ Emphasizes motivations and the use of praise and rewards
⏩ Curriculum includes subjects concerning literary appreciation, physical education, social training in manners
and development.

THEORIES AND THEIR PROPONENTS �

✔Wilhelm Woundt = german psycologist “founder of modern psychology.

✔Titchener = structuralism psychology William james, G. Stanley Hall, James M. Cattell…. these three
promote “functionalism psychology
✔Charles darwin = theories to mental characteristics as human think, feel & behave(” evolutionary
psychology”)
✔Herman Ebbinghaus = associationism psychology
✔Edwin Guthrie = (stimulus and response ) :; temporal conguity
✔Edward Lee Thorndike = “satisfaction” “the law of effect”.
✔Ivan Pavlov = involuntary behavior
✔Max Wertheimer = gestalt psychology
✔Otto Loewi = discovered “acetylchloline” respobsible in stimulation of muscles
✔Ulf von Euler discovered “norepinephrine” bringing our nervous system into “high alert”
✔Arvid Carlsson discovered “dopamine” the reward mechanisms in the brain
✔Jean Piaget — cognitive dev’t , info processing , dynamic interrelation.
✔Sigmund Freud — psychosexual , psychoanalytic
✔Erik Erickson — psychosocial
✔Lawrence Kohlberg — moral dev’t,
✔Burrhus Frederic Skinner — operant cond.
✔Ivan Pavlov — classical cond.
✔Edward Lee Thorndike — connectionism
✔Albert Bandura — social learning, neo – behaviorism
✔Robert Gagne — sequence of instruction
✔Abraham Maslow — hierarchy of needs , motivation theory
✔William Kohler — insight learning
✔Robert Havighurst — devt task theory
✔Benjamin Bloom — bloom’s cognitive taxonomy
✔Simpsons / Anita Harrow — psychomotor domain
✔David Krathwohl — affective domain
✔Jerome Bruner — constructivist, spiral curr, instrumental conceptualism
✔Lev Vygotsky — socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory, Scaffolding
✔Edgar Dale — cone of exp. (20% remember)
✔kohler,koffka, weirtheimer — gestalt psychology
✔John Locke — tabularasa , empiricism
✔Howard Gardner — multiple int.
✔Noam Chomsky — language acquisition theory of linguistic, nativism
✔David Ausubel — meaningful learning, graphic organizer, assumption
✔Charles Cooley — looking glass self theory
✔John Flavel — metacognition
✔Sandra Bem — gender schema theory
✔Elliot Turriel — social domain theory
✔Robert Sternberg — triachic theory of int.
✔Johm Watson — behaviorial theory
✔Maria Montessori — transfer of learning, kinder garten preparation of children.
✔Edward Tolman — purposive behaviorism and goal oriented
✔Edward Torrance — creative problem solving
✔Bernard Weiner — attribution theory
✔Daniel Goleman/coleman? — emotional inteligence
✔Wolfgang Ratke — used vernacular for approaching the class.
✔mencius — idealistic wing of confucianism
✔hzun tzu — realistic wing of confusianism
✔taoism — lao tzu
✔Herbart spencer — moral devt
✔Pestallozi — symmetrical and harmonious devt of child
✔John Jacques Rosseau — nature of child
✔Arnold Gesell – maturation theory
✔John Dewey – Learning by doing
✔David Froebel – Father of kinder garten
✔John Bowly – Attainment Theory
✔Edward Boro – Six Thinking Hats Theory
✔Auguste Comte – Father of Sociology
✔Carlos Linnaeus – Father of modern taxonomy.
✔John Amos Comencius – Fr. of modern education.
✔Erasmus Desiderius – Fr. of humanism/ social humanism
✔William Kilpatrick – Project method.