CELLS AND TISSUES
part of the cell
 Every living thing is made up of cells.
CELLS - Building blocks of every living
thing.
 Not all cells are the same because they
have different functions.
 TISSUES are groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function
ANATOMY OF THE CELL
 Cells are not all the same
 All cells share general structures
 Cells are organized into 3 main regions :
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane
2 types of cells that are found in the body:
1.) Gametes – sex/germ cells; specialized
on reproduction
2.) Body Cells – autosomal/somatic cells
* Gametes are cells that fuse during sexual
reproduction, germ cells are cells that give rise
to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can
divide through mitosis and differentiate into
diverse specialized cell types.
Spherical – most cells of the body are
spherical.
Whiplike Shapes – designed for egg cells.
Cell Membrane – without it, the cell would
not be able to survive.
- Most indispensable part of the cell
3 REGIONS OF CELL:
1.) NUCLEUS
 Control center of the cell
 Commonly found at the center but not
all the time
 Contains genetic material (DNA)
3 Regions that you will find on the
nucleus :
1.) Nuclear Membrane/Nuclear
Envelope
- Which set apart from the rest of the
-Barrier of Nucleus
- consists of a double phospholipid
membrane (has 2 layers)
- HAS HUGE nuclear pores that allow
for exchange of material with the
rest of the cell. Cell membrane –
small nuclear pores
2.) Nucleolus (plural: nucli), nucleoli
- Almost spherical
- Ribosome - one of the cytoplasmic
organelle just like the mito; it plays a
role for protein sythesis or protein
production
- Nucleus contains one or more
nucleoli: sites of ribosome
production; ribosomes then migrate
to the cytoplasm through nuclear
pores.
3.) Chromatin : composed of DNA and
protein; Found/scattered inside the
nucleus; Can condense to form
chromosomes when the cell divides
- Responsible for the inheritance of the
genes
- Derived the so called CHROMOSOMES
- Collection of fluid inside the nuclear
membrane called nucleoplasm
Cell with no nucleus: Red Blood Cell
(erythrocyte)
Multinucleated Cell (many nuclei) : Skeletal
Muscle Cell
RIBOSOME PRODUCTION
 Protein synthesis or Protein
Formation/production
 Travels from Nuclear membrane via
pores to gain access to cytoplasm.
2.) PLASMA MEMBRANE
 Barrier for cell contents
 Phospholipid bilayer
 1 Phospholipid molecule is made up of 1
polar head and 2 tails
 Hydrophilic – heads (head have
attraction of water; polar)
 Hydrophobic – tails (fear water: non
polar)
 Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins
SPECIALIZATION:
Microvilli:
 Finger-like projections that increase
surface area for absorption of nutrients
OTHER SPECIALIZATION
Membrane Junctions :
1.) Tight junctions- impermeable
junctions which set a parts from one
cell to the neighboring cell
2.) Tight junctions- impermeable
junctions which set a parts from one
cell to the neighboring cell
3.) Desmosomes – anchor junction;
connects the one cell to the adjacent
lining cell
4.) Gap junctions – aka communicating
junctions which can be find in the
hard muscle
5.) Connexion – separate the cytoplasm
of one cell for the cytoplasm of the
adjacent lining cell
3) CYTOPLASM
- Outside the nuclear membrane but
inside the cell membrane
Material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane:
 Cytosol
- Fluid that gel-like consistency
suspends/dating the organelles and
inclusion bodies.
 Organelles
- Functioning unit
- Ex : mitochondria, lysosomes and ER
- Metabolic machinery of the cell
 Inclusions
- Non-functioning units
- Ex : Vacuole – contain pigment and
starches
DIFF CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES (vital
role for the cell):
 Ribosomes
-made of protein and RNA
- site of protein synthesis
- found at 2 locations: free In cytoplasm;
attached to rough endoplasmic
reticulum
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Fluid-filled tubes for carrying
substances
 2 types of ER
1.) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Studded with ribosomes
 Site where building materials of cellular
membrane are formed
 Transports proteins which are
synthesize in the ribosome
2.) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown, fat metabolism, and
detoxification of drugs.
 No ribosomes
 Golgi Apparatus:
 Modifies and packages proteins
 Green flatten sacs with enlarged dilated
end.
 Produces different types of packages:
 Secretory vesicles
 Cell Membrane components
 Lysosome - one of the cytoplasmic
organelles and one of the packages
from the enlargement of the golgi
apparatus
 Lysosome
 Contains digestive enzymes that digest
non-usable materials within the cell
 Spherical body
 “Suicidal sac”-digested lysosome
 Peroxisome
  Membranous sacs of contains oxidase  Not found in all cells
enzymes  Used for movement
 Detoxify harmful substances Cilia move material across the cell
 Break down free radicals (highly surface
reactive chemicals) Flagellum propels the cell
 Replicate by pinching in half.
Cell Diversity
 Mitochondrion
-“powerhouse” of the cell (generates  Fibroblasts – cells that connect the body
ATP- which is a form of energy that is parts; acts to binds tissue together
used up by the cell of the body)  Epithelial cells – cells that cover and line
- serves as the site of the cellular body organs.
respiration; involves processes that  Skeletal and Smooth Muscle Cells – cells
generates ATP that move organs and body parts
- change shape continuously
 Fat cell – Cell that stores nutrients
- carries out reactions where oxygen is
 Lysosomes- cell that fight disease
used to break down food
- provides ATP for cellular energy
 Cytoskeleton
 Maintaining the char shape of the cell
 Network of protein structures that
extend throughout the cytoplasm
 Provides the cell with an internal
framework.
3 different types:
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate filaments  Nerve Cell – cells that gathers
 Microtubules information and controls body
*differ in terms of sizes and components functions.
protein sac units  Cell reproduction-sperm, nucleus and
flagellum
* take care of maintaining the shape of the cell

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY: MEMBRANE

 Centrioles TRANSPORT
 Yellow structured- 2 bar like bodies and
close to the nucleus or perpendicular to  Cell Membrane transport- movement of
each other substances into and out of the cell
 Rod-shaped bodies made up of  Transport is by 2 basic methods:
microtubules - Passive Transport
 Direct formation of mitotic spindle No energy/ ATP is required
during cell division during mitosis - Active Transport
The cell must provide metabolic energy
 Form of the bases of the cilia and
Rely on kinetic energy
flagella found in some cells that capable
Molecules need ATP
of movement
Solutions and Transport
Cellular Projections
  Solution – homogenous mixture of 2 or
more components
- Solvent – dissolving medium (water)
- Solutes – components in smaller
quantities within a solution (sugar,
coffee granules, creamer)
Water Collection of the Cell
 Extracellular Fluid (ECF) – Nucleoplasm
and cytosol; outside the cell
- Interstitial Fluid- fluid on the ECF of
the cell
- Plasma found in the blood
 Intracellular fluid (ICF) –inside the cell
- Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
Cell Membrane is Selective Permeability
 The plasma membrane allows some
materials to pass while excluding
others.
 This permeability includes movement
into and out of the cell.
Passive Transport Processes – use KE
- Molecules must move from higher
to lower pressure
A. Diffusion (relies on concentration
gradient)
- Particles tend to distribute
themselves evenly within a solution
- Movement if rom high concentration
to low concentration, or down a
concentration gradient
3 Types of Diffusion
1. Simple Diffusion
- Unassisted process
- Solutes are either lipid-soluble
material or are small enough to pass
through membrane pores
- Smaller molecules
- Molecules are lipid soluble to pass
through the phospholipid bilayer
- SOLUTE COMPONENT
2. Osmosis
- Simple diffusion of water
- Highly polar water easily crosses the
plasma membrane
- SOLVENT COMPONENT
3. Facilitated Diffusion
- Substances require a protein carrier
for passive transportation of the
molecules
- Larger molecules
- Non lipid soluble
- SOLUTE COMPONENT
Suspended in 3 diff types of solution: isotonic,
hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
B. Filtration (relies on hydrostatic pressure
gradient)
- Water and solutes are forced
through a membrane by fluid, or
hydrostatic pressure.
- A pressure gradient
-solute-containing fluid is pushed
from a high pressure area to a lower
pressure area
Active Transport Processes – use ATP
- Molecules must move from lower
to higher pressure
 Transport substances that are unable to
pass by diffusion because:
- They may be too large
- They may not be able to dissolve in
the fat core(phospholipid bilayer) of
the membrane
- They may have to move against a
concentration gradient(lower to
higher concentration)
 Two common forms of active transport
1. Solute Pumping
- Amino acids, some sugars and ions
are transported by solute pumps
- ATP energizes protein carriers, and
in most cases, moves substances
against concentration gradients.
 2. Bulk Transport
a. Exocytosis
- Moves materials out of the cell
- Material is carried in a membranous
vesicle
- Vesicle migrates to plasma
membrane
- Vesicle combines with plasma
membrane
- Material is emptied to the outside
b. Endocytosis
- Extracellular substances are
engulfed by being in a membranous
vesicle
- Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Cells Life Cycle
Cells have 2 major periods:
1. Interphase (preparatory stage)
- Cell grows in size
- Cell carries on metabolic processes
S-PHASE – DNA replication happens
2. Cell Division
- Cell replicates itself
- Function is to produce more cells for
growth and repair processes
Events of Cell Division
1. Mitosis (nuclear division) Meiosis (rise
from the germ cells)
- Division of the nucleus
- Results in the formation of 2
daughter nuclei.
2. Cytokinesis
- Divisions of the cytoplasm
- Begins with mitosis is near
completion
- Results in the formation of 2
daughter cells.
DNA Replication
- Genetic material duplicated and
readies a cell for division into 2 cells
- Occurs toward the end of the
interphase
- DNA uncoils and each side serves as
a template
S-PHASE (SYNTHESIS PHASE)
Green – Adenine = Yellow –
Thymine (DNA)
Blue – Cytosin = Red - Guanine
Stages of Mitosis
 Interphase
- No cell division occurs
- The cell carries out normal
metabolic activity and growth
- Centrioles (directors of the
formation of the spindle apparatus)
duplicate
 Prophase
- First stage of cell division
- Centrioles migrate to the poles
- Centrioles separated to form the
spindle apparatus(mimcrotubules)
- Nucleus, nuclear membrane,
nucleolus disappear
 Metaphase
- Spindle from centrioles are attached
to chromosomes that are aligned at
the center of the cell
 Anaphase
- Daughter chromosomes are pulled
toward the poles
- The cell begins to elongate
 Telophase
- Daughter nuclei begin forming
- A cleavage furrow (for cell division)
begins to form
- Reverse of prophase
Nucleoplasm – chromatin material
Cytosol – fluid part of cytoplasm
Vacuole – contains pigments
Lysosomes
 Acid hydrolases
 Suicidal sack
FAT CELL – nucleus is on the side.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - a molecule

that carries energy within cells.

INTERPHASE

 Preparatory stage

Endo (inside, bringing)

Endocytosis

Exocytosis (outside)