Chem.

1st Term Reviewer

Made by : Jakob Francis G. Rubio, STEM 11-I

Chemistry • has great expansion;

complete freedom of
- “study of matter” movement
- “study of change”

Matter 4. PLASMA
• ionized gas; makes up the
- anything that has mass and stuff of the sun, core of
occupies space stars
- made of molecules • naturally occuring in
§ smallest particle in a flames, lighning, and
chemical element or auroras
compound
5. BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
States of Matter • gaseous super-fluid
1. SOLID • opposite of plasma; occurs
• has definite shape and at a ultra-low temperature
volume; high density • atoms do not move at all
• very slight expansion; in Properties of States of Matter
fixed positions
• Crystalline – orderly a) Compressibility
arranged, hard to break b) Density
• Amorphous – randomly c) Volume
arranged d) Shape
e) Diffusion
2. LIQUID f) Expansion
• undefinite shape, definite Physical Properties
volume; medium density
• slight expansion; free to - observable, can be measured
move relative to other without changing the identity
particles and composition of a substance

3. GAS
• undefinite shape and
• volume; low density
Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


Chemical Properties • told to design new system
of weights and measures
- ability to undergo changes to
- revised periodically by the
transform into different
International System of
substances
Units/Systeme International
Measurement and Science d’Unitès
- International Bureau of Weights
Accuracy and Measures was also involved
- compares measurements to a ENGLISH SYSTEM
true value
- collection of systematically
Precision unrelated units
- it describes how close Advantages of Using the Metric System
measurements are to each other
- how carefully measurements are 1. Universal
made § used everywhere, by
scientists to industrialized
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES nations except U.S.
- used to determine how precise a
measurement is 2. Simple to Use
- include all known digits plus one § few base units make up all
estimated digit measurements
o length = meters
Rules of Significant Figures o mass = grams
1. all non-zero digits are significant o volume = liters
2. all zeros between significant o time = seconds
figures are also significant o temp. = Celsius
3. all final zeros to the right of
decimal are significant 3. One Unit of Measurement is
4. all zeros as placeholder are not Used
significant § prefixes are used
5. all counting numbers and
constants have an infinite 4. Easy to Convert
amount of significant figures § changing of decimal point

METRIC SYSTEM 5. Same Sets of Prefixes for All

Units
- created in 1790 in the French
§ Greek (deca/deka, hekta,
Revolution when the French King
kilo) = multiples of base
was overthrown
§ Latin (deci, centi, milli) =
- French Academy of Science =
fractions of base
led by Antoine Lavoisier

Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


LENGTH - degree of “hotness”
- STANDARD UNIT – Celsius (*C)
- distance between two points
- measured by a thermometer
- STANDARD UNIT – meter (m)
- measured by a meter stick Unit Conversion – multiplication by unit
factor only changes the unit
MASS
- quantity of matter in an object Substances
- STANDARD UNIT – gram (g) can be either :
- measured by a digital scale or
triple beam balance PURE SUBSTANCES

VOLUME - have a definite and unchanging

chemical composition
- amount of space occupied by an - either :
object § ELEMENT
- STANDARD UNIT – liters (L) o made of one type of
- 1 L = 1,000 mL = 1,000 cm3 = 1 atom
dm3 o only 30 elements
- measured by a graduated were found in the
cylinder 1700s
Capacity § COMPOUND
o made of more than
- measure of volume inside a one type of atom
container o two or more
- to measure volume, read the elements combined
lowest portion of the meniscus to each other
Displacement MIXTURES
- amount of water an object - made of two or more substances
replaces that are physically combined
- equal to its volume - identities are retained and mixed
- either :
Density
§ HOMOGENOUS
- ratio of an object’s mass to its o mixture is uniform
volume o every part of
- each substances have a unique solution has the
density same particles
- g/mL3 , g/cm3 o example : solutions
§ HETEROGENOUS
TIME
o components can be
- STANDARD UNIT – seconds (s) seen
TEMPERATURE
Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


 o two or more phases - used to separate a solid from a
present solution
o examples : colloids, - saturation point – no more solids
suspensions dissolved
- saturation solution – there is fluid
Methods of Separating Mixtures involved
1. Physical – based on physical
Types of Chemical Separation
properties
2. Chemical – heating using v ELECTRODEPOSITION
electricity or light energy - also called electroplating
- depositing material into a
Types of Physical Separation
conducting surface from a
v FILTRATION solution containing ionic species
- removing a solid from a liquid by (salts)
the use of filter paper or other
porous material ATOM
Timeline of Atom
v EVAPORATION
- solution is heated until the solvent 1. DEMOCRITUS (460 BC – 370
evaporates BC)
- 1st atomic theory
v SUBLIMATION - all atoms are : hard, small,
- used to separate a sublimate with indivisible, indestructible
a volatile component - made of single material formed
- solid is directly turned into gas into different shapes and sizes
- Aristotle did not support
v DISTILLATION
- purification of a liquid by heating
to vapor and condensing it

v DECANTATION
- allows a solid and liquid or two
immiscible liquids to separate by
gravity 2. ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1743 –
1794)
v PRECIPITATION - Father of Modern Chemistry
- creating a solid from a solution - devised the metric system
- precipitate – solid - proposed that combustion occurs
- precipitant – chemical that causes when oxygen combines with
the solid to form other elements
- Law of Conservation of Mass
v CRYSTALLIZATION
Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


 3. JOHN DALTON (1766 – 1874) §consists of a nucleus
- Atomic Theory in 1803 states : (contain most of atom’s
§ all substances are made of mass)
atoms § nucleus is made of
§ atoms of the same element protons (positively
are alike and vice versa charged particles, p+)
§ atoms join with other atoms - did an extensive work on
to make new substances radioactivity
- calcuted the atomic weights of
elements

6. NIELS BOHR (1885 – 1962)

- Nobel Prize recipient
4. JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON - proposed the Bohr Model
(1856 – 1940) § electrons travel around the
- Nobel Prize recipient nucleus in orbits
- atoms can be divided into smaller - electrons can jump from one path
parts to another
- discovered corpuscles called
electrons (negatively charged
particles, e-) while using a
Cathode-ray tube
- atom is neutral
- proposed the Plum Pudding
Model in 1897
7. ERWIN SCHRODINGER (1887 –
1961)
- Nobel Prize recipient
- explained in 1926 that electrons
are found in regions called
electron clouds
- Schrodinger equation
5. ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871 –
1937)
- Nobel Prize recipient
- performed the Gold Foil
Experiment in 1909
- an atom :

Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


 Law of Multiple Proportions
8. JAMES CHADWICK (1891 –
- compounds of different mass
1974)
ratios of same elements will have
- Nobel Prize recipient
different properties
- mass of most elements was
- by John Dalton in 1803
double the number of protons
- discovered neturons (neutrally Atomic Structure and Identity
charged particles, n0) in 1932
- worked in the Manhattan Project Electron
- Location : outside nucleus
- Charge : -1
- Mass (g) : 9.110 x 10-28
- Mass (amu) : 0.0006 ~ 0
Proton
- Location : inside nucleus
- Charge : +1
Fundamental Laws of Chemistry - Mass (g) : 1.673 x 10-24
Law of Conservation of Mass - Mass (amu) : 1.0073 ~ 1+

- mass is neither created nor Neutron

destroyed in a chemical reaction
- Location : inside nucleus
- sum of masses of reactants =
- Charge : 0
sum of masses of products - Mass (g) : 1.675 x 10-24
- Antoine Lavoisier - Mass (amu) : 1.0087 ~ 1
Law of Definite Proportions ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
- atoms are neither lost nor - number of protons
gained in a chemical reaction - determines the chemical
- chemical compounds always
properties of an element and its
have the same mass ratio of
place in the periodic table
elements
- Z = p+ = e-
- Evidence : Berzelius’
experiments with Pb and S ATOMIC MASS/MASS NUMBER (A)
- constant composition implies
- total number of protons and
constant properties
neutrons
- Joseph Louis Proust in 1800
- A = p+ + n0
- mass fraction = mass of
- n0 = A – p+
element/mass of compound
- mass percentage = mass of
element/mass of compound x 100

Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


FORMS of CHEMICAL BONDS - NaCl, Al2O3
o IONIC – transfer of one or more
2. Transition Metals
electrons from one atom to
- there must be a Roman Numeral
another
to indicate the charge
o COVALENT – some valence - all elements except Group 1A,
electrons shared between atoms
2A, Ag, Zn, Cd, and Al
- iron(III) chloride, tin(IV) flouride
o METALLIC – atoms of metal are
held together
COMMON NAMES 3. Polyatomic Ions
- two or more elements covalently
- a lot of chemical elements have
bonded to act as a single
common names as well as the
compound
IUPAC name
- one possibility is adding H+ to the
- always use the common name pre-existing ionic compound
- Nomenclature – devising or
- NO2, H2PO4
choosing the name of things,
especially in a field like science
4. Ternary Ionic Nomenclature
COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM IONS - cation first; don’t show charges
in the final compound
- cation + anion = compound - overall charge must be equal to
- a neutral compund has an equal zero
number of positive and negative - Na2SO4, (NH4)2CO3
charges
• Ternary Compounds
Properties of an Ionic Compound o contains at least 3
elements
o a metal atom can transfer its o there must be at
electron to a non-metal least one
o end up being attracted to each polyatomic ion
other due to electrostatic forces o NaNO3, K2SO4
Formula of an Ionic Compound Naming Covalent Compounds
- determined by the charges of the - less electronegative element
ions comes first
Naming Ionic Compounds - add prefixes to indicate number
of atoms (don’t use mono in the
1. Binary Ionic Compounds first atom)
- cation first, then anion - second element should end in -ide
- monatomic cation = name of
element
- monatomic anion = root + ide

Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J


Acid Nomenclature - proves two things :
§ Avogadro’s number is the
Acids same for all elements
- compounds that form H+ in water § different elements have
- binary acids must be aqueous different molar masses
(dissolved in water) Percent Composition
- ternary acids are aqueous
- percentage by mass of each
Naming Acids element in a compound
1. no oxygen = anion ending -ide; - mass of element in one mole/
atomic name hydro-(stem)-ic mass of compound x 100
acid Mole Concept
2. with oxygen = anion ending -ite;
atomic name (stem)-ous acid
3. with oxygen = anion ending -ate; Mass (g)
atomic name (stem)-ic acid
Molar Mass No. of Moles
Stoichiometry (g/mol) (mol)
- science of measuring chemicals
that go into and come out of any No. of
given reaction particles
Mole No. of Moles Avogadro’s
(mol) number
- atomic mass unit
§ amu = ½ mass of atom of
C
- STANDARD UNIT : mol
§ 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023
§ Avogadro’s number
§ formed because chemists
wanted to know how many
atoms of C to have a mass
of 12 g
Atomic Mass Scale
- is a scale based on the C atom
Molar Mass
- atomic mass expressed in
grams
- STANDARD UNIT : g/mol

Feel free to edit some of the information into what you think is best, and do not solely rely on this or any or my other reviewers
as there are the power-points and the E-books as other sources. J