Penyelidikan Tanah dan

Instrumentasi
Soil Investigation and Instrumentations
Soil exploration is a part of site
investigation.

Site investigation, in general deals with

determining in general, the suitability of
the site for the proposed construction.
 Soil Investigation:
 Determination of surface and subsurface soil conditions
and features in an area of proposed construction that
may influence the design and construction and address
expected post construction problems.

 Penentuan kondisi dan keadaan permukaan dan bawah

permukaan tanah di daerah rencana pembangunan yang
dapat mempengaruhi desain dan proses konstruksi serta
memberikan indikasi masalah-masalah pasca konstruksi.
 To collect data, understanding and interpret
the subsurface conditions such as:
◦ Soil and rock profile
◦ Gelogical features of the region
◦ Position and variation of ground water table
◦ Physical properties of soil and rock
◦ Contamination, if any
◦ General data of adjacent structures, hydrological
data, topography, soil maps, seismicity, etc.
 Aid in the Design Process
◦ Selection of borrow areas for embankments.
◦ Need for any suitable soil improvements.
◦ Requirement of any surface or subsurface
drainage.
◦ Selection of the most suitable and economical
route for highways with respect to soil conditions.
◦ Selecting areas (better soil) for engineering
structures where there is flexibility in relocating
the structure thus realizing considerable savings
in foundation costs.
◦ The design of extension works to existing
structures.
 ◦ the investigation of the cases where failure has
occurred, to know the causes and design of
remedial works.

 Highlights problems early

 the investigation of the cases where failure
has occurred, to know the causes and
design of remedial works.
 Low cost & cost effective
 Simple visual examination of soil at the
surface or from shallow test pits.
 Detailed study of soil and groundwater to a
reasonable depth (influence zone) by
sampling from bore holes, shafts and audits
and in-situ and laboratory tests.
 Initial stage: Desk Study
◦ Desk study of available data
◦ Site visit and visual assessment
◦ Preliminary report and fieldwork plan
 Main stage: Site Investigation
◦ Fieldwork
 Topographycal mapping if necessary
 Trial pits, trenches and boreholes, field soil tests
 Geophysical survey if appropriate
◦ Lab testing, mainly of soils
◦ Final Report
 Review stage
◦ Monitoring during excavation and construction
Sources of information
 Maps
• Geological maps & Memoirs
• Current OS Maps
• Old Maps / Aerial Photos
 Archive
◦ Historical Geotechnical Info.
◦ Engineering Drawings
◦ Construction Records
◦ Libraries
 Specialist Surveys
◦ Enviro Check, Landfill etc.
◦ Mining Records
◦ Ecological Survey
 Observational
◦ Site Visit / Walkover survey
◦ People (UU Ops, Construction Staff, Local Residents)
Walkover survey
 Checklist
◦ Ground truth air photos
◦ Land use
◦ Physical features
 Geology
 Drift
◦ Groundwater conditions
 Collect the information
 Highlight potential problems
 Design site investigation
 Next week 
 Initial stage: Desk Study
◦ Desk study of available data
◦ Site visit and visual assessment
◦ Preliminary report and fieldwork plan
 Main stage: Site Investigation
◦ Fieldwork
 Topographycal mapping if necessary
 Trial pits, trenches and boreholes, field soil
tests
 Geophysical survey if appropriate
◦ Lab testing, mainly of soils
◦ Final Report
 Review stage
◦ Monitoring during excavation and construction
Boring Logs

17
18
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

19
 Site Evaluation Direct Methods

• Boreholes/Probes
• Test Pits/Trenches

• Cores

20
20
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

The methods to determine the sequence,

thickness and lateral extent of the soil
strata and, where appropriate the level of
bedrock.

The common methods include

 Test pits
 Shafts and audits
 Boring or drilling
21
 Test Pits

o The excavation of test pits is a simple and reliable

method.

o The depth is limited to 4-5m only.

o The in-situ conditions are examined visually

o It is easy to obtain disturbed and undisturbed

samples

o Block samples can be cut by hand tools and tube

samples can be taken from the bottom of the pit.

22
Walls of the test pit indicate four layers (1) Clayey silt
(2) Sandy silt (3) Clean sand (4) Sandy gravel

23
23
 Boring or Drilling
Boring refers to advancing a hole in the ground.
Boring is required for the following:
• To obtain representative soil and rock samples for laboratory
tests.
• To identify the groundwater conditions.
• Performance of in-situ tests to assess appropriate soil
characteristics.
Some of the common types of boring are as follows

Auger boring
Wash boring
Percussion boring
Rotary drilling 24
 Auger Boring

Hand Auger Mechanical Auger

Hand Auger
 It is the simplest method of boring used for small projects in soft
cohesive soils.
 For hard soil and soil containing gravels boring with hand auger
becomes difficult.
 Hand-augered holes can be made upto about 20m depth, although
depth greater than about 8-10m is usually not practical.
 The length of the auger blade varies from 0.3-0.5m.
 The auger is rotated until it is full of soil, then it is withdrawn to remove
the soil and the soil type present at various depths is noted.
 Repeated with drawl of auger for soil removal makes boring difficult
below 8-10m depth.
 The soil samples collected in this manner are disturbed samples and
can be used for classification test. Auger boring may not be possible in
very soft clay or coarse sand because the hole tends to collapse when
auger is removed 25
25
a. Helical (worm types) Augers b. Short flight Auger
c. Iwan (posthole) Auger

a b c

26
 Mechanical Auger
 Mechanical Auger means power operated augers. The power
required to rotate the auger depends on the type and size of
auger and the type of soil.
 Downwards pressure can be applied hydraulically, mechanically
or by dead weight

a
a
b
c d

a. Continuous Flight Auger b. Hallow-stem auger plugged during advancing bore

c. Plug removed and sampler inserted d. Truck mounted auger boring machine 27
 The diameter of the flight auger usually is between 75 to 300mm, although
diameters up to 1m and bucket augers up to2m are available.

 Borehole depths up to 50m are possible with continuous-flight augers.

 The most common method is to use continuous flight augers. Continuous flight
augers can be solid stem or hollow stem with internal diameter of 75-150mm.

 Hollow stem augers are used when undisturbed samples are required. Plug is
withdrawn and sampler is lowered down and driven in to the soil below the auger.

 If bed rock is reached drilling can also take place through the hollow stem.

 As the auger acts as a casing it can be used in sand below water table. The
possibility of rising sand in to the stem by hydrostatic pressure can be avoided by
filling the stem with water up to the water table

28
28
 Thesoil rises to the surface along the helical blades,
obviating the necessity of withdrawal.

 Theyare not suitable for soil bore that require casing,

which demand removal of auger for driving the casing.

 Thepresence of cobbles and boulders create problems

with small-sized augers.

 There is a possibility that different soil types may

become mixed as they rise to the surface and it may be
difficult to determine the depths of changes of strata.
Experienced driller can however detect the change of
strata by the change of speed and the sound of drilling.

29
Wash boring
 Water with high pressure pumped through hallow
boring rods is released from narrow holes in a chisel
attach to the lower end of the rods.

 The soil is loosened and broken by the water jet and

the up-down moment of the chisel.

 The soil particles are carried in suspension to the

surface between the rock and the borehole sites.

 The rods are raised and drop for chopping action of the
chisel by means of winch.

 Wash boring can be used in most type of soil but the

progress is slow in coarse gravel strata.
30
30
 The accurate identification of soil strata is difficult due
to mixing of the material has they are carried to the
surface.

 The method is unacceptable for obtaining soil samples.

 Itis only used for advancing the borehole to enable

tube sample to be taken or field test to be carried at
the hole bottom.

 The advantage is that the soil immediately below the

hole remains relatively un-disturbed

31
Wash boring rig
32
 ROTARY DRILLING

 The rig consists of a derrick, power unit, winch, pump and a drill
head to apply high-speed rotary drive and downward thrust to
the drilling rods.

 Primarily intended for investigation in rock, but also used in soils.

 The drilling tool, (cutting bit or a coring bit) is attached to the

lower end of hollow drilling rods

 The coring bit is fixed to the lower end of a core

 Water or drilling fluid is pumped down the hollow rods and

passes under pressure through narrow holes in the bit or barrel

 The drilling fluid cools and lubricates the drilling tool and carries
the loose debris to the surface between the rods and the side of
the hole.
33
 The fluid (bentonite slurry) also provides some support
to the sides of the hole if no casing is used
.
 There are two forms of rotary drilling, open-hole drilling
and core drilling.

 Open- hole drilling, which is generally used in soils and

weak rock, just for advancing the hole

 The drilling rods can then be removed to allow tube

samples to be taken or in-situ tests to be carried out.

 In core drilling, which is used in rocks and hard clays, the

diamond or tungsten carbide bit cuts an annular hole in
the material and an intact core enters the barrel, to be
removed as a sample. Typical core diameters are 41, 54
and 76mm, but can range up to 165 mm.

34
 Advantages

The advantage of rotary drilling in soils is that progress

is much faster than with other investigation methods
and disturbance of the soil below the borehole is slight.

Limitations

The method is not suitable if the soil contains a high

percentage of gravel/cobbles, as they tend to rotate
beneath the bit and are not broken up.

The natural water content of the material is liable to be

increased due to contact with the drilling fluid

35
Rotary Drilling rig

36
Insitu Soil Testing

Pada umumnya jenis-jenis uji geoteknik di lapangan yang biasanya

digunakan untuk mengetahui stratigrafi dan karakteristik perlapisan
tanah adalah:
 Uji penetrasi standar (SPT),
 Uji penetrasi konus (CPT dan CPT-U) atau sondir (Dutch cone),
 Uji dilatometer (DMT),
 Uji pressuremeter (PMT) dan
 Uji geser baling atau uji vaneshear (VST).
 Lainnya….

37
Insitu Soil Testing

38
Insitu Soil Testing

39
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

40
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Kelebihan:
(1) diperoleh contoh dan karakteristik tanah yang berupa jumlah pukulan
/30 cm penetrasi,
(2) sederhana, tetapi kurang teliti,
(3) cocok untuk berbagai jenis tanah,
(4) dapat dilakukan pada batuan lunak,
(5) alat tersedia di berbagai lokasi di Indonesia.

Kekurangan
(1) hanya mendapatkan contoh terganggu dan karakteristik tanah secara
kasar,
(2) contoh terganggu (hanya uji indeks),
(3) perkiraan secara kasar untuk analisis,
(4) tidak dapat diterapkan pada lempung lunak dan lanau,
(5) perubahan dan ketidakpastian sangat dipengaruhi oleh tenaga yang
tidak standar.

41
Koreksi N-SPT

(Em × 𝐶𝐵 × 𝐶𝑅 × 𝐶𝑅)
N60 = × (𝑁 − 𝑆𝑃𝑇)
0,60
Where :
Em = Hammer efeciency
CB = Correction factor for borehole diameter
CS = Correction factor for sampling method
CR = Correction factor for rod lenght

42
Koreksi N-SPT

43
Koreksi N-SPT

44
Koreksi N-SPT

45
Korelasi N-SPT dengan Konsistensi dan Density Tanah

Approximate Relation between NSPT and Consistency and Density of Soils

Source: (HATTI-Indonesia, 2000)

Soil Consistency
Clay/Silt Relative Densite of Sand

N-SPT Consistency N-SPT Relative Density

<2 Sangat Lunak (Very Soft) <4 Sangat Renggang (Very Loose)

2–4 Lunak (Soft) 4 – 10 Renggang (Loose)

4–8 Teguh (Firm) 10 – 30 Sedang (Medium Dense)
8 – 15 Kaku (Stiff) 30 – 50 Padat (Dense)
15 – 30 Sangat Kaku (Very Stiff) >50 Sangat Padat (Very Dense)
>30 Keras (Hard)

46
Cone Penetration Test

47
Cone Penetration Test (CPT/Sondir)

48
Cone Penetration Test (CPT/Sondir)
Kelebihan CPT
(1) cepat dan menghasilkan profil tanah yang kontinu,
(2) ekonomis dan produktif,
(3) hasilnya tidak bergantung pada operator, tetapi pada peralatan
elektronik,
(4) dasar interpretasi dapat dipertanggung jawabkan secara teoritis,
(5) cocok untuk tanah lunak.

Kekurangan CPT
(1) investasi modal tinggi,
(2) perlu dikalibrasi pada setiap pengujian, perlu diperiksa electronic
drift dan bising (noise),
(3) tidak diperoleh contoh tanah,
(4) tidak cocok untuk deposit kerikil atau bongkah.
Cone Penetration Test (CPT/Sondir)

Bikonus 10 Ton Luas Selimut = 150 cm2

Bikonus 2 Ton
Luas Selimut = 100 cm2

50
 f

qc
51
 Reading
Reading 1 (kg/cm2) = conus resistance
Reading 2 (kg/cm2) = total resistance

Unit skin friction(kg/cm2) = (Reading2-reading1) * 10/(100 or 150)

Local friction(kg/cm) = 20*unit skin friction

Total skin friction(kg/cm) = Local friction

Friction ratio = unit skin friction/conus resistance

52
Contoh Data Hasil CPT-U

53
Korelasi Antara Hasil Uji Sondir vs Jenis Tanah

54
Field Vane Shear Test (VST)

55
Field Vane Shear Test (VST)

Kelebihan uji VST

(1) Untuk memperkirakan kuat geser tidak terdrainase suv,
(2) uji dan peralatan sederhana,
(3) untuk uji sensitivitas lempung di lapangan (St),
(4) pengalaman penggunaan cukup banyak.

Kerugian uji VST

(1) Hanya dapat digunakan pada lempung lunak sampai kaku,
(2) membutuhkan waktu lama dan bekerjanya lamban,
(3) data mentah Suv memerlukan koreksi empiris,
(4) dapat dipengaruhi lensa-lensa pasir dan pelipatan.

56
Field Vane Shear Test (VST)

Chandler, 1988
(Mata baling-baling persegi
panjang)

Koreksi

Sensitivitas

57
Flat dilatometer Test
Tugas Kelompok
Pressure Meter Test

58
Frekwensi dan Kedalaman Penyelidikan Tanah

Pedoman Umum Frekwensi Penyelidikan Tanah:

Catatan:

59
Frekwensi dan Kedalaman Penyelidikan Tanah

Pedoman Umum Kedalaman Penyelidikan Tanah:

60
61
Sambungan pedoman konfigurasi titik penyelidikan tanah
 GEOPHYSICAL METHOD
 Although boring and test pits provide definite results but they are time consuming
and expensive.

 Subsurface conditions are known only at the bore or test pit location.

 The subsurface conditions between the boring need to be interpolated or estimated.

 Geophysical methods are more quick and cheaper.

 They provide thorough coverage of the entire area.

 The results of Geophysical testing however are less definitive and require subjective
interpretation.

 Therefore both methods are important. In case geophysical testing in major in scope,
few borings and sampling will be required for accurate determination of soil
properties.

 If boring is major in scope then few geophysical lines will be required to know the
conditions in-between the borings.
64
Geophysical Techniques Indirect Methods

• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

• Electromagnetic Conductivity (EMC)
• Seismic Refraction
• Electrical Resistivity
• Cross Hole Test
• Down Hole Test
• Field Permeability Test

Flat dilatometer Test

Tugas Kelompok
Pressure Meter Test 65
Is it just digging holes?

How do we
Sample Soil?

66
Soil Sampling

Split Spoon/SPT sampler

Thin-wall tube/Shelby tube
Augers

67
Soil Sampling
 Disturbed
◦ In situ structure not retained
◦ Water content, classification, compaction

 Undisturbed
◦ Less disturbed
◦ Shear strength, consolidation, permeability

68
Soil Sampling
 Disturbances
◦ Shearing and compression
◦ In situ stress release
◦ Drying
◦ Vibrations

Amount of sampling
 Depends upon;
◦ Time constraints
◦ Topography
◦ Cost factors
◦ Reasons for sampling
◦ There are no specific guidelines
69
Soil Sampling
 Initial stage: Desk Study
◦ Desk study of available data
◦ Site visit and visual assessment
◦ Preliminary report and fieldwork plan
 Main stage: Site Investigation
◦ Fieldwork
 Topographycal mapping if necessary
 Trial pits, trenches and boreholes, field soil tests
 Geophysical survey if appropriate

◦ Lab testing, mainly of soils

◦ Final Report
 Review stage
◦ Monitoring during excavation and construction
Pengujian Laboratorium Tanah
75
76
 Laboratory Testing
Testing by a laboratory accredited to ISO 17025 is an essential
part of soil and rock testing

 Competency of staff
 Control of test conditions
 Accuracy of test measurements
 Traceability of measurements to national standards
 Control of test material
 Repeatability of results

77
 Laboratory Testing

 Soil and Water testing

 Rock Testing
 Chemical Testing (for effect on construction
materials)
 Contamination (Analytical) Testing

78
 Types of Laboratory Tests
 Classification tests
 Chemical Tests
 Compaction Tests
 Shear strength and triaxial tests
 Consolidation Tests
 Permeability Tests
 Specialist Tests
 Rock Tests
 Contamination Tests

79
 Structuring the Test Schedule
 Design data required and for what purpose
 Identification of material characteristics
 Identification of contamination levels
 Type of sample needed
 Minimum mass of sample
 Multiple tests on samples

8 80
 Classification Tests

 Moisture content
 Density
 Atterberg limits
 Particle size distribution

8 81
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
 USCS
Classification
USCS Classification
AASHTOClassification
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index
properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index
properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index
properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index
properties
 LABORATORY SUMMARY

Depth Sifat Fisik Sampel Sifat Teknis Sampel

BH (m) USCS Gs g ( kN/m )3
w(%) e0 LL ( % ) PL ( % ) PI ( % ) Sand ( % ) Silt ( % ) Clay ( % ) C ( kPa ) f(°) pc ( kPa ) Cc Cr

03.50 - 04.00 CH 2,65 12,64 35,17 1,058 53,44 24,62 28,82 15,68 21,01 63,31 36,33 - 77 0,3828 0,0615

PD 1 09.50 - 10.00 SP 2,66 17,23 12,88 - NP NP NP 93,28 6,72 0,09 31,50 - - -

13.50 - 14.00 SP 2,67 17,23 17,68 - NP NP NP 94,63 5,37 0,12 32,72 - - -

03.50 - 04.00 CL 2,65 18,14 10,28 0,476 24,58 14,23 10,36 47,38 15,41 37,21 44,24 - 83 0,1921 0,0115

PD 2 09.50 - 10.00 SP 2,67 15,54 14,55 - NP NP NP 94,29 5,05 0,08 34,78 - - -

13.50 - 14.00 SP 2,67 17,51 9,87 - NP NP NP 93,77 5,81 0,08 36,68 - - -

03.50 - 04.00 SP 2,66 16,13 12,94 - NP NP NP 98,67 1,33 0,07 32,06 - - -

PD 3 09.50 - 10.00 SP 2,67 18,29 12,28 - NP NP NP 92,72 7,28 0,11 35,35 - - -

13.50 - 14.00 SP 2,65 17,21 16,15 - NP NP NP 97,83 2,17 0,19 33,14 - - -

03.50 - 04.00 CL 2,65 17,27 15,44 0,588 27,79 17,65 10,14 0,82 28,01 71,17 58,59 - 78 0,1511 0,0119

PD 4 09.50 - 10.00 CL 2,65 12,29 36,52 1,249 36,72 22,97 13,75 1,86 32,41 65,73 18,23 - 64 0,4984 0,0138

13.50 - 14.00 SP 2,65 17,64 15,41 - NP NP NP 94,75 5,25 0,09 34,43 - - -

 Rock Testing
 Classification (moisture, density, porosity, slake
durability)
 Point load strength
 Uniaxial compressive strength and modulus
 Triaxial strength
 Permeability

97
97
 Chemical Tests

 To provide design parameters for civil

engineering materials in the ground
 pH, sulphate, chloride, carbonate
 Organic content and mass loss on ignition
 Special testing (eg SD1)

98 98
 Compaction Tests

 Density/moisture content relationships

 California bearing ratio (CBR)
 Moisture condition value tests (MCV)
 Maximum/minimum density
 Combined relationship testing

99
99
 Shear Strength and Triaxial Tests

 Shear Box
 Laboratory vane shear
 Quick undrained triaxial test (total stress)
 Consolidated undrained triaxial test (effective
stress)
 Consolidated drained triaxial test (effective
stress)
 Ring shear for residual strength

10 100
 Consolidation Tests

 One dimensional consolidation

 Triaxial consolidation
 Hydraulic cells (Rowe)
 Swelling tests

10
101
 Permeability Tests

 Constant head permeameter

 Falling head permeameter
 Triaxial permeability

102
 Contamination Testing

 pH
 Organics
 Inorganics
 Metals
 Asbestos

103