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Abstract— In this work, we developed the state of energy (SOE) process, the lowest SOE value from battery cells is selected as the
estimation method for battery module while taking into account reference value for the next cycle’s process estimation.
the unbalance voltage between cells and energy efficiency by
using energy counting and support vector machine (SVM). The Keywords— lithium-ion, cells unbalance, energy efficiency, state
energy counting is performed by accumulating power coming in of energy, support vector machine.
and out of the battery module when discharging or charging
process occurs. The power is accumulated over time and
compared to its nominal energy to obtain the SOE of the battery
module. The experiment was conducted in two stages by utilizing I. INTRODUCTION
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) batteries Electric vehicles (EV) began to replace conventional fossil
with the nominal voltage 3.6 V and the nominal capacity 3350 fuelled vehicles. Indonesian government also begins to take
mAh, a DC power supply model, a programmable DC electronic
action to speed up conversion from conventional vehicles to
load, and sensors for battery monitoring and protection system.
In the first experiment, the energy counting is performed on a
EV. When compared with conventional vehicles, EV has
single cell to obtain individual battery cell characteristics based many advantages. One of them is that EV is more
on C5, C10, and C20 discharging methods. The analytical results environmentally friendly. Although the electricity used to
show that the relationship energy efficiency of charging and operate the electric car is generated from conventional power
discharging process to discharge rate was 0.8974 x C(exp(- plants such as steam power plants, electric cars still contribute
0.033)). The dataset from one battery cell characteristics is lower CO2 gas emissions than that of conventional cars.
arranged into a lookup table that expresses the relationship
EV generally uses batteries as the main energy source for
between voltage, current and SOE of the battery. The lookup
table was used as training datasets for SVM to generate model driving the motor, especially in small EV such as e-bikes. The
for estimating battery cell and module SOE. The second battery of an electric vehicle must have a certain criteria in
experiment was conducted to estimate the SOE of battery order to support the EV properly. Usually BMS estimates the
module consisting of 10 battery cells in series connection with the state of charge (SOC) value of the battery that indicates the
same discharging method as the single cell experiment. The SOE remaining charge that can be used from the battery [1].
estimation results by using radial basis function based support However in this paper, state of energy (SOE) is estimated
vector regression model, with cost function value of 30, and an instead of SOC.
epsilon value of 0.04, and with kernel parameter value of 1, give
the average of root-mean-squared-error value was below 5% SOE indicates the remaining energy, instead of charge, that
which show an acceptable result. Because of cell unbalance will can be used from the battery, which describes more precise
occur continuously during the battery charging and discharging state or condition of the battery [2],[3],[4]. Just like SOC,
SOE has value from 0%, which indicates the battery is empty, CHARGER
to 100% which represents the battery is fully charged. MICROCONTROLLER
However in EV the value of 0-100% as the battery energy CHARGE
indicator is not so informative yet for its users. RELAY
To be more informative, the value of SOE needs to be CURRENT BATTERY VOLTAGE
translated into the remaining distance that the EV can reach in SENSOR CELL SENSOR
the current state of the battery. The first step to translate the DISCHARGE
SOE into the remaining mileage is to return the SOE value to RELAY - power
the remaining usable energy of the battery. - analog signal
LOAD - digital signal
The objective of this research is to estimate SOE of the 10
Fig. 1. BMS block diagram for single battery cell testing.
battery cells in series arrangement. The SOE estimation is
performed individually per cell. The method used is combined
energy counting and support vector machine (SVM) using a
regression (SVR). The estimated SOE values are used to
estimate the remaining energy that can be utilized from the
entire cell. The remaining energy is estimated by taking
several factors into account such as unbalanced cells, and
battery working area, and cell protection by BMS
MULTIPLEXER
TABLE 1. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS. CELL 2 VOLTAGE SENSOR
- power CELL 3 VOLTAGE SENSOR
Model NCR18650B - analog signal
CELL … VOLTAGE SENSOR
- digital signal
Capacity Min. 3250mAh - I2C bus CEL 10 VOLTAGE SENSOR
Typ. 3350mAh
Nominal Voltage 3.6V Fig. 3. BMS block diagram for 10 battery cells testing.
Charging CC-CV. Std 1625mA, 4.20V, 4.0 h
Weight 48.5 g
Operating Charge : 0 - 45oC
Temperature Discharge : -20 - +65oC
Storage : -20 - 50oC
Energy Density Volumetric : 676 Wh/l
Gravimetric : 243 Wh/kg
[6]. Flow diagram for cycle scenario for the battery in this from fully charged condition until reach its low voltage limit,
work is shown in Fig. 5. then charged just with constant current stage without constant
voltage stage reaches its high voltage limit. This makes the
Begin
battery is not fully charged for the next discharge cycle.
Judging from energy ratio, charging process needs more
Idle 30’ energy than that of discharging process. From comparison of
that energy ratio with respect to C-rate, a graph shown in Fig.
CC Discharge 6 is obtained.
100
No
Vcell < 2.75v?
99
No 95
Vcell < 4.2v?
94
Yes 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
No
Current Rate
3 Cycles? Fig. 6. The relationship of energy efficiency and current rate
Yes
From regression of graph on Fig. 6, this was obtained from
(2) that represent a relationship between energy efficiency of
End battery (Ș) and C-rate (C). The energy efficiency decreases
Fig. 5. Battery testing procedure. along with increasing of charge current.
D. Energy Counting Method ߟ ൌ ͲǤͺͻͶି ܥǤଷଷ (2)
Voltage and current data from measurement are used to Then SOE value can be estimated with (3)
perform energy counting to calculate energy of the batteries. ఎூ ο௧
The calculation is expressed in (1). ܱܵܧ ൌ ܱܵܧሺିଵሻ ͲͲͳݔΨ (3)
ଵ௫ଷ௫ ௫
ூ ο௧
ܧ ൌ ܧሺିଵሻ (1) where i is time variable, I is current in mA, V is cell voltage,
ଵ௫ଷ
Cn is nominal charge capacity of cell in Ah, and Vn is nominal
where i is time variable, E is total energy of the battery in Wh, voltage of the cell. Value of Ș is 1 during discharging and
I is current, V is voltage, and ¨t is sampling time. follows (2) during charging.
From the result of iteration with (3), value of SOE is
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS estimated for every second in charging and discharging
process. By combining the voltage measurement, C-rate, and
A. Single Cell Cycle Analysis SOE estimation, a lookup table can be generated as training
Results of the energy counting from three C-rate of single data for SVR. To simplify the training data, in order to ease
cell are shown in Table 2. Negative value represents the computing burden of SVR training, lookup table is made
discharged energy from the battery. Positive value represents by grabbing 1% SOE resolutions on first discharging and first
charged energy. charging of each C-rate. The result is a lookup table with 578
TABLE 2. TOTAL ENERGY OF SINGLE BATTERY CELL TESTING.
values that states the relationship between SOE, voltage and
C-rate. The graph for the lookup table is shown in Fig. 7.
Energy (Wh) The lookup table is used as training data to generate an
Cycle
C20 C10 C5 SVR model. The optimal hyper parameter of the fitted SVR
Discharge 1 -11.87 -12.43 -12.30 model of C is found to be 30 and the value epsilon İ is 0.04,
Charge 1 11.88 11.00 10.66 and the kernel parameter ı is 1. The SVR model was used to
Discharge 2 -11.81 -10.60 -9.99 test the training data. The result has RMSE 4.76% and R2 0.98,
Charge 2 11.88 10.94 10.60 which indicates the model is good enough [7]. The model was
Discharge 3 -11.76 -10.60 -10.17 used again to test the entire single cell cycle to make sure the
Charge 3 11.90 11.06 10.69 model can be used to other cases. The result for SVR test for
Energy from first discharge cycle has the highest value full single cycle test is shown in Table 3.
compared to other values especially for C20 and C10. This is
because at their first discharge cycle, the battery is discharged
4.3 12.0
4.1 11.5
3.9 11.0
Energy (Wh)
3.7
Voltage (V)
10.5
3.5
10.0
3.3 Discharging 0.05C Charging 0.05C
Discharging 0.1C Charging 0.1C 9.5
3.1 Discharge 1 Charge 1 Discharge 2 Charge 2 Discharge 3 Charge 3
Discharging 0.2C Charging 0.2C
9.0
2.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Battery Cells #
2.7
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fig. 8. Total energy of 10 battery cells at C20.
SOE (%) 12.0
Fig. 7. Training dataset of the relationship SOE to battery cell voltage
11.5
The result from SVR test with C20 cycle gave RMSE (root
11.0
mean square error) above 5% which means that the SVR
Energy (Wh)
model is not good enough [7][8]. However, the result has high 10.5
value of R2 (correlation coefficient) above 0.990 which means 10.0
that the result from SVR has high similarity with the result
from (3). 9.5
Discharge 1 Charge 1 Discharge 2 Charge 2 Discharge 3 Charge 3
9.0
TABLE 3. RMSE AND R2 FROM SVR TEST OF SINGLE BATTERY CELL. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Battery Cells #
C-rate RMSE R Fig. 9. Total energy of 10 battery cells at C10.
C20 5,03% 0.992
12.0
C10 3,95% 0.992
C5 4,23% 0.990 11.5 Discharge 1 Charge 1 Discharge 2 Charge 2 Discharge 3 Charge 3
By using (3), SOE of each cell can be estimated for every 60%
second. Value of SOE0 for iteration of (3) is determined from
SOE
SVR model. The value for next SOE (SOE(i) ; i>0) are 40%
SOEref
calculated by iteration using (3). The estimation result from (3) SOEHMI
is then compared with the estimation results from SVR for all 20%
value of SOEi. Values of RMSE and R2 from SVR test of 10
cells cycle are shown by Table 5 and Table 6. 0%
Total energy of the module can be estimated by summing 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Energy (Wh)
the entire cell’s energy, and the overall SOE value of the
Fig. 11. Comparison of Energy, SOEref dan SOEHMI.
battery module (SOEreal) is the average of the ten cells. But
with the system protection and imbalance between cells, this Remaining useable energy of the battery module is
way will not exactly show the value of 0% to 100%. Battery calculated based on the SOEHMI value. The range of SOEHMI is
protection is performed based on the measured stresses of 60% of SOEref, while the remaining energy of the battery
each cell as is done in [5]. module is estimated using (4).
With such protection, when the battery has one near empty ܧ ൌ ܱܵܧுெூ ݔሺͲΨܥݔݏݔ ܸݔ ሻ (4)
cell with lower SOE than the others, the cell will reach the
lower limit value faster than the other cells and triggers the Er is the amount of energy that can be utilized to drive the
BMS to disconnect the battery from load even though the motor on an EV. This value will be the basis for the estimated
voltage of the other cells have not reached the lower limit yet. mileage of the EV. The value of s is the number of batteries
This means that the batteries module still has an SOE value that are connected in series arrangement on one battery
above 0% but it cannot be used until the battery is charged. module which in this study is 10. Cn is the nominal capacity of
the battery cell which in this study is 3.35Ah. Vn is the
In the charging process, the voltage of cell with the highest
nominal voltage of the battery cell which in this study is 3.6V.
SOE will reach the upper limit faster than other cells and
triggers the BMS to stop the charging process even though the Thus the maximum value of Er is 72.36Wh. The process
other cells have not been known fully charged yet. This means flow diagram from the battery module data acquisition, SOE
that the battery in series cannot be charged again even though estimation, to the estimated remaining usable energy in the
the SOE has not reached 100% yet. Therefore, the SOE value battery module for one loop can be seen in Fig. 12. The SOE
of one cell can be used as the reference to represent the SOE prediction of the SVR modelling results can be used to
value of the whole set of battery cells. Since the purpose of determine the SOE(i-1) at the start of the battery operation or
this study is to estimate the residual energy that can be utilized SOE0, which in the real case the initial condition of the battery
from the entire battery cells arrangement, the SOE value that is not always fully charged. After SOE0, the SOE estimate can
is used as the reference is the lowest cell SOE value in the be obtained using the process described in the flow diagram in
series arrangement. Thus the energy estimate of SOE is the Fig. 12.
energy that can be used to drive the motor of electric vehicle. The most extreme case at upper region SOE is when the
When energy is used to estimate the remaining mileage of EV, imbalance between cells reaches its maximum difference in
the estimated SOE value will not jump, especially when the SOE[S] which is above 20%. When charging process, cell with
charging process stops. the highest SOE will reach 100% while the lowest SOE cell
In a study conducted by [7], it was mentioned that BMS has not reached 80%. In this case the SOEref value will be
working area is generally maintained at 20% - 80% of SOC to below 80% and the SOEHMI value has not reached 100% yet.
extend battery life. In the same way, SOE from the battery is This can cause one cell experience overcharged. However, if
also applied with the same limit. The cells are limited to work the cell protection is implemented in the BMS [5] with upper
in the SOE area of 20% to 80%. The work area value of 20% and lower limits of the voltage values adjusted for NCA
to 80% of the reference SOE in the battery module is shown batteries, the charging process will stop and the SOEHMI value
as 0% to 100% to the user through human machine interface will not reach 100%. This can be an indication that the battery
(HMI). The comparison between the SOE references (SOEref) needs to be balanced.
with the SOE shown on HMI (SOEHMI) is given in Fig. 11.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Remaining Energy Estimation
This research is partially supported by the Research Grant
of Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ministry of Research,
Technology, and Higher Education, Indonesia, and Research
End
Grant from the USAID under the SHERA program.
Fig. 12. State of energy (SOE) and remaining energy estimation algorithm.
The most extreme case in the SOE's lower region is when REFERENCES
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