Transportation

Transportation contributions :

-Economic

-industrial

-Social

-cultural developments.

Economic : be it food, clothing, industrial products or medicines needs

transport at all stages from production to distribution

production stage : for raw materials like seeds, manure and coal, steel etc.

Distribution stage : from production centres to marketing centers i.e, from

farms to factories and later to retailers and consumers for distribution.

Social effects :

- Progress follows the lines of transportation.

- Population has always settled along the river shores, nearer to

accessible roads and transport facilities.

- Underdeveloped colonies and tribes are improving their living conditions

as the distances have been reduced with reduction in time travel.

- More frequent travels within and outside the country tend increase our
knowledge of people from other sections of the society.

- International understanding of better peace and order improves.

- Prosperity into urban population by increasing employment

opportunities results in enhanced economy.

- Tourism improves.

- Social visits and business activities improve.

- People can live away from work resulting in decrease in growth of slums
in urban areas.
 - Well being of the community.

Rural development :

With almost 75% population in villages. Just development in urban centres is

not sufficient for over all development.

- Fertilizers and other inputs for agriculture

- Inputs for cottage industries

- Products to be old at the nearest marketing ares for more remunerative

price

- Faster economic growth and decreased wastage

- Improved facilities in villages for health, education , other social needs ,

decreases migration and helps in balance of the country as a whole.

Modes of transportation : 3 basic modes of transport

- Land : development of roads and railways

- Water : waterways

- Air : airways

Potential and limitations :

- The roads not only include modern highways but also city streets ,
feeder roads, village roads for wide range of vehicles and pedestrians.

- Railways are for long distance travelling and also urban travel.

- Waterways for oceans , rivers, canals and lakes for the movement of
ships and boats.

- Helicopter and aircraft use airways.

- Airways is fastest mode of transport

- Air travel is more comfortable

- Goods can be transported very quickly by airways.

 - Weather and safety measurements must always be kept in mind.

- Security checks are also a major concern.

- Waterways is the slowest but energy efficient to haul unit load through
unit distance.

- It is possible between the ports on the sea routes or along the rivers or
canals where inland transportation facilities are available.

- Railways are efficient for goods and passengers both, in longer

distances.

- They can act as arteries and the roads as feeder system to the interior
parts.

- The energy require to haul unit load through unit distance is only a
fraction as to that required by road.

- Useful for transporting bulk goods along land with railway facilities.\

The transportation by road is the only mode which could give max service to
one and all. This mode has also the max flexibility for travel with ref to route,
direction, time and speed of travel etc through any mode of road vehicle. its
possible to provide door to door service only by road transport. The other 3
modes have to depend on transportation by roads for the service to and from
their terminals like airports, harbors and stations. The road network is
therefore needed not only as feeder system but also to provide independent
facility for road travels by a well planned network of roads throughout the
country.

- For short distances travel road transport saves time as the time of halt
for any other means of transport is more.

- Road transport is subjected to a high degree of accidents due to the

flexibility of movement offered to road users.

- Though aircrashes and derailment of railway locomotives is more

disastrous, road accidents are more frequent.
 - Road transport is the only means that offers itself to the whole
community alike.

- Accessibility is more duse to use of a variety of vehicles.

- Road transport is relatively small investment for the govt.

- Maintainence is cheaper than tracks, docks, harbours or airports.

- The investment today on roads is much lower than the revenue from
road transport and also poor economic conditions of the vast majority of
population prohibits owning of vehicles and discourage the use of
transport.

Urban transportation planning process :

The transportation planning process is develop in a series of stages :

- Trip generation

- Trip distribution

- Model split

- Information realated to land use, economic activity, population , travel

charecteristics are collected through a series of surveys. For this purpose
the metropolitan area under study is sub—divided into a number of
zones. After a detaliled survey and analysis of results, an understanding
of past trends and future expectationss is made for forming the basis for
further demand analysis.

- Tripgeneration : this is the first stage of travel demand forecasting

process. Trip generation concerns with the estimation of number of trips
produced in a given zone.the trip is defined as the one-way movement
having single purpose and mode of travel between a point of origin and
a point of destination. Two popular methods of trip generation are :

- Multiple regression analysis : in this a functional relationship is

expressed between the trips per zone and various socio economic
activities in that zone. On assumption that this model remains stable
overtime, the future number of trips can be predicted.
 - Category analysis : in this method, the household trip making is
considered rather than zonal trip making.

- Trip distribution : it is the stage where trips generated and attracted

from each zone are distributed to any other zone.

- Model split : the proportion of total trips between any two zones that
can be shared between the private vehicles and public transportation
system is determined in this stage. The models so far developed have
been designed to determine this proportion between car and bus
modes. Typically the times and costs of travel by car mode and bus
mode are assessed between two OD points and with the help of
diversion curves, the number of bus trips likely to be made withing the
OD pair is determined.

OD survey : it is carried out mainly

- To plan the road network and other facilities for vehicular traffic

- Plan the schedule of different modes of transportation for trip demand

of commuters.

- The OD study of vehicular traffic determines the no, origin and

destination in each zone. The data may also be supplemented by the no
of passengers in each vehicle, purpose of each trip , halts, reasons, etc.it
gives info about

- actual direction of travel

- Selection of routes

- Length of trip

These studies are most essential for planning and improving. Eg : there can be
a high percentage of through traffic which may be diverted by providing a by
pass and thus saving distance and time.it provides the basic data for
determining the desired directions of flow or the desire lines..

The methods for collecting OD data are :

- Road side interview method

 - License plate method

- return post card method

- tag on car method

- home interview method

Presentation of O D data :

- O and D tables are prepared showing number of trips between different

different zones.

- Desire lines : they are plotted which is a graphical representation

prepared in almost allOD surveys. Desire lines are straight lines
connecting the O points with D points summarised into different area
groups. The width of these lines is drawn proportional to the no of trips
in both directions. The map thus formed easily enable to decide the
actual desire of the road users and thus helps to find the necessity of a
new road link, a diversion, a bypass or a new bridge.