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Introduction
All fluids offer resistance to any force tending to cause one layer to move
over another. Viscosity is the fluid property responsible for this resistance.
Since relative motion between layers requires the application of shearing
forces, that is, forces parallel to the surfaces over which they act, the
resisting forces must be in exactly the opposite direction to the applied
shear forces and so they too are parallel to the surfaces.
It is a matter of common experience that, under particular conditions,
one fluid offers greater resistance to flow than another. Such liquids as
tar, treacle and glycerine cannot be rapidly poured or easily stirred, and
are commonly spoken of as thick; on the other hand, so-called thin liquids
such as water, petrol and paraffin flow much more readily. (Lubricating
oils with small viscosity are sometimes referred to as light, and those with
large viscosity as heavy; but viscosity is not related to density.)
Gases as well as liquids have viscosity, although the viscosity of gases is
less evident in everyday life.
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Table2-1:Units of dynamic viscosity
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Kinematic viscosity and its units
In fluid dynamics, many problems involving viscosity are concerned
with the magnitude of the viscous forces compared with the magnitude
of the inertia forces, that is, those forces causing acceleration of particles
of the fluid. Since the viscous forces are proportional to the dynamic
viscosity µ and the inertia forces are proportional to the density ρ , the
µ
ratio is frequently involved. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density
ρ
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Figure 2.2 Variation of shear stress and velocity gradient (deformation rate) for
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
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In Newtonian fluids the variation between shear stress and velocity
gradient is linear.
∂u
τ =µ
∂y
n
∂u
τ = K
∂y
in which K is the consistency index and n is the flow behavior index.
n<1 : pseudoplastic fluids (examples: gelatin, milk, blood, liquid cement)
n>1: dilatant fluids (examples: concentrated solution of sugar in water)
n=1:(and k = µ ) Newtonian fluids.
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The causes of viscosity
i) Liquids : In a liquid, the viscosity is due to cohesive forces.
ii) Gases : In a gas, it is due to collisions of molecules.
Effects of temperature and pressure on the dynamic viscosity :
i) Temperature effects : In a liquid cohesive forces decrease with
increasing of temperature . So, when temperature of a liquid increases ,
its dynamic viscosity decreases. On the other hand, In a gas accidents
and collisions between molecules increase with increasing of
temperature. So, when temperature of a gas increases , its dynamic
viscosity increases.
ii) Pressure effects: T he dynamic viscosity of fluids consist of liquids and
gases changes marginally with pressure , therefore, the variation of
dynamic viscosity with pressure is generally neglected in most
engineering applications.
Note: The kinematic viscosity of a gas depends to pressure because its
density changes with pressure changing strongly.
µ ≠ f ( p) µ ≠ f ( p)
Liquids Gases
υ ≠ f ( p ) υ = f ( p )
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APPARATUS
Motor
P
A Pump
S
T.C.V.
P : Piston
S : Cylinder
A: fluid which will be measured
T.C.V: Temperature controlled vessel
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Piston
Cylinder
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Table 2-3. Choosing the appropriate cylinder and pistons for experimental fluids.
Name of Name of Shear Stress (N/m2) Velocity Dynamic Viscosity
Cylinder Piston Gradient (1/s) (cp)
Name of Cylinder
N M H
Name of Piston N1 N2 M1 M2 H1 H2
±5
Amount (cm3)%± 13.5 18 7.5 10.5 3.0 4.5
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NOTE : While the velocity is changed, the experiment should be
stopped.
f) The values on the indicator should be read after 10 or 20 sec.
Starting the experiment to run. If any value can not be read from the
indicator, it means that the chosen piston or cylinder isn’t suitable for
liquid whose viscosity is measured. In this case, you should continue
with (c).
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i) All buttons on apparatus and the main switch are to turn off and
plug of apparatus is to be disconnected from the socket.
EXPERIMENT REPORT
5.1. Evaluation
a) Determine the experimental results calculate the required values from
table 2-6.
Table 2-6. Sample of utilizing of experimental results.
Name of Name
Kind of K Z du/dy T α µ τ
Cylinder of N
Fluid (Pas/skt) (Pa/skt) 1/s (°°C) (skt) (Pas) Pa
Piston
Discussions
a) Is the measurement fluid in accordance with Newton’s shear stress
law?
b) How is the variation between viscosity and temperature? Why?
c) Consider Figure 2-3b ,with implementation of suitable coordinates
,calculate the variation of velocity gradient and sheer stress
magnitude.
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