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Total marks: 40
Question 14 [2 marks]
A street vendor sells a hamburgers, b hot dogs and c soft drinks on a given day. He charges $2
for a hamburger, $1.50 for a hot dog and $1 for a soft drink. If A = a, b, c and P =
2, 1.5, 1 , what is the meaning of the dot product A • P?
Solution
Find, correct to the nearest degree, the three angles of the triangle with the following vertices:
D(0, 1, 1), E(–2, 4, 3) and F(1, 2, –1).
Solution
DE = OE − OD = − 2, 4, 3 – 0, 1, 1 = − 2, 3, 2
FE = OE − OF = − 2, 4, 3 – 1, 2, − 1 = − 3, 2, 4
DE • FE = − 2, 3, 2 • − 3, 2, 4 = ( −2)( −3) + (3)( 2) + ( 2)( 4) = 6 + 6 + 8 = 20 .
Also, DE = (−2) 2 + (3) 2 + (2) 2 = 17 and FE = (−3) 2 + (2) 2 + (4) 2 = 29 .
DE • FE
From the dot-product equation cos FEˆ D = , we have
DE FE
DE • FE 20 ⎛ 20 ⎞
cos FEˆ D = = so that FEˆ D = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 26 o .
DE FE 17 29 ⎝ 17 29 ⎠
[5]
Similarly,
DF = OF − OD = 1, 2, − 1 – 0, 1, 1 = 1, 1, − 2
EF = − FE = – − 3, 2, 4 = 3, − 2, − 4
DF • EF = 1, 1, − 2 • 3, − 2, − 4 = (1)(3) + (1)( −2) + ( −2)( −4) = 3 − 2 + 8 = 9 .
Also, DF = (1) 2 + (1) 2 + (−2) 2 = 6 and EF = (3) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−4) 2 = 29 .
DF • EF
From the dot-product equation cos DFˆE = , we have
DF EF
DF • EF 9 ⎛ 9 ⎞
cos DFˆE = = so that DFˆE = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 47 o .
DF EF 6 29 ⎝ 6 29 ⎠
[4]
Find the direction cosines and direction angles of the vector 1, − 2, − 1 . (Give the direction
angles to the nearest degree.)
Solution
a1 1 1
cos α = = =
a (1) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 6
a2 −2 2
cos β = = =−
a (1) + (−2) + (−1)
2 2 2
6
a −1 1
cos γ = 3 = =−
a (1) 2 + (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 6
[3]
The direction angles are
⎛ 1 ⎞
α = cos −1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 66 o
⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
β = cos −1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 145 o
⎝ 6⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
α = cos −1 ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ = 114 o
⎝ 6⎠
[3]
Note
Solution
(ii) Df is {x | x ≥ − 32 } and f ( x) ≥ 0
(ii) Dg = R and g ( x) ≥ 1
[2]
= {x | x ∈ R} and { x | g ( x ) ≥ 1 }
= {x | x ∈ R}
[2]
= {x | x ∈ R} and { x | g ( x ) ≥ 1 }
= {x | x ∈ R}
[2]
3+ x − 3
(a) Use a graph of f ( x) = to estimate lim f ( x) to two decimal places.
x x→0
(b) Use a table of values of f (x ) to estimate the limit to four decimal places.
(c) Use the Limit Laws to find the exact value of the limit.
Solution
3+ x − 3
(b) Consider the function f ( x) = . f (0) is undefined. The following tables
x
show the value of f (x ) as x ‘approaches’ 0 from the right and from the left.
3+ x − 3
It can be observed that, to four decimal places, lim = 0.2887
x→ 0 x
[7]
( 3 + x ) 2 − ( 3) 2 (3 + x) − 3 x
= lim = lim = lim
x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 ) x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 ) x→0
x( 3 + x + 3 )
1
= lim since x → 0, x ≠ 0
x→0
( 3 + x + 3)
1 1
= = .
( 3 + 0 + 3) 2 3
[5]